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Non‐human primates are susceptible to many bacteria, some of which bear zoonotic potential. We report the pathologic features of spontaneous fulminating meningoencephalitis by Staphylococcus aureus in a captive infant golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) from Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant adipocytic neoplasia is rare among nonhuman primates. We report the gross and microscopic features of a retroperitoneal liposarcoma with myxofibrosarcoma‐like dedifferentiation in a free‐ranging juvenile golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). To our knowledge, this is the first report of such tumor subtype in New World primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), originally endemic to Bahia, was introduced in Rio de Janeiro. The species is currently found in remaining forests within the region of original occupation of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), which may compromise the survival of the golden lion tamarin. Groups of golden‐headed lion tamarins were captured and translocated to Bahia. However, the area chosen reached its limit and males underwent to vasectomy procedures. Methods: Animals were separated into 3 groups: S‐ketamine and midazolam, S‐ketamine and dexmedetomidine, and racemic ketamine and dexmedetomidine. Results and Conclusions: Heart rate, sedation and muscle relaxation degrees, antinociception, and lidocaine consumption presented significant difference between midazolam and dexmedetomidine groups. Bradycardia was present on dexmedetomidine groups, with values remaining within the normal range. Dexmedetomidine groups present the best outcomes for muscle relaxation, sedation, and antinociception and were safe for vasectomy surgery in golden‐headed lion tamarins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simian foamy viruses (SFV) infect a wide range of Old World and Neotropical primates (NP). Unlike Old World primates, little is known about the diversity and prevalence of SFV in NP, mainly from a free-living population. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that SFV coevolved with their hosts. However, viral strains infecting Leontopithecus chrysomelas did not behave as expected for this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the eco-epidemiological profile and molecular characterization of SFV in a recently captured invasive population of L. chrysomelas located in Niteroi/RJ using buccal swab as an alternative collection method. A prevalence of 34.8% (32/92) and a mean viral load of 4.7 log copies of SFV/106 cells were observed. With respect to time since capture, SFV prevalence was significantly higher in the group of animals sampled over 6 months after capture (55.2%) than in those more recently captured (25.4%) (p = 0.005). Infected solitary animals can contribute to SFV transmission between different groups in the population. SFV strains formed two distinct clades within the SFV infecting the Cebidae family. This is the first study to use buccal swabs as a tool to study SFV diversity and prevalence in a recently free-living NP population upon recent capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To characterize the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of alfaxalone at three dose rates in comparison with a ketamine–dexmedetomidine–midazolam–tramadol combination (KDMT) for immobilization of golden-headed lion tamarins (GHLTs) (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy. Prospective clinical trial. A total of 19 healthy, male, wild-caught GHLTs. Tamarins were administered alfaxalone intramuscularly (IM) at 6, 12 or 15 mg kg–1, or KDMT, ketamine (15 mg kg–1), dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg–1), midazolam (0.5 mg kg–1) and tramadol (4 mg kg–1) IM. Immediately after immobilization, lidocaine (8 mg kg–1) was infiltrated subcutaneously (SC) at the incision site in all animals. Physiologic variables, anesthetic depth and quality of immobilization were assessed. At the end of the procedure, atipamezole (0.15 mg kg–1) was administered IM to group KDMT and tramadol (4 mg kg–1) SC to the other groups; all animals were injected with ketoprofen (2 mg kg–1) SC. A dose-dependent increase in sedation, muscle relaxation and immobilization time was noted in the alfaxalone groups. Despite the administration of atipamezole, the recovery time was longer for KDMT than all other groups. Muscle tremors were noted in some animals during induction and recovery with alfaxalone. No significant differences were observed for cardiovascular variables among the alfaxalone groups, whereas an initial decrease in heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure was recorded in KDMT, which increased after atipamezole administration. Alfaxalone dose rates of 12 or 15 mg kg–1 IM with local anesthesia provided good sedation and subjectively adequate pain control for vasectomies in GHLTs. KDMT induced a deeper plane of anesthesia and should be considered for more invasive or painful procedures. All study groups experienced mild to moderate hypothermia and hypoxemia; therefore, the use of more efficient heating devices and oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using these protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]