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This study investigates the pronunciation difficulty of selected English consonant clusters (CCs) encountered by Saudi EFL learners. The sample consisted of 134 female Saudi EFL students in their freshman year in the English Department at Najran University. Two instruments were used: a pronunciation test that assessed participants’ CC pronunciations in the onset and coda positions and a questionnaire that explored participants’ attitudes towards their CC pronunciations. This study provides detailed data on the participants’ pronunciation difficulties using Optimality Theory (OT). The results showed that the participants encountered CC pronunciation difficulties in both the onset and coda positions. However, most errors occurred in the coda position, especially for the four-consonant pattern (-CCCC). Participants used different strategies to simplify their CC pronunciations: epenthesis, deletion, substitution, or some combination thereof. Questionnaire data indicated that the participants attributed their pronunciation difficulties to inadequate knowledge of the pronunciation rules, insufficient language instruction, and native-language influence. The participants proffered some remedies to their difficulties, which included doing more pronunciation drills and offering a new course focused primarily on correct pronunciation. OT analysis revealed that onset clusters were mainly influenced by L1 ranking constraints whereas coda clusters were more influenced by universal Markedness constraints. OT indicated that the tendency to satisfy Markedness constraints over the Faithfulness constraints led the participants to use the above-mentioned simplification strategies.

O Grupo de Trabalho de Sociolinguística da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Letras e Linguística, desde sua origem, reúne pesquisadores voltados para estudos nas perspectivas da Geolinguística e da Sociolinguística Variacionista. São projetos que tratam, muitas vezes, de comunidades específicas, mas também que veem o uso espelhando, não apenas a identidade de um grupo, mas a identidade de um povo. Muitos desses estudos são focados em uma das áreas mais centrais para se compreender a diversidade da língua no território brasileiro: a fonologia. São inúmeras as variáveis analisadas, envolvendo processos fonológicos relacionados às vogais, às consoantes, à sílaba, etc., marcando a identidade de diferentes comunidades de fala. Neste artigo, o objetivo é, a partir de estudos realizados nas perspectivas da Geolinguística e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, apresentar um panorama de como três variáveis selecionadas se comportam em algumas regiões do Brasil. Diante do grande número de variáveis analisadas por integrantes do GT, optou-se por selecionar as vogais médias pretônicas, as fricativas coronais em coda silábica /s, z/ e as oclusivas dentais/alveolares /t, d/. O resultado dessa análise deixa clara a intercomplementaridade das duas áreas para o conhecimento do Português do Brasil.

The present study investigates rhotics in Standard Scottish English (SSE). Drawing on an auditory analysis of formal speeches given in the Scottish parliament by 49 speakers (members of parliament and the general public), it examines whether an underlying rhotic standard exists for SSE speakers from all over Scotland, whether and where rhotics are realized as trills/taps or approximants, and what factors influence variation in the realization and distribution of rhotics. The results show that SSE is variably rhotic, with 54% of all non-linking coda /r/ realized, and that trills/taps are more frequent in intervocalic (onset and linking coda) position. The findings contradict the idea of SSE being generally rhotic but rather confirm previous reports of increasing occurrence of non-rhoticity, not just by specific speaker groups, but also in a formal context. They further show that variation in rhotics in SSE foremost tends to be affected by language-internal than language-external factors.

This coda begins by briefly discussing the constructs at the heart of this special issue – materials use, classroom discourse, materiality, and materials – highlighting how the compilation contribu...

This paper presents on all the possible adjacent consonant letters in Dotyali, one of the descendant language of Sanskrit, mainly spoken in Shudoor Paschim Nepal [sʊdʊrə-pəssɪmə] (Far-western) and compares the results of their phonological changes in seven local contemporary speech (dialects)：Doteli，Dadeldhuri，Bajhangi，Achhami，Baitadeli，Darchuli and Bajureli. Based on the corpus data from the field survey conducted in between July-September 2017 on a list of 1000 frequently used Dotyali words, this paper comes with a conclusion that even the onset clusters with rising sonority profile (except glides) are broken up by vowel epenthesis or simplify the clusters by deletion. It is revealed that dialects, except from the Achhami and Bajureli, the consonants with different degree of sonority across the syllable boundary tend to be changed due to syllable contact to meet Sonority hierchy, but the sonority distance between two consonants (coda and onset consonants) varies, therefore phonological changes like assimilation, dissimilation, desonorization, contact anaptyxis, contact methasis etc. goes differently. The phonological changes in Bajureli occurs maily due to other separate independent constraints.

