Search

The article makes an attempt to comprehend the cognitive-semantic approach to the Chinese language in the framework of its teaching and study in higher education, taking into account features contrasting to the Russian language. The main theoretical postulates of the Chinese language-study were formulated by the Russian sinologists in line with formal structural paradigms based on materials of Western languages and their level of language organization. This approach is reflected in most Chinese language textbooks. In this regard, the Chinese language is taught according to the patterns of teaching Western languages. This approach does not allow to fully master the language, as it does not take into account the semantic and cognitive disproportion of the basic units of languages. The basic unit of the Russian language is the word as its nominative and at the same time the main speech unit. In the Chinese language, according to our observations and analysis of the relevant literature, this role belongs mainly to a more fractional substantive unit, which in the dictionary, in the nomination, acts as the main unit of the language division of the world, and in speech can also act as a simple word and as part of more complex formation - words or phrases. In writing, this unit is presented in the form of a «zi» hieroglyph, figuratively or otherwise denoting certain objects of reality and conceptualizing them, which allows us to consider these «zi» as expressors of minimal concepts of Chinese linguistic thinking. For the first time in Russian linguistics, the article addresses issues related to these basic units in connection with teaching issues. At the present stage, there are practically no textbooks or techniques aimed at mastering these specific Chinese language units. The authors make an attempt to attract the attention of sinologists to this problem and to reconsider the existing views in a new cognitive-semantic vein. In this context, the necessity of reorienting teaching that reproduces the methodological and linguistic orientations applied in relation to the study of Indo-European languages to methodological orientations corresponding to the essential characteristics of the Chinese language as consistently isolated in type and specifically orientational in terms of mental and cultural grounds is substantiated. In this regard, there marked relevant issues are there proposed some ways to resolve them.

The relevance of the study is determined by the anthropocentrism of the modern scientific paradigm of linguistics and the need to establish correlations of the constituents of linguistic consciousness and objects of the external world in the structuring and functioning of the conceptual metaphor in the literary text. Conceptual metaphor is a mental topological projection of interacting areas of linguistic consciousness and the surrounding world. The purpose of the article is to study the functional and pragmatic potential of metaphorical models built on the basis of the conceptual metaphor «Human Being – Nature» in a literary text. The material for the study was the literary texts of the novels of I.S. Turgenev’s “Rudin”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, “Virgin Soil”, containing representative metaphorical micro and macro contexts. The complex of research methods includes the method of continuous sampling, deductive-inductive method, conceptual analysis, and the method of linguistic interpretation. The functions of metaphorical contexts, which are based on the conceptual metaphor Human - Nature, consist in the possibility of representing the inner world of characters, their general cultural potential, social status and origin; the use of metaphors in the speech of characters (external and internal) allows us to talk about the figurative perception of the world by these heroes, about the level of their emotionality and linguistic creativity, since metaphors are a kind of human thinking patterns. Analysis of the implementation of the conceptual metaphor «Human Being- Nature» in a literary text allows one to discover and describe the priority cognitive structures of the author’s linguistic consciousness and values inherent in the individual author’s picture of the world. Research prospects are in the possibility of identifying priority conceptual metaphors in the individual author’s picture of the world on the basis of literary texts in order to identify and describe the dominants of linguistic consciousness and the value picture of the world of a particular author

The article reveals the role of a foreign language / languages in the context of linguistic globalization and multiculturalism. The research featured the current attitude of German society to foreign languages and cultures. The authors believe that there is no contradiction between the modern multilingualism requirements and the promotion of German in the European community as a wholesome and stable language. As borders between languages become transparent, the development of linguistic consciousness acquires a special role. The research objective was to identify the motives behind borrowing that result from the needs of modern European community. The authors also explained the cases of incomplete or impossible assimilation of borrowings in German. They revealed some characteristics of English borrowings in German. For instance, hyphenation refers to the spelling of nouns borrowed from English. English verbs acquire German forms of weak verbs and their conjugation endings. Most borrowed nouns proved to have an unstable grammatical gender, while some of them are likened to German nouns and receive inflections. The syntagmatics of English adjectives is determined by English phonetics. The authors believe that the study of linguistic globalization will be useful to those interested in the development of European languages.

The purpose of this study was to define and to describe the semantic components of the stimulus word humour in the linguistic consciousness of young Russian-speaking people from Eastern Ukraine. The main method of the research was a psycholinguistic experiment. The sample comprised 400 young people (aged 20-31), males and females being equally represented. The experiment proved that the concept humour in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine is represented by four core semantic clusters: “laughter,” “joke,” “merry-making/joy” and “show.” Analysis of female and male associative fields shows that the semantic core of the word humour does not depend on the respondents’ gender identification. The results of frequency and cluster analysis have implied a number of the following conclusions. Firstly, humour and laughter form an inseparable unity of stimulus and reaction in the linguistic consciousness of respondents, although the psychological paradigm considers humour and laughter as two independent phenomena. Secondly, the cognitive component of humour was only reflected in the peripheral cluster “mind” of respondents’ associations. Thirdly, young Russian-speaking people from Ukraine do not have an ideal image of humour represented by a certain comedy show or relevant to any specific comedians. The generalised visualisation of humour is represented by reactions of the extreme periphery. Finally, comparative analysis of the verbalised concept humour in the linguistic consciousness of Russian-speaking population of Ukraine and people who live in Russia did not reveal any national-specific features in the perception of stimulus humour.

