Search

A Key to Vulpia in Korea 1. Lower glumes l/2 or more the length of the upper glumes.......................... V. bromoides (ṻệNjḓNjffi) 1. Lower glumes less than l/2 the length of the upper glumes 2.Lemmas glabrous....................... V. myuros (ṻệNj) 2. Lemmas ciliate on upper part... V. megalura (ǖệNj)

A Key to Eragrostis in Korea 1. Florets disarticulating from above downward, falling together with the rachilla joints................................................................................... E. japonica (각ṄƎḍ) 1. Florets disarticulating from below upward, usually leaving the rachilla entire 2. Annual 3. Plants glandular on the culms, leaf sheaths, and panicle 4.Sp ikelets 2-3 mm broad, lower lemma 2.2-2.8 mm...................................... E. cilianensis (ȁNjƎḍ) 4.Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm broad, lower lemma 1.5-2 mm....................................... E. minor (ǭNjƎḍ) 3.Plants eglandular 4. Lower glume 1-veined............................................................................... E. pectinacea (ṻffiƚffl) 4. Lower glume without a vein 5. Summit of sheaths pilose; panicles 3.5-14 cm wide, axils pilose; pedicels as long or longer than the spikelets............... E. pilosa (ǖffiƚffl) 5. Summit of sheaths glabrous; panicles 1.5-3 cm wide, axils glabrous; pedicels usually shorter than the spikelets.......... E. multicaulis (ffiƚffl) 2.Perennial 6. Branchlets and pedicels distinctly or obscurely glandular................................ E. ferruginea (Ǝ ḍ) 6. Branchlets and pedicels eglandular............................................................. E. curvula (ḝ÷ȁNjƎḍ), Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366

A Key to Agrostis in Korea 1. Palea well-developed, more than 1/3 lemma length 2. Plant stoloniferous, rhizome absesnt.............................................................. A. stolonifera (jnjdḍğ) 2. Plant turfed or rhizomatous, stolon absent 3. Panicle branches almost smooth....................................................................... A. capillaris (ṻdḍğ) 3. Panicle branches scabrid 4. Panicle green or violet tinged...................................................................... A. gigantean (fidḍğ) 4. Panicle dark purple tinged brown.................................................... A. divaricatissima (ŝḑdḍğ) 1. Palea small, 1/3 length of lemma or less 5. Lemma awnless, included within the spikelet............................................................. A. clavata (dḍğ) 5. Lemma awned, exerted from spikelet 6. Plant with creeping surface stolons................................................................... A. canina (äêdḍğ) 6. Plant with subterranean rhizomes or turfed...................................................... A. flaccida (äḏdḍğ)