Vowel contrasts may be reduced or neutralized before coda laterals in English [Bernard (1985). The Cultivated Australian: Festschrift in Honour of Arthur Delbridge, pp. 319–332; Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2008). The Atlas of North American English, Phonetics and Sound Change (Gruyter Mouton, Berlin); Palethorpe and Cox (2003). International Seminar on Speech Production (Macquaire University, Sydney, Australia)], but the acoustic characteristics of vowel-lateral interaction in Australian English (AusE) rimes have not been systematically examined. Spectral and temporal properties of 16 pre-lateral and 16 pre-obstruent vowels produced by 29 speakers of AusE were compared. Acoustic vowel similarity in both environments was captured using random forest classification and hierarchical cluster analysis of the first three DCT coefficients of F1, F2, and F3, and duration values. Vowels preceding /l/ codas showed overall increased confusability compared to vowels preceding /d/ codas. In particular, reduced spectral contrast was found for the rime pairs /iːl-ɪl/ (feel-fill), /ʉːl-ʊl/ (fool-full), /əʉl-ɔl/ (dole-doll), and /aeɔl-ael/ (howl-Hal). Potential articulatory explanations and implications for sound change are discussed.

A merger exists in Australian English in which /el/ is realized as [ael] for a number of speakers, particularly in Victoria. There have also been some observations of /ael/ raising to [el], termed “transposition”. Although thought to be characteristic of older speakers, empirical evidence for transposition is scant. Here we report the discovery of substantive degrees of merging in thirteen older speakers, aged between 51 and 80, from Ocean Grove, Victoria. Auditory and acoustic methods showed bidirectional vowel movement, with speakers converging on both the /ae/ and /e/ phonemes. Increasing velarization of the lateral has been posited as a factor in the development of the merger in Victoria, and thus /l/ quality was also investigated, with null results in terms of direct factors. The lateral, however, was shown to be dark in both syllable onset and coda positions, with evidence for /l/ being clearer in this age group when compared with younger speakers. Lexical frequency and orthography were also investigated as factors, the latter showing a significant effect and suggesting a role for velarization as a contrast maintenance strategy.

Este artigo discute a silabificação no Português do Príncipe (PP), variedade da língua portuguesa falada em Santo Antônio do Príncipe, em São Tomé e Príncipe. Focaremos, para tanto, na coda. Apresentamos, inicialmente, os templates silábicos do PP, indicando os segmentos licenciados nos diferentes constituintes da sílaba. Após isso, fazemos o levantamento de alguns processos fonológicos, cujo domínio é a coda. Com base em um corpus de fala espontânea, verificamos que a coda, no PP, pode ser preenchida, com múltiplas realizações fonéticas de um rótico /r/, uma sibilante /S/, uma lateral /l/ ou mesmo abarcar uma nasal subespecificada /N/, da mesma forma que é previsto para outras variedades do português como a brasileira e a europeia. Processos fonológicos que têm a coda como domínio de aplicação e as consoantes /r/, /S/ e /l/ como alvo também foram observados: apagamentos, velarização, vocalização e posteriorização. O levantamento de tais fenômenos, no PP, corrobora uma concepção hierárquica para tratamento da estrutura silábica do PP e indica a atuação de duas trajetórias gramaticais paradoxais: a prevalência de sílabas CV fomentada por apagamentos e lenição segmentais, em que sílabas fechadas se adaptam em sílabas abertas, e a emergência de estruturas silábicas complexas, promovidas pela ressilabificação de /S/.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a coda no Português Santomense (PST) e Principense (PP), variedades faladas em São Tomé e Príncipe, detectando os segmentos licenciados nesse constituinte e analisando o processo de apagamento. Baseados em um corpus com 20 entrevistas de fala espontânea, realizamos análises acústicas e quantitativas, nas quais utilizamos o modelo estatístico de regressão logística para verificar quais variáveis linguísticas são relevantes para a ocorrência do apagamento. Verificamos que a coda, no PST e no PP, pode ser preenchida, por múltiplas realizações fonéticas de um rótico, uma sibilante, uma lateral ou uma nasal subespecificada (BALDUINO, 2018) – como no português brasileiro e europeu (CÂMARA JR., 1970; MATEUS; D’ANDRADE, 2000). Tendo por foco /r, S, l/, detectamos a presença de alguns processos fonológicos que têm a coda como domínio, como apagamento, velarização e vocalização, os dois últimos característicos à lateral. Tais fenômenos, além de justificarem uma concepção hierárquica para a sílaba, sugerem que a coda é uma posição frágil, dentro dessa estrutura, no PST e no PP, estando propícia a apagamentos e alterações estruturais (SELKIRK, 1982), fato que culmina numa alteração do template silábico para a estrutura CV. Todavia, os dados também indicam que, em decorrência (i) das diferentes proporções de apagamento das codas investigadas; (ii) da diferença entre o conjunto de variáveis relevantes para o apagamento de /r, S, l/; e (iii) dos diversos processos que os acometem individualmente, a resolução atribuída à debilidade da coda tende a variar segundo a natureza de cada segmento.