The article is devoted to comparing data on the results of associative experiments of different years. The main focus is on the conceptual core - the first ten words with the most associative links. It is reported that in 2013-2017, researchers of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V. P. Astafiev, with the support of scientific foundations, prepared the “Electronic associative dictionary of Yenisei Siberia”, which includes 29,550 associative fields based on the results obtained when 1000 respondents were presented (incentives were proposed by the team of the ethnopsycholinguistics sector of the Institute of Atomic Energy RAS under the direction of N. V. Ufimtseva). The article compares the obtained data with the materials of the conceptual core of other associative dictionaries of the Russian language of the XX-XXI centuries, such as the “Dictionary of associative norms of the Russian language” by A. A. Leontyev, “Russian Associative Dictionary” edited by Yu. N. Karaulov, “Russian regional associative dictionary-thesaurus” by G. A. Cherkasova, N. V. Ufimtseva. It is proved that the data of associative dictionaries indicate a change in indicators on the scale of values of linguistic consciousness of the Russian language native speakers. An attempt was made to identify the specifics of the everyday linguistic consciousness of Russians in a geographically limited community. The conclusion is made that the changes in the linguistic consciousness of Russians are caused to a greater extent by temporary rather than regional conditions.

The rationale for the present study is the research interest to one of the most wide-spread concept, self-reflection, which is a verbal and cogitative mechanism of the linguistic consciousness (individual and collective) and, at the same time, it reflects the conception of the worldview of the native English speakers. The concept semantics is explained on the material of the English language corpus. The authors analyze the structure of the verbalized concept in question. The study involved analysis of dictionary definitions and corpus analysis to identify the information content, sensory image component and interpretation field of the concept self-reflection. 443 texts form the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus and famous people’s utterances were subjected to the analysis. The research resulted in revealing cognitive attributes of the concept and the construction of its three-component structural and semantic scheme. The authors found out that the cognitive dimension of the English people consciousness assigns the following cognitive attributes to the concept self-reflection: sensory image: ability to judge, analyze, importance to a person, connection with human consciousness, degree of efforts made, time duration, degree of independence, frequency, effectiveness; careful and critical thinking, restoration of distorted communication, inner dialogue, critical review, rational form of thinking, careful analysis, basis for self-improvement, self-comprehension, systematic character; information content: thinking about yourself; interpretation filed: testing your ideas, self-testing, self-development, obtaining happiness and success, quality of a mature personality, way to freedom, light.