2. Agrostis capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 1: 75. 1753. Korean name: Deul-gyeo-i-sak (ṻdḍğ) Perennial. Rhizomes elongated, scaly, short. Culms tufted caespitose, erect to geniculate or decumbent ascending, 40-90 cm long, rooting at base, 3-5-noded; culm-internodes smooth. Leaf-sheaths without keel, smooth. Leaf-blades linear, flat or inrolled, 5-15 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, surface ribbed, smooth or scaberulous, apex acuminate. Ligules eciliate membrane, 0.5-2 mm long, truncate. Panicle open, oblong to ovate in outline, 10- 25 cm long, 5-12 cm wide, very lax, branches 3-6 per node, primary branches whorled at lower nodes, spreading, capillary, terete, smooth, slightly flexuous, smooth or almost so, bare in lower half. Spikelets solitary, 1.5- 2.5 mm, purplish brown, pedicelled, comprising 1 fertile florets, without rhachilla extension, lanceolate or oblong, laterally compressed, 2-3.5 mm long, disarticulating below each fertile floret. Glumes persistent, elliptic-lanceolate, similar, exceeding apex of florets, shiny. Lower glume lanceolate, 1-1.1 length of upper glume, membranous, 1-keeled, 1-veined, scabrid along keel distally, apex acute. Upper glume lanceolate, 1.3-1.5 length of adjacent fertile lemma, membranous, 1-keeled, 1 -veined, apex acute, callus minutely hairy. Lemma elliptic to oblong, 2/3-3/4 spikelet length, 1.2-2.5 mm long, hyaline, without keel, 3-5-veined, usually awnless, apex truncate. Palea oblong, 1/2-3/4 length of lemma, hyaline, 2-veined, apex obtuse. Lodicules 2, lanceolate, membranous. Anthers 3, 1-1.5 mm long. Stigmas 2, laterally exserted. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp, ellipsoid, isodiametric, biconvex, estipitate, without sulcus, 1 mm long, smooth, apex unappendaged. Hilum linear, 0.9 length of caryopsis. Flowering and Fruiting at May to June. Habitats. Disturbed area. cemetery sides, rough grassland, roadsides. Distribution. W, M, S, and NE Asia, N Africa, Europe, America. Specimens examined. Boseok-ri, Impi-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, N 35°96′24.53″, E 126°85′82.58″, 21 May. 2015. J. H. Kim 151911 (2 sheets, KB), Woryeon-ri, Hoehyeon-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, N 35°89′53.94″, E 126°73′32.48″, 03 Jun. 2015. J. H. Kim 152018 (2 sheets, KB), Eupnae-ri, Impi-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, N 35°98′26.03″, E 126°85′17.00″, 04 Jun. 2015. J. H. Kim 152029 (3 sheets, KB), Gunsan-Lake, Soryong-dong, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, N 35°93′62.81″, E 126°74′70.50″, 04 Jun. 2015. J. H. Kim 152033 (2 sheets, KB), Banwol-ri, Baekgu-myeon, Gimje-si, Jeollabuk-do, N 35°89′39.32″, E 126°96′19.04″, 05 Jun. 2015. J. H. Kim 152035 (2 sheets, KB). The Agrostis L. a large cosmopolitan genus of the family Poaceae, found in nearly all the areas in the world, includes 249 species (Clayton, 2006). Some species of the Agrostis are used for pasture or lawn grasses. In Korea, numbers of Agrostis taxa were counted to seven (Lee, 2007) or nine (Korea National Arboretum, 2011; Lee et al., 2011). Most distinguishing characters to identify the genus are spikelets consisting of one floret, and not deciduous as a whole, but disarticulating below each fertile floret at maturity. Agrostis capillaries, which is newly recorded to Korean vascular plants, resembles other Agrostis species such as A. gigantea or A. stolonifera already listed as members of “National List of Species of Korea, vascular plants” (Lee et al., 2011). A. capillaris differs in having underground rhizomes and habitat to live in dry grass places from A. gigantean with aerial rhizomes and habitats of banks of lakes or rivers. A. capillaris differs from A. stolonifera in panicles and spikelets. The former species bears spikelets in the upper half of lax panicles whereas the latter have spikelets in lower 1/3 to base of narrowly compacted panicles., Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366, {"references":["Clayton, W. D., M. S. Vorontsova, K. T. Harman and H. Wil- liamson. 2006. GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Available from: http: // www. kew. org / data / grassbase / index. html]","Lee, Y. N. 2007. Poaceae Barnhart. In: Flora of Korea Edito- rial Committee (eds.), The genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. Academy Publishing Co., Seoul. pp. 1182 - 1264.","Korea National Arboretum. 2011. Illustrated grasses of Korea. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon (in Korean).","Lee, B. Y., G. H. Nam, J. Y. Lee, C. H. Park, C. E. Lim, M. H. Kim, S. J. Lee, T. K. Roh, J. A. Lim, J. E. Han and J. H. Kim. 2011. National List of Species of Korea (Vascu- lar Plants). National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon (in Korean)."]}

A Key to Vulpia in Korea 1. Lower glumes l/2 or more the length of the upper glumes.......................... V. bromoides (ṻệNjḓNjffi) 1. Lower glumes less than l/2 the length of the upper glumes 2.Lemmas glabrous....................... V. myuros (ṻệNj) 2. Lemmas ciliate on upper part... V. megalura (ǖệNj), Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366

3. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, Fl. Afr. Austral. Ill.: 406. 1841. Korean name: Deul-bi-no-ri (ṻffiƚffl) Annual. Butt sheaths green, or purple. Culms erect to geniculate or decumbent, 10-30 cm long. Leaf-sheaths 3-6 cm long. hirsute at the apices, oral hairs bearded, to 2-2.5 mm long. Leaf-blades 5-10 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, abaxal surfaces glabrous and smooth, adaxal surface scaberulous; ligules fringe of hairs, 0.5-1 mm long. Panicle usually open, sometimes contracted, ovate, 5-10 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, branches simple and bearded in axils, primary branches 0.5-3 cm, solitary or paired at the lowest 2 nodes, flexible, appressed to widely divergent, sometimes capillary. Spikelets solitary, appressed, 4-7 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, pedicelled, comprising 5-10 fertile florets, linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, yellowish-brown or dark reddish-pupple, laterally compressed, rhachilla persistent, retaining paleas. Glumes deciduous, similar, sublate to ovate-lancelate, shorter than spikelet. Lower glume 0.5-1.5 mm long, 1/2 length of upper glume, membranous, 1-keeled, 1-veined, primary vein scaberulous, apex acute. Upper glume 1-2 mm long, as long as adjacent lemma, usually broader than the lower glumes, membranous, grayish-green proximally, reddish-purple distally, 1-keeled, 1-veined, primary vein scaberulous, apex acute. Lemma ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, membranous, keeled, 3-veined, midvein scaberulous, lateral veins distinct, close to margins, extending close to apex, apex acute. Palea 1.5 mm long, keels scaberulous, apex obtuse. Anthers 3, 0.2-0.5 mm, purplish. Caryopsis 0.5-0.9 mm with adherent pericarp, ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, without sulcus, 0.5-1 mm long, brownish. Flowering and Fruiting at August to September. Habitats. Disturbed areas. near paved roads, rice field roads. Distribution. NE Asia, SW Europe, America. Specimens examined. Maechon-ri, Geumseo-myeon, Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, N 35°41′83.25″, E 127°87′20.63″, 16 Aug. 2014. J. H. Kim 141371 (2 sheets, KB). The Eragrostis Wolf is a large and widespread genus of the family Poaceae and includes 412 species (Kew Grassbase, 2006). In Korea, numbers of Eragrostis taxa were counted to five (Lee, 2007) or seven (Korea National Arboretum, 2011; Lee et al., 2011). The species in the Eragrostis are annual or perennial, rhizomes and stolons mostly absent. Most distinguishing characters are often glandular on the leaf sheaths and inflorescence, spikelets consisting of many-florets, and rhachilla mostly persistent at maturity. The Eragrostis is commonly used as a livestock fodder. E. pectinacea, which is now added to the list of Korean vascular plants, is native to the Americas from southern Canada to Argentina (Peterson, 2003). This species is growing widely in open areas with diverse habitats and elevations, even in a disturbed grassland and roadsides. The forms of external morphology are similar to those of E. multicaulis Steud. The panicle of E. pectinacea is contracted, or somewhat open but contracted at maturity. However, panicles of E. multicaulis are always open. The color of inflorescence of this species is tinged purple while that of E. multicaulis is grayish green., Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366, {"references":["Lee, Y. N. 2007. Poaceae Barnhart. In: Flora of Korea Edito- rial Committee (eds.), The genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. Academy Publishing Co., Seoul. pp. 1182 - 1264.","Korea National Arboretum. 2011. Illustrated grasses of Korea. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon (in Korean).","Lee, B. Y., G. H. Nam, J. Y. Lee, C. H. Park, C. E. Lim, M. H. Kim, S. J. Lee, T. K. Roh, J. A. Lim, J. E. Han and J. H. Kim. 2011. National List of Species of Korea (Vascu- lar Plants). National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon (in Korean).","Peterson, P. M. 2003. Eragrostis Wolf. In: Flora of North America Editiorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America North of Mexico vol. 25. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 65 - 105."]}

Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun, Lee, Byoungyoon (2016): Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Journal of Species Research 5 (1): 14-21, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2016.5.1.014