Glottalisation is an important cue to coda stop voicelessness, particularly for younger Australian English speakers who utilise glottalisation more than older speakers, suggesting a recent sound change. However, most previous studies of glottalisation in this variety of English have focussed on single word utterances, raising questions about whether glottalisation in those studies may have been prosodically conditioned rather than specific to the coda stop: Could the observed effect have been due to phrase-final creaky voice, which is acoustically similar to coda-related glottalisation? This study therefore explored the differential effects of phrase position on the production of glottalisation. Phrase-medially (where phrase-final creaky voice is not expected to occur), results confirmed previous findings that glottalisation cues coda stop voicelessness and that it does so more frequently for younger compared to older speakers. In phrase-final position, rates of glottalisation increased, but older speakers appeared more similar to younger speakers in use of glottalisation, suggesting that the change towards the increased use of glottalisation may be nearing completion in this prosodic position. Younger speakers appear to represent a more advanced stage of the change extending the use of glottalisation from phrase-final to phrase-medial position.

Final consonant deletion has been attested in the acquisition of English (Johnson–Reimers 2010), Chinese (Hua 2002), Dutch (Fikkert 1994), Hebrew (Adi-Bensaid 2015), Spanish (Goldstein–Citron 2001), and Indonesian (Ulaimah et al. 2016). Previous studies on the acquisition of Romanian phonology (Buja 2015a, b) indicated an extremely low incidence of this phenomenon among the Romanian-speaking children. A possible explanation for it could be the inconsistency in collecting the data (child diaries and longitudinal corpora). By means of an experimental study, i.e. a picture-naming task, this paper aims to prove whether Romanian children do drop final coda consonants. The words describing the pictures presented to the children have a C1(-2)VC1 structure (e.g. drum ‘road, way’, cap ‘head’, nas ‘nose’). The subjects in this small-scale research study were nine monolingual Romanian children aged between 2 and 4 years, who were recorded by their parents. Their spontaneous or imitated productions of the target words were transcribed by using IPA. The results of the analysis confirm the predictions made in my previous study (Buja 2015b) – namely that final consonant deletion, a very frequent phonological process in the acquisition of various other languages, is not characteristic of the acquisition of Romanian phonology.

The role of English as an official language in Nigeria makes it a necessity for everyone to aspire to learn it as a second language. The Igbo ethnolinguistic group is one of the largest groups in N...