The purpose of this study is to define and describe the semantic components of the verbalised concept “lightness” as a component of ludic competence in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking people from Eastern Ukraine. The main method of the research was a psycholinguistic experiment. The sample comprised 426 young people (aged 18-35), males and females being equally represented. Cluster analysis showed that the core of the concept “lightness” is represented by three semantic groups: “the quality being light and insignificant in weight and size …”, “the feeling of happiness and joyful ease”, “the feeling of freedom …, cheerfulness, excitement”. The last two clusters reveal the ambivalent nature of the concept “lightness”. The concept “lightness” is characterized by a large variety of peripheral clusters. The ones that are especially noteworthy are “insight” and “duality”. The former reflects the cognitive component of lightness, which accounts for 3 per cent. The latter reflects the concept’s ambivalent nature. Basically, the semantic content of the core of the word “lightness” does not depend on gender. The comparative analysis of the concept “lightness” in the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainian citizens and people living in Russia reveals its nationally-specific perception in the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainian people, which was reflected in the most frequent reaction “freedom”. Taken together, both samples share a number of common features: wide semantic scope; strong synonymic and weak antonymic connections between stimulus and reactions; positive emotional response to the stimulus. Finally, the results of the free word association test with the stimulus word “lightness” were successfully used to define more precisely and expand our understanding of “lightness” as a component of ludic competence taking into account both core and peripheral clusters. References Barnett, L. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018 Bowman, J. (1987). Making Work Play. In G. A. Fine (Ed.), Meaningful Play, Playful Meanings (pp. 61-71). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Bundy, A. (1996). Play and Playfulness: What to Look for. In D.L. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in Occupational Therapy for Children (pp. 52−66). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Chapman, J. (1978). Playfulness and the development of divergent thinking abilities. Child: Care, Health and Development, 4, 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1978.tb00096.x Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15, 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1978.tb00096.x Dal, V. I. (2011). Tolkovyi Slovar Zhivogo Velikorusskogo Yazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]: in four volumes. Moscow: Publishing house: Drofa. Glynn, M., & Webster, J. (1992). The adult playfulness scale: an initial assessment. Psychological Reports, 71(1), 83-103. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.83 Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., & Kobzieva, Iu. (2017). Playful competence: the access code to the inner resources. Proceedings of the 15th European Congress of Psychology Amsterdam, 11-14 July (19). Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., Pidchasov, Ye., Sauta, S., & Kobzieva, Iu. (2018). The problem of sample representativeness for conducting experimental and broad psychological research. Psycholinguistics, 23(1), 11-46. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1212360. Groos, K. (1976). The Play of Man: Teasing and Love-Play. In J. Brunner, A. Jolly, & K. Sylva (Eds.), Play, Development and Evolution (pp. 62–83). Middlesex, United Kingdom: Penguin Books. Guitard, P., Ferland, F. & Dutil, É. (2005). Toward a better understanding of playfulness in adults. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 25(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/153944920502500103. Кобзева, Ю., Гордиенко-Митрофанова, И., Гончаренко-Кулиш, А. (2020a). Определение шаловливости как компонента игровой компетентности через реконструкцию семантических элементов концепта «шаловливость». Проблеми сучасної психології, 47, 118-140. Kobzieva Iu., Gordienko-Mytrofanova I., Sauta S. (2020b). Psycholinguistic Features of Imagination as a Component of Ludic Competence. EUREKA: Social and Humanities. Psychology, 2, 15-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001128 Kobzieva Iu., Gordienko-Mytrofanova I., Udovenko M., Sauta S. (2020c). Concept “humour” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine. European Journal of Humour Research, 8(1), 29-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.1.kobzieva Караулов Ю. Н., Черкасова Г. А., Уфимцева Н. В., Сорокин Ю. А., Тарасов Е. Ф. Русский ассоциативный словарь. В 2-х т. Т. I. От стимула к реакции: ок.7000 стимулов. М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»: ООО Издательство АСТ». Караулов Ю. Н., Черкасова Г. А., Уфимцева Н. В., Сорокин Ю. А., Тарасов Е. Ф. Русский ассоциативный словарь. В 2-х т. Т. II. От реакции к стимулу: более 100 000 реакций. М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»: ООО Издательство АСТ». Ожегов, С. И., Шведова, Н. Ю. (2011). Толковый словарь русского языка. Москва: Мир и образование, Оникс. Попова, З. Д., Стернин, И. А. (2007). Семантико-когнитивный анализ языка. Воронеж: Истоки. Proyer, R. (2012). Development and initial assessment of a short measure for adult playfulness: The SMAP. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(8), 989-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.018 Proyer, R. (2017). A new structural model for the study of adult playfulness: Assessment and exploration of an understudied individual differences variable. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.011 Raven, J. (2001). The Conceptualisation of Competence. New York: Peter Lang Publishing,Inc. Schaefer, C. & Greenberg, R. (1997). Measurement of playfulness: a neglected therapist variable. International Journal of Play Therapy, 6(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089406 Shen, X. (2010). Adult Playfulness as a Personality Trait: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Relationship to Psychological Well-Being. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Pennsylvania State University Library Catalog (OCLC No. 859524715). Shen, X., Chick, G. & Zinn, H. (2014). Playfulness in adulthood as a personality trait: a reconceptualization and a new measurement. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(1), 58-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950313 Стернин, И. А., Рудакова, А. В. (2011). Психолингвистическое значение слова и его описание. Воронеж: Ламберт. Tsuji, Hit., Tsuji, Hei., Yamada, S., Natsuno, Y., Morita, Y., Mukoyama, Y., Hata, K. & Fujishima, Y. (1996). Standardization of the Five Factor Personality Questionnaire: Factor structure. International Journal of Psychology, 31. Proceedings from the XXVI International Congress of Psychology. Montreal, 16-21August. (103-217). Уфимцева, Н. (2009). Образ мира русских: системность и содержание. Язык и культура, 98-111. Ушаков, Д. Н. (1935-1940). Толковый словарь русского языка: в четырех томах. Москва: Сов.энциклопедия: ОГИЗ. Yarnal, C. & Qian, X. (2011). Older-adult playfulness: an innovative construct and measurement for healthy aging research. American Journal of Play, 4(1), 52-79. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ985548.pdf Ефремова, Т. Ф. (2000). Новый словарь русского языка. Толково-словообразовательный. Москва: Русский язык. Епишкин, Н. И. (2010). Историчесикй словарь галлицизмов русского языка. Москва: Словарное издательство ЭТС. Yue, X., Leung, C. & Hiranandani, N. (2016). Adult playfulness, humor styles, and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116662842. Засекина, Л. В. (2008). Тенденції розвитку вітчизняної психолінгвістики: методологічний огляд проблем та окреслення шляхів їх вирішення. Психолінгвістика, 1. С. 9-20. