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Prispevki z žalne seje ob smrti akad. prof. dr. Primoža Simonitija na Filozofski fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani, 12. septembra 2018.

Although the Slovenian language is relatively small, Slovenian lexicography has quite a rich history and tradition reaching right back to the 16th century. Until the 19th century, writers who made dictionaries and collections of Slovenian vocabulary prepared a fair amount of admirable works, albeit many remained in manuscript and have never been printed. In the 19th century, the study of the Slovenian language, efforts to preserve it, and the collecting of Slovenian linguistic material spread outside the central Slovenian land of Carniola; in Styria in particular, young intellectuals from those parts, such as Leopold Volkmer (1741–1816), Janez Krstnik Leopold Šmigoc (1787–1829), Peter Dajnko (1787–1873), Anton Krempl (1790–1844), and others, provided for the collecting of linguistic material alongside their literary endeavours; one of them was Friar Minor Dominik Penn. He was a fascinating lexicographer who included Greek in his work in a very unusual way.

De Pegamo et Lambergare (nuga translatoria a Matthaeo Hriberšek Latine reddita versibusque originalibus pacta)

The issue of Slovenising classical Greek and Latin names has long beset the Slovene language and Slovene classical philology with its related disciplines. The tradition of Slovenising classical names goes back at least to the grammar book by Adam Bohoric, Arcticae horulae, that is, over 400 years back. The Slovenisation of classical names has been, and continues to be, an intriguing topic, for much remains unresolved in this field despite many efforts; moreover, there are many differences of opinion even within classical philology itself, let alone between classical philology and other disciplines. The issue thus remains a challenge to classical philologists and related experts, as well as to Slovene Studies scholars and others. It is influenced by several factors: the existing Slovenisation rules, tradition and usage, language instinct and sensibility, analogy, and the expectations of various users, including both individuals and whole disciplines. The paper, outlining some of the most influential works and authors who have shaped this issue over time, presents the major chapters in its history.

1 1316 b 31 O tem, koliko je torej razlicic posvetovalnega telesa in vrhov­ nega organa ustavne ureditve ter o ureditvi oblastvenih funkcij in sodisc, katera [razlicica] je urejena v skladu s katero ustavno ureditvijo, dalje o pro­ padanju in ohranjanju ustavnih b 35 ureditev, iz katerih razlogov in zaradi katerih vzrokov prihaja do njiju, je bilo povedano že prej . Ker pa je naneslo, da obstaja vec oblik demokracije in podobno tudi dru­ gih ustavnih ureditev, ne bi bilo slabo obenem raziskati tudi, ali je glede teh kaj ostalo [nerazreseno], ter vsaki [od teh ustavnih ureditev] dodeliti primeren in koristen nacin [ureditve] . Poleg tega je treba raziskati b 40 kombinacije vseh 1317 a omenjenih [nacinov]; ta povezovanja namrec povzrocajo, da se ustav­ ne ureditve prekrivajo, tako da aristokracije dobivajo oligarhicni znacaj, poli­ teje pa bolj demokraticnega . S tem mislim na kombinacije, ki jih je treba raziskati, a za zdaj se niso [bile] raziskane, na primer kadar sta a 5 posveto­ valno telo in nacin izbiranja nosilcev oblastvenih funkcij urejena oligarhicno, sodisca pa aristokraticno, ali pa, kadar so sodisca in posvetovalno telo urejeni oligarhicno, nacin izbiranja nosilcev oblastvenih funkcij pa aristokraticno, ali pa, kadar se na kak drugi nacin ne združijo vse institucije, a 10 znacilne za neko ustavo . Katera oblika demokracije je torej primerna za katero polis, prav tako pa tudi, katera izmed oligarhij je primerna za katero mnostvo in katera izmed drugih ustavnih ureditev koristi katerim [državljanom], to je bilo že prej po­ vedano . Vendar pa mora postati jasno ne le, katera izmed teh ustavnih uredi­ tev je najboljsa za polis, ampak tudi na kratko pojasnimo, a 15 kako je treba vzpostavljati te in druge [ustavne ureditve] . Najprej se lotimo demokracije