Languages in the Samogo group display a phenomenon referred to as “floating” or “latent” nasals. Though belonging to the end of a word (either synchronically or diachronically) in coda position, latent nasals more often appear as mutations or modifications to either the initial consonant of the following morpheme or the preceding vowel. This paper draws together extant descriptive data on Samogo nasals and considers them in the broader typology of consonant and vowel nasality in Mande. Finally, the question of phonological representation vs. phonetic realization is considered with preliminary acoustic data from Seenku [sos]; the weak surface realization of the nasal raises questions about an analysis in which it is floating and suggests that recent developments in Gradient Symbolic Representation (Smolensky & Goldrick 2016) may be applicable to the data. Les langues du groupe samogo montrent un phénomène que l'on peut appeler des nasales "flottantes" ou "latentes". Bien que ces nasales fassent partie du coda d'un mot (soit synchroniquement, soit diachroniquement), elles apparaissent le plus souvent comme des mutations ou modifications de la consonne initiale du morphème suivant ou de la voyelle précédente. Cet article rassemble les données descriptives existantes sur les nasales samogo et les examine dans le contexte typologique de la nasalité vocalique et consonantique en mandé. Enfin, je considère la question de la représentation phonologique par rapport à la réalisation phonétique avec des données acoustiques préliminaires en seenku [sos]; la réalisation faible du nasale remet en question une analyse où elle est "flottante" et suggère plutôt que des développements récents dans le cadre de la théorie Gradient Symbolic Representation (Smolensky & Goldrick 2016) peuvent être utiles pour ces données. Языки группы самого демонстрируют явление, которое обычно называют «плавающими» или «латентными» носовыми элементами. Эти элементы локализуются в конце слова (и в синхронном, и в диахроническом отношении), но проявляются чаще всего в изменениях или чередованиях начальных согласных последующих морфем или предшествующих гласных. В статье сводятся воедино доступные данные о носовых в языках самого, и эти данные рассматриваются в контексте более широкой типологии консонантной и вокалической назальности в семье манде. Вопрос о фонологическом представлении в отношении к фонетической реализации рассматривается применительно к предварительным акустическоим данным языка сенко [sos]: слабая поверхностная назализация носового ставит вопрос о возможности интерпретации его как плавающего, выдвигается предположение о том, что к этим данным может быть пременена методика Gradient Symbolic Representation (Smolensky & Goldrick 2016).

This paper provided the basic information of the phonological processes as the Coda Neutralization and Phonotactics of English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The objectives of this paper were to represent the aspects of the coda neutralization in the sense of voiced obstruent segment becomes voiceless obstruent segment in the final syllable structure of the loanwords, and the consonant clusters break within the insertion of an extraneous segment in any location of the English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In the another framework, this paper revealed the phenomena of devoicing features of coda consonants and the grades of the additional segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loanwords within the principles of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). The central idea of this paper was to explore the process of conflicts between the candidates at the surface level and reflects the properties of the input candidate by the observation of the constraint rankings. In this study, it was propounded the effective formalities of the hierarchy of the constraint rankings and drew one of the best candidates as an optimal candidate out of the output candidates from English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. The groundwork of this paper was related to the significant aspects of the English loans that were adapted within the addition, insertion, or deletion of the segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In this paper, it was also determined the facts of the coda devoicing of the speech segments in terms of neutralization at the end of the syllable structure of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu.

A conferência intitulada Adquirindo a Fonologia do Português brasileiro, proferida pela Prof.ª, Dr.ª Raquel Santana Santos (USP), busca apresentar questões acerca da aquisição de propriedades fonológicas do Português brasileiro, através de pesquisas realizadas pela conferencista e em cooperação com outros investigadores. Para tanto, utilizam-se dados do Português brasileiro para descrever como as unidades, as estruturas, as regras, as propriedades prosódicas e os processos são adquiridos pelas crianças, de modo a explicar como funciona o sistema fonológico em aquisição. Busca-se discutir como se configura a aquisição das regras de acento primário, de ditongação/elisão em fronteira vocabular e vozeamento de consoantes fricativas em coda.