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/psling_2008_1_2. References (translated and transliterated) Barnett, L. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018 Bowman, J. (1987). Making Work Play. In G. A. Fine (Ed.), Meaningful Play, Playful Meanings (pp. 61-71). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Bundy, A. (1996). Play and Playfulness: What to Look for. In D.L. Parham & L. S. Fazio (Eds.), Play in Occupational Therapy for Children (pp. 52−66). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Chapman, J. (1978). Playfulness and the development of divergent thinking abilities. Child: Care, Health and Development, 4, 371-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1978.tb00096.x Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15, 41-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.1978.tb00096.x Dal, V. I. (2011). Tolkovyi Slovar Zhivogo Velikorusskogo Yazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]: in four volumes. Moscow: Publishing house: Drofa. Glynn, M., & Webster, J. (1992). The adult playfulness scale: an initial assessment. Psychological Reports, 71(1), 83-103. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.83 Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., & Kobzieva, Iu. (2017). Playful competence: the access code to the inner resources. Proceedings of the 15th European Congress of Psychology Amsterdam, 11-14 July (19). Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., Pidchasov, Ye., Sauta, S., & Kobzieva, Iu. (2018). The problem of sample representativeness for conducting experimental and broad psychological research. Psycholinguistics, 23(1), 11-46. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1212360. Groos, K. (1976). The Play of Man: Teasing and Love-Play. In J. Brunner, A. Jolly, & K. Sylva (Eds.), Play, Development and Evolution (pp. 62–83). Middlesex, United Kingdom: Penguin Books. Guitard, P., Ferland, F. & Dutil, É. (2005). Toward a better understanding of playfulness in adults. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 25(1), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/153944920502500103. Кобзева, Ю., Гордиенко-Митрофанова, И., Гончаренко-Кулиш, А. (2020a). Определение шаловливости как компонента игровой компетентности через реконструкцию семантических элементов концепта «шаловливость». Проблеми сучасної психології, 47, 118-140. Kobzieva, Iu., Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., Goncharenko-Kulish, A. (2020a). Opredeleniie shalovlivosti kak komponenta igrovoi kompetentosti cherez rekonstruktsiiu semanticheskikh elementov kontsepta “shalovlivost” [Defining impishness as a component of ludic competence via restructuring semantic elements of the concept “impishness”]. Problemy Suchasnoi Psykholohii − Problems of Modern Psychology, 47, 118-140. https://doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2020-47 Kobzieva Iu., Gordienko-Mytrofanova I., Sauta S. (2020b). Psycholinguistic Features of Imagination as a Component of Ludic Competence. EUREKA: Social and Humanities. Psychology, 2, 15-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001128 Kobzieva Iu., Gordienko-Mytrofanova I., Udovenko M., Sauta S. (2020c). Concept “humour” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine. European Journal of Humour Research, 8(1), 29-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.1.kobzieva Karaulov, Yu. N., Cherkasova, G. A., Ufimtseva, N. V., Sorokin, Yu. A., & Tarasov, Ye. F. (2002a). Russkii Assotsiativnyi Slovar [Russian Associative Vocabulary], Vol. 1. Ot reaktsii k stimulu [From Reaction to Stimulus], ca. 100000 reactions. Мoscow: LLC Astrel Publishers; LLC AST Publishers. Karaulov, Yu. N., Cherkasova, G. A., Ufimtseva, N. V., Sorokin, Yu. A., & Tarasov, Ye. F. (2002b). Russkii Assotsiativnyi Slovar [Russian Associative Vocabulary], Vol. 2. Ot stimula k reaktsii [From Stimulus to Reaction], ca. 7000 stimuli. Мoscow: LLC Astrel Publishers; LLC AST Publishers. Ожегов, С. И., Шведова, Н. Ю. (2011). Толковый словарь русского языка. Москва: Мир и образование, Оникс. Ozhegov, S. I. & Shvedova, N. Yu. (2011). Tolkovyi Slovar Russkogo Yazyka [Dictionary of Russian Language]. Мoscow: Mir i Obrazovaniie, Oniks. Попова, З. Д., Стернин, И. А. (2007). Семантико-когнитивный анализ языка. Воронеж: Истоки. Popova, Z. D. & Sternin, I. A. (2007). Semantiko-Kognitivnyi Analiz Yazyka [Semantic and Cognitive Analysis of Language]. Voronezh: Istoki. Proyer, R. (2012). Development and initial assessment of a short measure for adult playfulness: The SMAP. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(8), 989-994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.018 Proyer, R. (2017). A new structural model for the study of adult playfulness: Assessment and exploration of an understudied individual differences variable. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.011 Raven, J. (2001). The Conceptualisation of Competence. New York: Peter Lang Publishing,Inc. Schaefer, C. & Greenberg, R. (1997). Measurement of playfulness: a neglected therapist variable. International Journal of Play Therapy, 6(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089406 Shen, X. (2010). Adult Playfulness as a Personality Trait: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Relationship to Psychological Well-Being. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Pennsylvania State University Library Catalog (OCLC No. 859524715). Shen, X., Chick, G. & Zinn, H. (2014). Playfulness in adulthood as a personality trait: a reconceptualization and a new measurement. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(1), 58-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950313 Sternin, I. A., & Rudakova, A. V. (2011). Psikholingvisticheskoie znacheniie slova i yego opisaniie [Psycholinguistic meaning of the word and its description]. Voronezh: Lambert Tsuji, Hit., Tsuji, Hei., Yamada, S., Natsuno, Y., Morita, Y., Mukoyama, Y., Hata, K. & Fujishima, Y. (1996). Standardization of the Five Factor Personality Questionnaire: Factor structure. International Journal of Psychology, 31. Proceedings from the XXVI International Congress of Psychology. Montreal, 16-21August. (103-217). Ufimtseva, N. (2009). Obraz mira russkikh: sistemnost i soderzhaniie [Image of the world of Russians: the systemic characteristics and the content]. Yazyk i Kultura − Language and Culture, 98-111. Ushakov, D. N. (Ed.). (1935-1940). Tolkovyi Slovar Russkogo Yazyka [Dictionary of Russian Language]: in four volumes. Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia: OGIZ. http://feb-web.ru/feb/ushakov/ush-abc/0ush.htm Yarnal, C. & Qian, X. (2011). Older-adult playfulness: an innovative construct and measurement for healthy aging research. American Journal of Play, 4(1), 52-79. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ985548.pdf Yefremova, T. F. (2000). Novyi Slovar Russkogo Yazyka. Tolkovo-Slovoobrazovatelnyi [New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Interpretative and Derivational]. Moscow: Russkii yazyk. https://www.efremova.info/ Yepishkin, N. I. (2010). Istoricheskii slovar gallitsizmov russkogo yazyka [Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms in the Russian Language]. Moscow: ETS Dictionary Publishing House. Retrieved from: http://rus-yaz.niv.ru/doc/gallism-dictionary/index.htm Yue, X., Leung, C. & Hiranandani, N. (2016). Adult playfulness, humor styles, and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116662842. Zasiekina, L. V. (2008). Tendentsiii rozvytku vitchyznianoii psykholingvistyky: metodolohichnyi ohliad problem ta okreslennia shlyakhiv yikh vyrishennia [Trends in the development of national psycholinguistics: a methodological overview of problems and outlining ways to solve them]. Psycholinguistics, 1, 9-20. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/psling_2008_1_2.