The paper focuses on two aspects of Pliny the Elder’s encyclopaedic work, Natural History , which are closely linked to the author’s application and adaptation of Greek science and terminology: on his use of sources and his language. The sources employed by Pliny in composing his Natural History raise a number of unanswered questions: studies in this field are effectively hampered by the loss of most works quoted by the author, while his influence on the writers of Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the early Modern Age has been relatively well explored. The uniqueness of the work lies not in its originality but in the author’s singular compilation method, with which he sought to summarise for his Roman audience the Greek and Roman knowledge of nature. In addition, Natural History is a unique document of Silver Latin, containing style characteristics (such as inconcinnity, ellipsis, brevity, parentheses, periphrases) and language peculiarities (such as loan words, neologisms, technical terminology) which remain valuable materials for research into the Latin language and style. The discussion concludes with a detailed presentation of the difficulties and challenges faced by the translator of Pliny’s Natural History .

Bibliografija revije Keria.

V pričujočem priročnem slovarčku je zbrana farmacevtska terminologija, ki jo v svojem delu »Bolezni Ljubljančanov« uporablja Fran Viljem Lipič (njegovo življenje in delo sta bila natančneje predstavljena v reviji VIII/2 (2006), 101-124, skupaj z odlomkom prevoda). Slovarček, ki je nastal na osnovi prevoda (ta je izšel junija letos), je terminološki zbir izrazov za zdravila, zdravilne rastline ter zdravilne učinkovine in sredstva, po katerih je Lipič posegal pri zdravljenju svojih bolnikov.

The publication of a Latin-Slovene dictionary was the main condition imposed by the Austrian government if Slovene was to be permitted as the language of Latin lessons at the upper gymnasium level. Modelled on the most frequently used German and English dictionaries (Georges, Lewis­ Short), the dictionary was begun by Fran Wiesthaler and his team in 1895. Despite the unfavourable political and financial situation, it was finished as early as 1914, but the lack of funding and the outbreak of World War I prevented its publication. After the war, preparations for publication were enabled by the sponsorship of the Church, but the work stopped in 1925, and the chief editor, Wiesthaler, died in 1927. The first volume of the dictionary (the entries A-Jacilis) was published nine years later, after which the project was brought to a standstill again for over half a century. It was revived in the late 1990's by the publishing house Kres, which recruited a team to continue the work. The completion of the dictionary is scheduled for 2005, when the last (sixth) volume and an appendix with the missing entries are due to appear. Further plans include an abridged (college) version and an electronic edition, either on a CD or online in the framework of a project. This dictionary remains the most ambitious enterprise ever undertaken in the national Latin studies.

Ever since its foundation in 1920, the »Friends of the Humanist Gymnasium « Society strove, as a supporter of classical and humanist education, to preserve full-time instruction in both classical languages in the school curriculum. Its members included teachers of Latin and Ancient Greek, as well as supporters of the classical gymnasium as an elite institution disseminating classical education in the finest sense of the word. The Society (which was chronically beset by financial difficulties) published a number of official letters informing its members about new initiatives and developments in the classical studies. The members sought to preserve the place of the humanities in the school system, since these were increasingly jeopardised by the sciences and technical subjects favoured by the Yugoslav government. The Society held annual general meetings, which included the elections of the executive board, collaborated with university professors, helped to organise a number of events, and assisted with the publication of Slovene textbooks for the classical languages. Its most ambitious project was the publication of the first volume of the Wiesthaler dictionary in 1936. The outbreak of World War II marked its demise, but it was succeeded in 1975 by the Slovene Society for Ancient and Humanist Studies.

Intra annum millesimum octingentesimum undequinquagesimum et millesimum octingentesimum septuagesimum tertium viri docti et literrati Sloveni - quorum in numero multi philologi quoque erant - operam dabant, ut libri manuales Slovenici ederentur. Primi conatus sicut Grammatica Graeca Antoni Klodic, Dictionarium Latino-slovenicum loannis Pajk et Grammatica Graeca Matthaei Vodusek non prospere evenerunt; ob rei nummariae difficultatem, ob pressuram politicam et magistrorum inopiam primus liber manualis Slovenicus, qui ad linguas classicas discendas usui erat, Grammalica Latina iuventuti Slovenae data Ladislai Hrovat, anno demum millesimo nongentesimo septuagesimo quarto editus est.