A Key to Eragrostis in Korea 1. Florets disarticulating from above downward, falling together with the rachilla joints................................................................................... E. japonica (각ṄƎḍ) 1. Florets disarticulating from below upward, usually leaving the rachilla entire 2. Annual 3. Plants glandular on the culms, leaf sheaths, and panicle 4.Sp ikelets 2-3 mm broad, lower lemma 2.2-2.8 mm...................................... E. cilianensis (ȁNjƎḍ) 4.Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm broad, lower lemma 1.5-2 mm....................................... E. minor (ǭNjƎḍ) 3.Plants eglandular 4. Lower glume 1-veined............................................................................... E. pectinacea (ṻffiƚffl) 4. Lower glume without a vein 5. Summit of sheaths pilose; panicles 3.5-14 cm wide, axils pilose; pedicels as long or longer than the spikelets............... E. pilosa (ǖffiƚffl) 5. Summit of sheaths glabrous; panicles 1.5-3 cm wide, axils glabrous; pedicels usually shorter than the spikelets.......... E. multicaulis (ffiƚffl) 2.Perennial 6. Branchlets and pedicels distinctly or obscurely glandular................................ E. ferruginea (Ǝ ḍ) 6. Branchlets and pedicels eglandular............................................................. E. curvula (ḝ÷ȁNjƎḍ)

A Key to Agrostis in Korea 1. Palea well-developed, more than 1/3 lemma length 2. Plant stoloniferous, rhizome absesnt.............................................................. A. stolonifera (jnjdḍğ) 2. Plant turfed or rhizomatous, stolon absent 3. Panicle branches almost smooth....................................................................... A. capillaris (ṻdḍğ) 3. Panicle branches scabrid 4. Panicle green or violet tinged...................................................................... A. gigantean (fidḍğ) 4. Panicle dark purple tinged brown.................................................... A. divaricatissima (ŝḑdḍğ) 1. Palea small, 1/3 length of lemma or less 5. Lemma awnless, included within the spikelet............................................................. A. clavata (dḍğ) 5. Lemma awned, exerted from spikelet 6. Plant with creeping surface stolons................................................................... A. canina (äêdḍğ) 6. Plant with subterranean rhizomes or turfed...................................................... A. flaccida (äḏdḍğ), Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366

1. Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 124, 1821. Basionym: Festuca bromoides L., Sp. Pl. 1: 75, 1753. Korean name: Deul-mug-sae-a-jae-bi (ṻệNjḓNjffi) Annual. Culums solitary or loosely caespitose, growing 15-40cm in height, erect to decumbent, slender and hairless, unbranched. Leaf sheaths encloses the stem partially at base, glabrous, closely held to the stem, without keel, margins entire. Leaf blades flat or slightly involute, linear or filiform, apex attenuate, 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2.0 mm wide, surface glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins scaberulous, abaxally glabrous or sparsely pubescent, ligules eciliate membranous, 0.2-0.4 mm long. Panicle exserted, open, or contracted, lanceolate or oblong, somewhat nodding, 1.5-8 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, with 1 branch per node, branches appressed or ascending, angular, scaberulous. Spikelets solitary, pedicelled, comprising 5-10 florets, oblong, or cuneate, laterally compressed, 5-10 mm long, not closely imbricated, disarticulating below each floret. Rhachilla internodes 0.5- 0.8 mm, eventually visible between lemmas, scaberulous. Glumes persistent, similar, shorter than spikelet. Lower glume linear to lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, 1/2- 4/5 length of upper glume, membranous, 1-veined, apex acute. Upper glume lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, as long as adjacent lemma, membranous, 3-veined, mid vein scabrous distally, apex attenuate. Lemma lanceolate, 6-8 mm long, chartaceous, 5-veined, scaberulous, apex acuminate, 1-awned, awn 5-10 mm long. Palea as long as lemma, 6-8 mm long, 2-veined, keels scaberulous, minutely bifid. Anthers 3, 0.3-1.2 mm long. Caryopsis 3.5-5 mm, with adherent pericarp, glabrous. Hilum linear, as long as caryopsis. Flowering at May, and Fruiting at May to June. Habitats. Disturbed areas near paved roads. Distribution. W, SE and S Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America. Specimens examined. Haksong-ri, Yeongam-eup, Yeongam-gun, Jeollanam-do, N 34°78′75.04″ E 126°73′ 78091″, 17 May. 2014. J. H. Kim and Cho Y. H. 140775 (2 sheets, KB). Vulpia C.C. Gmel. is a widespread genus in Poaceae, including 26 species, native to many countries around the world, especially to Mediterranean regions and western America. The genus is one of the most common weeds found in temperate regions (Osada, 1989; Chen et al., 2006; Lonard, 2007). However, many species of the genus were naturalized in many of the nations (Cotton and Stace, 1976). The genus Vulpia was considered to be closely related to the genus Festuca by sharing common characters such as spikelets 3 to 10 flowered, long or short awned at the tip of lemma, and callus glabrous (Osada, 1989). However, the former genus can be distinguished mainly by the annual habit from the latter one, and described as an independent genus in several flora and maunuscripts (Cotton and Stace, 1976; Mabberley, 1997; Lu and Phillips, 2006). In Korea, 2 species of the genus (V. myuros and V. megalura) are known to be distributed, but both of them were arranged inside the genus Festuca, not Vulpia (Lee, 2007; Korea National Arboretum, 2011; Lee et al., 2011). For convenience, the arrangement of these two taxa into Vulpia will be followed in this paper. In addition to these species, Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray was collected at wastelands near paved roads at Yeongam-gun, Jeollanam-do. Mediterranean region was known as the area of the greatest genetic diversity of the genus Vulpia, but several species of the genus are distributed throughout the most of Europe. Both V. bromoides and V. myuros native to Europe were introduced accidently to Korea and Japan while V. megalura was naturalized in Korea, escaped from its origin, North America. These two European taxa, Vulpia bromoides and V. myuros, resemble to each other with the morphological differences as follows. The length of lower glumes of the former one is more than 1/2 of upper glumes, whereas lower glumes of the latter are much shorter, less than the half of the upper glumes in their length. The branch of inflorescence is only one in the former, not 2 as in the latter. V. bromoides is observed about 10 individuals in wastelands near paved roads. Morphological similarities between these two species lead lots of misidentification of herbarium specimens, and thus more careful examination of specimens of the genus Vulpia collected in Korea will be helpful in understanding exact distribution of the alien species., Published as part of Cho, Yanghoon, Kim, Jonghwan, Han, Jeong Eun & Lee, Byoungyoon, 2016, Vascular plants of Poaceae (Ⅰ) new to Korea: Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Agrostis capillaris L. and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, pp. 14-21 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.014, http://zenodo.org/record/8120366, {"references":["Osada, T. 1989. Illustrated grasses of Japan. Heibonsha Ltd., Tokyo. (in Japanese). pp. 8 - 9.","Chen, S., D. Li, G. Zhu, Z. Wu, S. Lu, L. Liu, Z. Wang, B. Sun, Z. Zhu, N. Xia, L. Jia, Z. Guo, W. Chen, X. Chen, G. Yang, S. M. Phillips, C. Stapleton, R. J. Soreng, S. G. Aiken, N. N. Tzvelev, P. M. Peterson, S. A. Renvoize, M. V. Olonova and K. H. Ammann. 2006. Poaceae. In: Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.), Flora of China Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. pp 1 - 2.","Lonard, R. I. 2007. Vulpia C. C. Gmel. In: Flora of North America Editiorial Committee (eds.), Flora of North America North of Mexico vol. 24. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 448 - 454.","Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant-book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 751 pp.","Lu, S. and S. M. Phillips. 2006. Vulpia C. C. Gmelin. In: Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.), Flora of China Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Science Press, Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 242 pp.","Lee, Y. N. 2007. Poaceae Barnhart. In: Flora of Korea Edito- rial Committee (eds.), The genera of Vascular Plants of Korea. Academy Publishing Co., Seoul. pp. 1182 - 1264.","Korea National Arboretum. 2011. Illustrated grasses of Korea. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon (in Korean).","Lee, B. Y., G. H. Nam, J. Y. Lee, C. H. Park, C. E. Lim, M. H. Kim, S. J. Lee, T. K. Roh, J. A. Lim, J. E. Han and J. H. Kim. 2011. National List of Species of Korea (Vascu- lar Plants). National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon (in Korean)."]}