The article deals with the representations of the images of America and Europe in the linguistic consciousness of students from Arab countries. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the current geopolitical factors and the economic prerequisites governing the modern society. The object of the present study is the linguistic consciousness of the native Arab speakers. The subject is the country images that are formed in the mind of Arab culture members. The results of the research are based on the material obtained in the course of the free associative experiment. An analysis of the constructed associative fields made it possible to divide the verbal reactions into contiguity and similarity associations; to select the most frequent responses to the presented stimuli; to evaluate the valueemotional component of the images and to see the similarities and differences in the perception of the countries by Arab students; to show the hierarchy of semantic links and fields in estimates of incentives. The results of the study show that linguistic consciousness is a dynamic phenomenon, the formation of which is influenced by the modern political, economic, and sociocultural changes and transformations.

The article is devoted to the study of the theory of naive linguistics and the principles of its research. The material of the research is the results of psycholinguistic experiment. The results show ordinary representations of native speakers of Mongolian language. The words denoting flora and fauna (bionyms) were used as the stimuli for the experiment. The responses in the experiment have revealed a specific character of word functioning in the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. To describe a naive view on a word meaning, the respondents used associations in the form of spontaneous definitions and citations that include the word stimulus as well as comparisons it inspired. The research has made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of the ethnical language world view as a component of the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. In the conclusion the author gives a description of these bionyms, compiled on the basis of lexicographic processing of reactions and within the framework of the naive linguistics theory.

A narrow and wide understanding of the metalanguage consciousness is presented in the article as a set of metalinguistic consciousness levels, which are subconscious, verbalized and creative ones, and every level demonstrates its specificity. The author proves that subconscious and verbalized levels of metalanguage consciousness correspond to deep and surface levels of linguistic consciousness. The paper is also focused on features of metalinguistic consciousness, which embraces dual characteristics, including ontologism and gnoseologism, intuitivity and rationality, pragmatism and conceptual-terminological vagueness, prescientific and scientific character, objectivity and subjectivity; it describes main antinomies of metalinguistic consciousness: community or individuality; part or whole; creativity or automatism; common or scientific character; unconsciousness or awareness. The ratio of metalanguage consciousness levels and various areas of linguistics is characterized in terms of hierarchy of metalinguistic consciousness, provided that ordinary reflection and ordinary metalinguistic consciousness of an average native speaker are part of ordinary linguistics; scientific reflection and professional metalinguistic consciousness of a linguist are part of scientific linguistics. Accordingly, ordinary linguistics forms a linguistic (naive) picture of the world, whereas scientific linguistics - a scientific picture of the world. It is concluded that metalinguistic consciousness is a part of linguistic consciousness, but its functions overcome the intralanguage boarders.