Izida pričujoče knjige smo lahko veseli iz več razlogov. Prevod Kennedyjeve Klasične retorike, ki je nastala v sodelovanju Založbe ZRC SAZU in DAHŠ, je prva knjiga v novi zbirki Agora, v kateri bodo izhajala izvirna slovenska dela s področja antičnih in humanističnih študij ter prevodi tujih del. Tako smo ob zbirki Iz antičnega sveta, ki jo je izdajala Založba Obzorja, v njej pa so izhajali prevodi antičnih del, dobili še eno zbirko, v kateri bomo lahko poleg dela tujih strokovnjakov spremljali tudi strokovne in znanstvene dosežke slovenske filologije.

Izid omenjene knjige prof. Jožeta Ka stelica predstavlja se enega od dogodkov v sklopu proslave 200-letnice Presernovega rojstva. Delo je nastalo na osnovi njegove (kot sam pravi) »Že davno napisane in neobjavljene« doktorske disertacije, ki jo je za izdajo v knjižni obliki dopolnil in obogatil ne le vsebinsko, ampak tudi oblikovno. Naslov sam skriva v sebi globoko simboliko; na eni strani kaže na simbo licno povezavo med Sibilo, ki ni mogla umreti prej, dokler se ni dotaknila prsti iz svoje domovine (zgodba je povzeta po Serviju) in Presernom kot prvim imenom slovenskega parnasa ter aludira na njuno nesmrtnost, po drugi pa že sam po sebi kaže na Presernovo izjemno poznavanje antike.

Ko se je v zadnjih desetih letih ponovno zacelo intenzivnejse ukvarjanje z a ntiko in klasicnimi jeziki, ko so ti jeziki spet nasli pot v sole, ko so se uvajali poskusni oddelki in oblikovali ucni programi, se je med vprasanji, povezanimi z vsem nastetim, pojavilo tudi vprasanje uvedbe novega ucbe nika. Tega se nekateri med vami dobro spomnijo, saj so bili pri tam aktivno udeleženi. To je pomenilo zaton južnic-Koprivove vadnice in vseh treh delov ucbenika Fundamenta Latina Ane Sasel, ki so bili s svojim tradicionalnim pristopom do poucevanja zaradi vse bolj prodirajocih nacel modernih pedagosko-didakticnih pristopov potisnjeni v ozadje. S tem ne želim razvrednotiti pomena teh ucbenikov; dalec od tega, saj so se vedno dragoceno ucno pomagalo, sploh pa se je ob njih oblikovalo dosti generacij dobrih latinistov.

Letos mineva 105 let, odkar se je pr vic porodila ideja o nastanku velikega latinsko-slovenskega slovarja. Malo je knjig, ki bi bile toliksnega pomena za znanost in kulturo, ki bi doživljale tako burne case ter sele po dobrih sto letih ugledale luc sveta; zato je prav, d a se nekoliko natancneje seznanimo z njegovim nastajanjem in trenutnim delom na tem projektu.

The origins of classical language lexicography in Slovenia may be found in a few remnants from the Middle Ages and in the works by Slovene Protestant writers (Abecedarium, Otročja biblija, Ljubljanska začetnica, Register to Bible). However, the real beginning of Slovene lexicography is the work Dictionarium quatuor linguarum by Hieronymus Megiser. Najzgodnejše vire slovenske klasične leksikografije najdemo v nekaterih ohranjenih ostankih iz srednjega veka in v delih slovenskih protestantskih piscev (Abecedarium, Otročja biblija, Ljubljanska začetnica, Register k Bibliji), vendar se slovenska leksikografija začne resnično šele z delom Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, avtorja Hieronima Megiserja.

Leta 2006 je pri Študentski založbi Litera izšel prevod Aristofanove komedije, ki smo jo doslej poznali pod naslovom Oblaki. In že pri naslovu nas prijetno preseneti prva novost, ki jo je vpeljala prevajalka Jelena Isak; namesto uveljavljenega naslova Oblaki se je odločila, da v skladu z izvirnikom (gr. haì Nephélai) tudi v slovenščini za naslov uveljavi ženski spol: tako so nastale Oblačíce.

Ko sem prvič dobil v roke pričujočo knjigo, sem bil precej navdušen nad dejstvom, da je po seriji prevodov klasičnih del končno izšlo tudi eno od poznoantičnih del, saj se na policah naših knjigarn tovrstna dela pojavijo le redko, celo v tujih prevodih.