In Reduplication, the Base and Reduplicant usually undergo various phonological changes to reconcile and harmonise them. Despite this general view, not many studies have attested to credibility of a single phoneme for its capacity of triggering various reactions, otherwise known as the emergence of the unmarked (TETU). A specific coda of such nature, bilabial /m/, in one of the Dravidian language Tamil is known for registering irregular reactions at the juncture of Base and Reduplicants, forcing the coda to trigger seven types of phonological reactions, a phenomenon that probably hard to witness in universal grammar. This study discusses the phonological and morphological reactions of reduplicative words as the consequences of TETU, which were resolved in language-specific ways, within Optimality Theoretic parameters. The results verify that as long as the conflicting markedness constraints do not interrupt reconciliation of reduplicative words in Tamil, the reconciliations take place systematically without markedness reduction or increase in reduplicant, except in reduplicative words ending with labial /m/. The reduplicants tend to reduce markedness of its prosodically weak position in many ways, while the same markedness is tolerated within the base words, in isolation or otherwise. It responds, at least, in seven different ways (in isolation or simultaneously) in reduplications, suggesting that the markedness reducing and markedness increasing should be addressed as a context-sensitive issue of reduplicant-base, in the lights of natural and prosodic phonology, collectively, but not in the absence of one against another, at least for the sensitive phonemic coda, like /m/, in hand.

This paper explores morphologically-conditioned alternations in Mbat (Jarawan Bantu) verb stems. Some inflectional affixation in Mbat results in resyllabification. The singleton coda of a CGVC verb stem will become the onset of a new syllable following the addition of a vowel-initial suffix (e.g., Perfective -am). What is surprising is that this, in turn, triggers onset simplification in the stem itself (i.e., CV.C-am). Adding further complexity to Mbat is that these alternations are limited to verb stems containing mid vowels. Stems with low vowels retain their pre-vocalic glide upon suffixation (i.e., CGV.C-am). These outcomes have implications for at least two contemporary lines of inquiry in phonological theory: i) the prosodification and behavior of pre-vocalic glides, and ii) the formal connection between so-called M2 syllable margin positions (i.e., the second member of a complex onset and the sole member of a singleton coda). I illustrate that Mbat has something to contribute to current perspectives on both these fronts. In addition to the theoretical and typological contributions entailed herein, this paper is also significant in that it is the first formal linguistic study of a Jarawan Bantu language, a cluster of languages spoken primarily in eastern Nigeria.

Phonologically speaking, each word in a language consists of one or more syllables. In both modern standard English (henceforth MSE) and modern standard Arabic (henceforth MSA), a syllable may be followed by an identical one. In this case, one of such syllables is eliminated. This phonological process is referred to as haplology. The present study aims at finding out similarities and differences of haplology patterns between MSE and MSA. Accordingly, a comparison of haplology patterns between such two languages has been conducted. This phonological phenomenon results in the fact that differences are more than similarities of such patterns between both languages. Additionally, it appears that all eliminated syllables in MSE consist of onset and centre without coda and that they occur only in a medial position. As far as MSA is concerned, all elided syllables consist of onset and centre except the syllables [?it] and [zil] which consist of onset, centre and coda, and the syllables [un],[an] and [in] which consist of a centre and coda without onset. Some of such syllables can occur initially, others medially and that most of them occur finally. Such results lead to the conclusions that haplology patterns are mentioned to make pronunciation easy and that elision of some syllables in certain contexts investigates musical rhythm.

This paper examined Korean listeners'' perceptual patterns of coda consonants in the context of English and Korean place assimilations. This study also investigated whether perceptual salience was affected by assimilation type (i.e., labial place assimilation and velar place assimilation) and coda type (i.e., /t/, /d/, and /n/ in English, and /t/, /n/, /p/, and /m/ in Korean). In a discrimination experiment, English and Korean stimuli involving place assimilation were presented to twenty native-Korean listeners. The same response rates involving a target syllable and a compound word including the target syllable (e.g., gree[n], gree[ŋ] cup in English, and ga[n] ''liver'', ga[ŋ]gineung ''liver function'' in Korean) were analyzed. Results showed considerable perceptual differences between English and Korean stimuli. Korean coda consonants were less distinct than English coda consonants in the context of assimilation. Furthermore, perceptual salience was strongly affected by assimilation type in the Korean stimuli, whereas the effects of coda type were revealed only in the English stimuli. These findings were discussed with respect to absence or presence of a stop release, perceptual salience rankings of coda consonants, and perceptual asymmetry between stops and nasals.