The article presents the results of our experimental study on the translation by students - Belarusian-Russian bilinguals - of the non-equivalent vocabulary from one language to another. Comparative analysis of the obtained data and official statistics allows not only to characterize the specifics of the language situation in the Republic of Belarus, but also outline the prospects for its further development.

В статье анализируются результаты цепочечного ассоциативного эксперимента, проведенного с носителями венгерского языка., The article analyzes the results of a chain associative experimentthat was conducted with Hungarian native speakers., Психолингвистические аспекты изучения речевой деятельности, Issue № 18, Pages 84-92

В статье рассматриваются возможности создания психолингвистического словаря китайских политических терминов на основе ассоциативных экспериментов и семантической интерпретации их результатов., The article discusses the conditions for the creation of a psycholinguistic dictionary of modern Chinese political terms on the basis of associative experiments and semantic interpretation of their results., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 3 (81), Pages 248-255

Исследование посвящено описанию результатов использования «доверительного метода» из математической лингвистики для подтверждения полученных результатов свободного ассоциативного эксперимента, проведенного среди носителей якутского языка в рамках исследования концепта «культура». В эксперименте приняли участие 2 000 респондентов, которые представили ассоциативные реакции на 15 слов-стимулов, репрезентирующих исследуемый концепт. В работе представлена возможность использования «доверительного метода» для экспериментального подтверждения достоверности полученных коэффициентов достоверности. Предложены метод определения доверительного интервала для доли признака и метод определения необходимого объема соответствующей выборки. Использованный метод доказывает эффективность его применения для подтверждения того, что, если удвоить количество испытуемых в эксперименте, можно получить те же результаты., The study is devoted to the description of the results of using the “confidence method” from mathematical linguistics to confirm the results of a free associative experiment conducted among native speakers of the Yakut language as part of the study of the concept “culture”. The experiment involved 2000 respondents, who presented associative reactions to 15 stimulus words representing the studied concept. The paper presents the possibility of using the “confidence method” for experimental confirmation of the reliability of the obtained reliability coefficients. A method for determining the confidence interval for the share of a feature and a method for determining the required volume of the corresponding sample are proposed. The used method proves the effectiveness of its application to confirm that if the same number of respondents participate in the experiment, the same results can be achieved.

В статье ставится проблема определения ценностных доминант, актуальных для формирования картины мира "вторичной языковой личности" (в данном случае - иностранных студентов военно-инженерного профиля)., The problem of the research is to determine the value dominants that are relevant for the formation of the world view of the “secondary linguistic persona” (in this study - foreign students of the military engineering specialty)., Педагогическое образование в России, Issue № 4, Pages 92-99

The analysis of the issues concerning the relationship between thinking and world language modeling showcases that linguistic modelings are at the forefront of the Old Armenian language and regulate the linguistic determinism and linguistic outlook of the society. Examinations of the Old Armenian sentence models and samples reveal that various qualitative manifestations of thinking existed in the 5th century, which are conditioned by the grammatical structure of Old Armenian, and the foreign-language influences. These were displayed both in translated literature and independent bibliographic works. Linguistic determinism as a synchronous maxim can also bear the stamp of foreign-language influences while deeply preserving the peculiarities of national mentality.

The article considers the value-based component of the “happiness” concept in the Russian language as one of the main concepts in the Russian national consciousness. The study aims at determining and describing the hierarchy of such components in the Russian language. It supplements the current linguistic information about the content of the above-mentioned concept by revealing the hierarchy of its value-based components in the Russian linguistic consciousness. This approach is used to study the “happiness” concept in the Russian language for the first time and proves the scientific novelty of this research. The theoretical basis is formed by postulates of modern cognitive linguistics about concepts as units of a personal conceptual system in their relation to linguistic expressions containing information about the world, as well as concepts as national images (ideas or symbols) complicated by individual representation. The research subject is the hierarchical connections among value-based components of the “happiness” concept in the Russian linguistic consciousness objectified by various verbal means and acting as determinants of the concept’s name. The main objective is to identify the hierarchy of value-based components of the above-mentioned concept and reveal its specifics in the Russian linguistic consciousness. The research material consists of the linguistic facts obtained in the course of a free-association experiment conducted at the end of January 2021 by questioning users of the social network VKontakte. The questionnaire explained the goals and objectives of the experiment and provided an incentive for an associative array of 10 positions to the concept under study. After analyzing the results of this psycholinguistic experiment, the authors have established that the “happiness” concept in the Russian language has a clear hierarchy of value-based components, which highlights the specific conceptualization of such an abstract category as “happiness” in the linguistic consciousness of native Russian speakers.