Despite the evidently thriving lexicographical activity in Slovene medieval monasteries, the first attempts at Latin-Slovene dictionaries are not found earlier than in the works by Slovene Protestants. In the history of Slovene lexicography, a place of honour is held by the German humanist Hieronimus Megiser, the first to collect systematically a large portion of Slovene vocabulary and use it in his lexicographical work. However, three Slovene attempts to supply a Latin-Slovene dictionary (by Matija Kastelec, Gregor Vorenc, and the Rev Hipolit) failed. The first serious attempt to finally provide the Slovenes with a dictionary was made in the 1870’s, under the editorial guidance of Janko Pajk, but the work was never published and the lexicographical materials are lost as well. The first Latin-Slovene dictionary actually published was Latinsko-slovenski slovnik za tretji in cetrti gimnasijski razred [ The Latin-Slovene Dictionary for the Third and Fourth Gymnasium Forms ] (1882), the team project of dedicated teachers. Lexicography was long hindered by financial difficulties, by the lack of properly qualified workers willing to engage in such projects, by Austrian pressure, by the unfavourable social status of teachers, as well as by other factors. The situation, however, changed in the year 1894, which witnessed the beginnings of the most comprehensive Latin dictionary – and one of the largest lexicographical projects in Slovenia ever – under the supervision of Fran Wiesthaler. The first part of the project was finished immediately before World War I, which prevented its publication. The first volume (the entries from A to facilis ) was published in 1927, after which time the work remained at a standstill for over 60 years. Despite the editor’s lifelong work on the project, he did not live to see its complete publication. Work on the dictionary was revived by the publishing house Kres in 1990. In 2007, after 17 years of work and 4,087 pages in six volumes, the project has reached completion after 113 years.

In addition to affecting the Slovene education system, the Austrian denationalising policy in the second half of the 19th century had a direct impact on translation. Most of the already scarce Slovene philologists were appointed to posts outside the Slovene national territory. The conditions only began to improve in the 1860s, with the translation activity taken up by the first students of the newly established philology courses at the University of Vienna (Ladislav Hrovat, Matija Valjavec, etc.). More often than not, however, the translators were not philologists. The first longer classical texts published in Slovene were individual books of the Homeric epics, Xenophon’s Memorabilia , Plato’s dialogues Apology and Crito , Virgil's Georgics , and Sophocles' Ajax (the complete Bible, of course, had been translated much earlier, but it holds a special place in the history of translation). The translations published as books represent the first Slovene book-format editions of the ancient classics, but most appeared in magazines and newspapers . Many translations met with the same fate as a number of contemporary Slovene classical-language textbooks: they remained in manuscript because of insufficient funds (the publishers were unwilling to run the risk of such enterprises, for fear that their investment would not pay), and also because of the national-awakening emphasis on Slovene, which was accompanied by a preference for translating from other modern languages, particularly Slavic ones. A noteworthy example of these unpublished translations is Caesar’s De Bello Gallico as prepared by the Franciscan Ladislav Hrovat. From the beginnings to the present, Slovene translations of the Greek and Latin classics have displayed a marked predominance of poetry, with prose works remaining in the minority.

Z letošnjim letom zaključuje naša revija sedmo leto svojega izhajanja. Današnji občni zbor poteka tik pred izidom druge številke sedmega letnika. Prva letošnja številka je izšla meseca maja, druga številka bo izšla 14. decembra. Zadnje poročilo o delovanju uredništva revije je bilo na zadnjem občnem zboru DAHŠ 15. novembra 2003.

After the end of World War II, the classical school system in Slovenia began its slow but persistent decline. The strongest pressure was put on the gymnasium, especially the classical gymnasium as the central institution of classical and humanist education. Classical education was not allowed, or perhaps not able, to carve itself a niche in the new political system. For all the attempts to preserve the teaching of the classical languages, for all the conferences and consultations dedicated to this problem, the situation deteriorated year by year. The efforts of those individuals who possessed sufficient courage or influence to give public support to classical education proved futile; each year saw a new reduction in the teaching of Latin and Greek. The campaign against the classical languages peaked in 1958 with the closure of classical gymnasia. Interestingly (and unaccountably), no other Yugoslav republic rejected the classical tradition as roundly as Slovenia . The textbooks produced in the first fifteen years after the war mostly derived from the pre-war tradition, although there emerged a handful of new ones as well.