Variations of the syllabic coda [s̺] in the Isle of OnsThe apparent-time linguistic model allows for an interesting approach to the variation in the speech community of the Isle of Ons throughout three generations in order to describe the phenomena that influence the syllabic coda [s̺]. For this, I have collected thirty-two transcribed recordings with a total of forty-one participants. The issue which attracts my attention in this specific research is the change suffered by wheezing sounds in the syllabic coda position as this marginal place in the syllabic structure is particularly vulnerable to change. I find, therefore, a series of change processes in [s̺], like palatalisation, aspiration, rhotacism, crasis and disappearance. All these processes depend on social factors age, sex, socioeconomic status and language, that define the individuals who contribute to this corpus. This paper will focus on the use that each generation applies to each phenomenon. The results will show that the older generation presents high rates of usage of these processes, which decay as younger generations approach.

This short coda reflects on the question of ‘queer form’. While ‘form’ is not a framework that was explicitly addressed at the conference which produced this special issue, I suggest that i...

This 122-page book is intended to be a practical guide to CoDa analysis and its easyto-read format and didactic layout are designed for students and researchers alike from different fields. For more insight, the interested reader can find other books that present the subject in a more up-to-date manner and cover more multivariate techniques with applications and examples from geochemistry.

This coda considers how translanguaging discourse is manifested in classrooms. Li Wei and Lin open up spaces of possibility for translanguaging by questioning the order of language. In so d...

Este artigo focaliza o processo variável de ressilabificação do [r], em contexto de coda silábica externa, diante de vogal em palavra subsequente (calo[r, ɾ, ¨, h] infernal ~ calo[Ø] infernal ~ calo[R]infernal), e sua relação com as fronteiras dos constituintes prosódicos, no português falado na região Sul do Brasil. São utilizadas amostras de fala de 12 indivíduos nascidos em Curitiba (4), Florianópolis (4) e em Porto Alegre (4), estratificadas por sexo – masculino e feminino e idade – 18 a 30 anos e 50 a 65 anos, todos com nível superior. O aporte teórico-metodológico adotado é o da Sociolinguística quantitativa e o da Teoria da Hierarquia Prosódica. Foram contabilizados 1136 dados contendo o rótico no contexto em questão, 159 em não verbos e 977, em verbos. A análise variacionista, de forma geral, apontou 1) a classe morfológica do vocábulo – não verbos, 2) a dimensão do vocábulo que contém o R – uma sílaba, 3) a qualidade das vogais dos núcleos silábicos – [+rec], e 4) o tipo de fronteira prosódica – palavra prosódica – como variáveis favorecedoras da regra de ressilabificação do rótico.

This study aims to analyze the pronouncing patterns of Japanese learner in Korean syllable final consonant in terms of place and manner of articulation. For the analysis, we have assembled and researched actual data of the elementary-level learner’s pronunciation. As a result of the research, we claim the three types of pronouncing error which are concerned with the place assimilation, open syllabification and the changing of articulation based on the place and manner. In Japanese, there are phonemes so-called ‘sokuon(促音, つ)’ and ‘hatsuon(撥 音, ん)’ also depicted as /Q/ and /N/ that can be recognized as the coda. These elements influence the learner’s pronunciation of Korean syllable final consonants that is added up to typical error causes ill-formed place assimilation and the open syllabification. The Japanese learner’s error, however, is not only concerned with the place of underlying /Q/ and /N/. They also change the sonority of obstruent to avoid the unmarked segmental sequence. Moreover, some errors are caused by the asymmetry of phonetic feature between Japanese and Korean syllable final nasal.

Glottalisation functions as a cue to coda stop voicelessness in many varieties of English, occurring most commonly for alveolar stops, although varieties differ according to the context and frequency with which glottalisation is used. In Australian English, younger speakers glottalise voiceless coda stops at much higher rates than older speakers suggesting a recent change to the variety, yet this change has only been examined in stressed syllables for stops with alveolar place of articulation. In addition, research has found that glottalisation occurs in a trading relationship with preceding vowel duration to cue coda stop voicing: younger speakers make less use of vowel duration and more use of glottalisation. This study investigates glottalisation as a cue to coda voicing in unstressed syllables, an environment in which coda voicing-related vowel durational differences are already reduced. We examine this phenomenon in two separate datasets of Australian English with reference to stops at three places of articulation to explore dialect-specific distributional patterns and to track the potential progression of change. The results suggest that glottalisation occurs in conjunction with voiceless stops at all places of articulation in the unstressed Australian English contexts examined here. The results also confirm that younger speakers employ glottalisation more than older speakers, and show that females glottalise more than males, both results supporting previous suggestions of a recent change to the variety.