В статье на основе авторитетных текстов рассматривается синергийная связь трех концептов, родственных по исходному "первосмыслу" род., The author describes the synergetic connection between the three concepts related to each other by their primary original meaning "rod" on the basis of his own cognitive method of analysis of reliable literary texts. As a result of the study it has been revealed that in their traditional sequence, the concepts Priroda, Rodina and Narod are united by rigid ties and determine each other in their interaction: Priroda is a condition of events presented as an image; Rodina is a cause of action presented as a notion; Narod is a goal presented as a symbol. Inner relationships between these concepts are stud-ied across two chronological planes: the 19th-20th centuries and the 21st century (present-day Russian). The Russian National Corpus was used as a source of latest Russian texts. It has been found that in their traditional sequence, the concepts Pri-roda, Rodina and Narod are united by rigid ties and determine each other in their interaction. The author has revealed the dependence of the conceptual content on the real situation of existence of the contemporary person: the interconnection be-tween all three concepts on the basis of their original conceptual basis *rod has been lost. Each concept exists "by itself"; it is compressed to the minimum level of its state (all people - only my family; the primary cause of everything - a closed sys-tem; force - practical resources, etc.). This may be the results of the world fragmentation, of its disintegration to the "mole-cules" as a result of formation of clip mentality. The connection between the concepts is observed only in the consciousness and speech of creative persons, but the communicative practice of to-day has long forgotten it., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 2 (74), Pages 12-23

В данной статье были проанализированы два цвета, которые можно назвать культурными маркерами (желтый и синий), имеющие важное культурное значение для многих народов., Semantic color associations in different cultures have attracted the attention of researchers not once. Within the framework of a culture, a certain color has similar associations, though color associations of different peoples are usually not the same. Each color has its own typical characteristics in the collective linguistic consciousness of a concrete linguistic community. The given article analyzes two colors which can be interpreted as cultural markers (yellow and blue) with a certain cultural significance for many peoples. The purpose of the experiment consisted in the attempt to find out what images emerged in the minds of Spaniards, Ecuadorians and Americans when they were offered a stimulus in the form of the name of a color and to identify the similarities and differences between these images. The images were identified via a free associative experiment and analyzed according to the associative field zones., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 4 (76), Pages 73-82

The study of the lingual consciousness of various ethnic group representatives does not lose its topicality in psycholinguistic investigation for decades. During the period of the formation and development of psycholinguistics, scholars have gained considerable experience in holding associative experiments, the results of which are reflected in associative dictionaries and individual scientific investigations. This material is valuable in several aspects of the investigation in particular as an object of the study of the lingual consciousness of the certain language speakers for the duration of the experiment; in the comparable aspect for the identification of common and distinguishing features in the lingual consciousness of the representatives of different ethnic groups as well as to find out the changes in the lingual consciousness of a certain ethnic group members according to the experimental data received at a certain time interval etc. The article focuses on revealing the dynamics in the lingual consciousness of the representatives of the two East Slavic peoples. The experimental data were drawn both from lexicographic psycholinguistic works and from author’s experimental studies held in 2000 and 2012 representing the changes in the corresponding fragments of the world image in Ukrainians and Russians. References Жайворонок В. В. Знаки української етнокультури: Словник-довідник / В. В. Жайворонок. К.: Довіра, 2006. Марковина И. Ю., Данилова Е. В. Специфика языкового сознания русских и американцев: опыт построения «ассоциативного гештальта» текстов оригинала и перевода // Языковое сознание и образ мира / Отв. ред. Н. В. Уфим­цева. М.: Институт языкознания РАН, 2000. С. 116-132. Степанов Ю. С. Константы: Словарь русской культуры: Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп. М.: Академический Проект, 2001. References (translated and transliterated) Zhaivoronok, V. V. (2006) Znaky Ukrayinckoyi Etnokultury: Slovnyk-Dovidnyk [Signs of the Ukrainian Ethnoculture: Dictionary-Reference Book]. Kyiv: Dovira. Markovina, I. U., Danilova, E. V. (2000) Spetsifika jazykovogo soznaniya russkih i amerikantsev: opit postrojenija “assotsiativnogo geshtalta” tekstov originala i perevoda [The peculiarity of the lingual consciousness of Russians and Americans: the experience of constructing an “associative gestalt” of the original and translation texts]. In: Yazykovoye Soznaniye i Obraz Mira, (pp. 116-132) .N. Ufimtseva, Ed. Moscow: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Stepanov, Yu. S. (2001). Konstanty: Slovar Russkoy Kultury: 2nd edition [Constants: Dictionary of the Russian Culture]. Moscow: Akademicheskiy Proekt. Джерела Бутенко Н. П. Словник асоціативних норм української мови. Львів: Вища школа, 1979. Ожегов С., Шведова Н. Толковый словарь русского языка. Режим доступа: https://classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Ozhegov-term-10012.htm САС – Славянский ассоциативный словарь: русский, белорусский, болгарский, ук­ра­инский / Н. В. Уфимцева, Г. А. Черкасова, Ю. Н. Караулов, Е.Ф. Тарасов. М., 2004. САНРЯ – Словарь ассоциативных норм русского языка / Под ред. А. А. Леонтьева. М.: Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1977. Словник української мови: Академічний тлумачний словник (1970-1980). Т. 3. С. 557. Sources Butenko, N. P. (1979). Slovnyk Asotsiatyvnykh Norm Ukrayinckoyi Movy [Dictionary of the Associative Norms of the Ukrainian language]. Lviv: Vyshcha Shkola. Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language. (1970-1980). Vol. 3, P. 557. Ozhegov, S., Shvedova, N. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Retrieved from: https://classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Ozhegov-term-10012.htm Slavyanskiy Assotsiativnyi Slovar: Russkiy, Belorusskiy, Bolgarskiy, Ukrainskiy (2004) [Slavic Associative Dictionary: Russian, Belorusian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian]. N. Ufimtseva, G. Cher­kasova, Yu. Karaulov, Ye. Tarasov, (Eds). Moscow. Slovar Assocziativnyh Norm Russkogo Yazyka (1977). [Dictionary of Associative Norms of the Russian Language]. A. A. Leontyev, Ed. Moscow: Moscow University.