The chaotic condition of the school system was an unfortunate legacy bequeathed to the Slovene system by Austria. The two classical languages were under the same pressure as ever, with the amount of time allotted to their instruction coming under constant criticism. Soon there emerged ideas about reforming secondary education, particularly about its unification for the entire state, with the chief initiative coming from the Minister of Education, Svetozar Pribieevie. The secondary education reform began to be implemented in 1924, following numerous political changes, replacements, and heated debates on the issue. The classical gymnasiums (Slovenia had three at the time, one in Ljubljana, one in Maribor, and a private (episcopal) institution at Sentvid by Ljubljana) were not affected by these changes. Their implications, however, were more serious for Latin instruction at the so-called "Realgymnasiums" (i.e. gymnasiums with an emphasis on the modern languages or mathematics and the sciences), which was reduced in favour of lessons in the mother tongue, history, and French. These conditions were maintained (with occasional temporary modifications) until the end of World War II.

V delovanju uredništva revije ni bilo posebnih novosti. V zadnjem dvoletnem obdobju smo - enako kot že 3 leta poprej - izdali 2 letnika oz. 4 številke revije, kar pomeni, daje za nami že peto leto izdajanja.

»Končno!« Tak uvod utegne koga presenetiti, vendar je povsem upravičen. V naši že tako (pre)skromni beri učbenikov in slovarjev za grščino smo končno spet dobili solidno pomagalo za vse, kijih veseli ukvarjanje z grščino, konkretneje z grščino Svetega pisma Nove zaveze.

Die Idee zu einem solchem Kapitel (ihre Wurzeln entsprangen beim Lesen der meisterhaften Ubersetzungen von Professor Silvo Kopriva) entstand einerseits aus dem Wunsch, den Lesem eine neue Herausforderung zu bieten, anderseits als Gegengewicht zu zahlreichen Abhandlungen, Fragen und Zweifeln uber die Bedeutung von Latein heute und den Schmiihungen, es sei "ausgestorben wie die Dinosaurier". (Solche ldeen finden sich sogar auf Werbeplakaten fur Sprachkurse). Offiziell ist Latein zwar wirklich eine tote Sprache, doch sind wir uns der Tatsache bewust, das es so lange Ieben wird, wie es uns gelingt, es in seiner schonsten Form zu erhalten. Das Ubersetzen von Abschnitten slowenischer literarischer und auch nichtliterarischer Werke kann uns in dieser Hinsicht mehrfach nutzlich sein. Zum einen last sich beweisen, das sich auch slowenische literarische Werke, sowohl in Prosa als auch in Vers, in schones Latein ubersetzen lassen. Auserdem starken wir unsere Beziehung zur Muttersprache und zum Latein und spielen aile Register, die uns die lateinische Sprache bietet, schopfen ihren ganzen Reichtum aus und beweisen dadurch, was sie vermag und bringen sie dadurch einer breiteren Leserschaft naher. Hoffen wir, das sich diese Rubrik durchsetzen wird und das sich immer jemand findet, der bereit ist, es mit einer Ubersetzung aufzunehmen - zu seinem Nutzen und zu unserer Freude. Moge die Geschichte von Krjavelj aus Jurcic's Roman "Der zehnte Bruder" der erste Versuch dazu sein.

l. Morda se zdi prvo vprašanje nekoliko nenavadno, pa vendar, če bi vas nekdo, ki vas ne pozna vprašal, kdo je pravzaprav Dane Zajc, kaj bi mu odgovorili ? ... O tem bi lahko govorila sedaj drugače, ker je človek samemu sebi tako ali tako uganka in bi težko odgovoril, kdo sem - ampak če povem svoje življenjske podatke: rojen sem devetindvajsetega leta, dokončal sem srednjo šolo, gimnazijo v Ljubljani, enainpetdesetega leta so me vrgli iz gimnazije, bil sem nekaj časa zaprt, potem sem moral oditi k vojakom: privatno sem naredil maturo leta 1958, vendar je bila takrat študentska organizacija proti temu, da bi me sprejeli na univerzo. Vmes sem se zaposlil: najprej sem delal dve leti na carinski pošti, potem sem se petinpetdesetega leta zaposlil v Pionirski knjižnici; tam sem ostal do upokojitve.