The article deals with arelevant issues of instructing the topic «Complex Binary Form», which is read within «Musical Works Analysis» lecture coursein the higher educational institutions of Ukraine of III – IV levels of accreditation. Given that this is one of the most complex form in the structure of the course, it is attributed to the understudied ones, although quite branched by the number of varieties. The investigations poses a question of the form definition, genesis, morphology, scope of application in the genres of vocal and instrumental music. Its structural specificity and semantic-shaped content are covered in the works by V. A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, F. Chopin, K. Debussy, S. Rachmaninov, and others. The links identified with Neo-Baroque and Neoclassical Stylistics, as well as multi-style editing, which was formed within the aesthetics of modernism. Based on a study of genetic origins of a complex binary form and structurally-semantic analysis of the professional music works in different genres by the composers of the XVIII– XX centuries, written in this form, it became possible to substantiate its unique specificity and special role in the music of the New and Newest times. The article deals with two basic varieties of the complex binary form – repetition and non-repetition. The first variety usually includes works of vocal music, when the final function is performed either by the last verse («Adelaide» by L. van Beethoven), or by a synthetic repetition. The second one consists of the complex binary forms with a coda, existing either with contrasting, based on a completely new thematic material (Nocturne Op 32 No. 1, F. Chopin), or with a synthetic coda (Minstrelie by K. Debussy, Etude- picture No. 4, Op. 39 S. Rachmaninov, in the last play – with the signs of an old binary form). Modern composers use such forms extremely rare.

Sevillian Spanish is undergoing a change from preaspiration to postaspiration in /s ptk/ sequences ([pahta] -> [patha]) (Ruch & Peters, 2016). Some previous work suggests that postaspirated stops are phonologizing in Sevillian Spanish (O'Neill, 2009; Gylfadottir, 2015). In this paper, I argue that postaspirated stops are underlyingly clusters. Evidence for the cluster representation comes from two sources: sociolinguistically-conditioned variation and phonologically-conditioned alternations across word and morpheme boundaries. I then present the results of a perception experiment showing that Sevillian listeners perceive postaspiration and map it onto an underlying cluster. Listeners of another dialect (Mexican Spanish) do not perceive or interpret postaspiration. Finally, I outline an analysis in which postaspiration is the result of gradual coda reduction followed by metathesis. This kind of metathesis may be possible due, in part, to perceptual difficulties in perceiving aspiration.

This paper considers two phenomena in Tz'utujil (Mayan) phonology: final sonorant devoicing and final aspiration of plain (pulmonic) stops and affricates. Both occur word-internally in coda position, as well as word-finally. I present an Optimality-Theoretic (OT) analysis which accounts for both of these phenomena via positional constraints on [spread glottis] ([SG]). This analysis also accounts for attested variation in final aspiration and devoicing across the Mayan language family and predicts an implicational relationship between final nasal devoicing, final sonorant devoicing, and final obstruent aspiration. Final sonorant devoicing is typologically rare and somewhat difficult to explain in terms of phonetic motivation. Tz'utujil may be able to provide insight into the typology of laryngeal features and the roles of contrast and phonetic pressures in phonology.