Рассматриваются некоторые лингвистические мифы, получившие распространение в обыденном языковом сознании, и проблема их выявле­ния. Показано, что мифологические концепты и стереотипы языкового сознания характеризуются следующими признаками. Во-первых, мифологические стереотипы и концепты не имеют научного определения. Во-вторых, мифологические стереотипы и концепты имеют в языке только метафори­че­ское обозначение. В-третьих, они имеют общественно-полити­че­скую аксиологию, широко используются в общественно-политических дискуссиях как общественно-политические лозунги. В-четвертых, они не могут быть истол­кованы содержательно, как совокупность некоторых содержательных признаков на естественном языке, раскрыть их содержание без метафоры оказывается невозможным., The article deals with some of the linguistic myths, which have become widespread in everyday linguistic consciousness, and the problem of detecting them. It is shown that mythological concepts and stereotypes of linguistic consciousness are characterized by the following features: 1) Mythological stereotypes or concepts have no scientific definition; 2) Mythological stereotypes and concepts have only metaphorical designation in the language; 3) They have socio-political axiology and are widely used in socio-political discussions as socio-political slogans; 4) They can’t be interpreted meaningfully, as the complex of some meaningful features in a natural language, it is impossible to disclose their contents without a metaphor., №3(13) (2017)

Background. A civil servant is the key figure in the formation of quality communication between the state and the citizen. His/her spoken language in official communication should be impeccable. However, civil servants’ spoken language is far from ideal due to forced Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism. It affects the state of the culture of the Ukrainian language in society, because people emulate their speech, replicating errors made during official business communication, repeating linguistic neoplasms, etc. Under such conditions, it is important to take into consideration not only the language of communication of civil servants, when appointing them, but also their competence in each of the languages, especially in Ukrainian.The Purpose is to analyze the attitude of the civil servant of the city of Kyiv and Poltava region to language errors under forced Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism at different levels of linguistic consciousness.Methods. When conducting polls and interviewing civil servants, quantitative analysis and a descriptive method were used.Results. Interference in the spoken language of civil servants is manifested at the phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels of the language. At times, it shifts to surzhyk as a manifestation of hyperinterference. Сivil servants often adapt Russian words to the Ukrainian language using Ukrainian affixes and vice versa. Interference predominantly lends itself not to professional vocabulary, but to auxiliary general words.Discussion. We can state that the level of language consciousness either helps assimilate the language or hinders this process in practice. Some officials are inclined to self-correction, while others do not seek Ukrainian language self-improvement, even in formal areas. Readiness for self-correction and the level of linguistic consciousness are interrelated. However, the ability to self-correction is not enough to categorically determine the level of linguistic consciousness., Розглянуто ставлення державних службовців Києва та Полтавщини до своїх мовних помилок за умов українсько-російського білінгвізму у зв’язку з визначенням рівня їхньої мовної свідомості. Проаналізовано кількісні показники вживання інтерферентних слів в інтерв’ю держслужбовців загалом та окремих фрагментів зокрема. Визначено особливості інтерференції цієї професійної групи. Розглянуто ставлення державних службовців Києва та Полтавщини до своїх мовних помилок за умов українсько-російського білінгвізму у зв’язку з визначенням рівня їхньої мовної свідомості. Проаналізовано кількісні показники вживання інтерферентних слів в інтерв’ю держслужбовців загалом та окремих фрагментів зокрема. Визначено особливості інтерференції цієї професійної групи.