This chapter examines the variable voicing of coda /s/ in the speech of heritage speakers of Spanish living in the United States. Specifically, the chapter presents data from acoustic analyses of a production study in which both heritage and L1 speakers of Mexican Spanish were asked to read passages with words containing syllable-final and word-final /s/ in different voicing contexts (before voiced and voiceless consonants) and stress positions (before, in, or following the stressed syllable). The researchers found variable realizations of /s/ before both voiced and voiceless consonants among both groups of speakers, with no statistical difference among voicing rates for the two groups. The heritage voicing patterns were nearly identical to those found in L1 Mexican speech for all factors, including following consonant and stress position, and the individual variation found in the heritage speaker group was similar to that found in the L1 group, indicating that heritage Spanish speakers pattern like L1 speakers for this phenomenon. When compared to the results of L2 Spanish speakers in a similar production task (Schmidt 2014), it is clear that heritage speakers produce coda /s/ in a way that is similar to native speakers, unlike L2 speakers who rarely voice /s/ before voiced consonants.

The present chapter demonstrates that coda /s/ reduction has become more thoroughly diffused in Nicaragua, resulting in the emergence of qualitative sibilant hypercorrections, for example, [ok.seɹ.βos] for observo “I observe,” and glottal constriction as a fortition strategy, for example, [ma.ʔal.to] for mas alto “taller.” These phenomena point to a potential reanalysis of coda /s/ in the minds of some Nicaraguan Spanish speakers, namely older speakers with lower levels of education. I contend that these group differences can be most logically explained within an exemplar model, which posits that individual experiences with language can alter mental representation of phonetic exemplars. If older, less educated speakers have decreased experience with coda sibilance, it stands to reason that their exemplar for [s]‌ would be smaller and less reinforced than younger, more educated speakers. In addition to accounting for individual variation in Western Nicaragua, this proposal can also explain age-graded change, as speakers’ exemplar representations may shift over time with differential exposure to coda /s/ variants.

En este trabajo autoetnográfico relato cómo la adquisición tardía de una lengua de signos permite un proceso de reparación y de reapropiación de una identidad CODA (Children Of Deaf Adults). Se trata de una investigación reflexiva sobre una vivencia singular como hija mayor de padres sordos, con el fin de resaltar sus complejidades y enlazarlas con conceptos sociales, culturales y psicológicos. En ese particular proceso de contar la propia historia, escribo en primera persona fusionando el "sujeto" y "objeto" de la investigación. Cada persona crea la realidad social y cultural al tiempo que se inspira de ella para construir su propia identidad. Así, la elección deliberada de la lengua de signos refleja una voluntad de transformación vital tanto a nivel personal como social, es una acción política. Las tiras de cómic permiten ilustrar las problemáticas y representar la investigación de forma accesible con objeto de alcanzar cierto grado de generalización. In this autoethnographic work I relate how the late acquisition of a sign language allows a process of repair and re-appropriation of a CODA (Children Of Deaf Adults) identity. This is a reflective research on a singular experience as the eldest daughter of deaf parents in order to highlight its complexities and link them with social, cultural and psychological concepts. In this particular process of telling one's story, I write in the first person by fusing the "subject" and "object" of the investigation. Each person creates the social and cultural reality while drawing inspiration from it to build his or her own identity. Thus, the deliberate choice of sign language reflects a will for vital transformation both at the personal and social level, it is a political action. The comic strips allow to illustrate the issues and represent the research in an accessible way in order to reach a certain degree of generalization.

Here we investigate the historical origins and acoustic correlates of a hypothesized tonal development in subdialects of the Nahuatl spoken in the Balsas River valley of central Guerrero state in Mexico. We hypothesize that some subdialects have developed high tone on a syllable preceding a syllable with a breathy-voiced coda [ɦ] (

English has three coda nasals–bilabial /m/, alveolar/n/ and velar /$\eta$/. In Chinese languages, Southern Min also has these three coda nasals and Mandarin has two-/n/and/$\eta$/, while Wu has only one coda nasal-/n/ but allows allophones in terms of pre-nasal vowels. This study was designed to explore the correlation between the production of vowel nasalization and the perception of postvocalic nasals in L2 English by Chinese learners respectively with Ll in Southern Min, Mandarin and Wu. Statistical results of the perception and the production experiments found that there was no significant correlation between the identification accuracy of postvocalic nasals and the nativelikeness of vowel nasalization in English by Chinese learners with these three Lls. Further statistical analyses revealed that coda nasal type significantly predicted the identification of nasal place of articulation in the perception experiment but not vowel nasalization in the production experiment.