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Cartilla practica (1862) was one of the most important technical manuals in colonial Cuba. In addition to providing a detailed description of sugar mills, it is one of the few works that addresses the issue of slave management. This study investigates the latter feature from a lexical perspective, through the morphosemantic analysis of terms used in the manual and examination of their visibility in the lexicography and texts of the time. The analysis reveals the presence of features typical of a diatechnical lexicon at an advanced stage, including nominalization, the tendency toward syntagmatic composition, and attention to precision. It highlights the need to consider the links between language and the extralinguistic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term psychiatry (Psychiatrie) was first used in 1800, in the early work of Leipzig Romantic natural philosopher and later neuroanatomist Karl Friedrich Burdach; it was a recherché reference to medical animism. This little-known instance of neologism by a young ambitious author invites a brief lexicological study of psychiatry as a specialty in search of its place among the medical specialties, methods and applications. The European historical lexicology of psychiatry recalls the philosophical commentary tradition on Aristotle's De Anima, eventually (c. 1525) honoured with the mononym psychologia. The battle for the soul's science was superseded by the increasingly diverse theoretical, empirical, forensic and literary-humanitarian interests in mental medicine during the second half of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among the highlights of Professor Janusz Siatkowski’s scholarly activity in the field of Polish and Slavic studies, there are his consistent development of the areal paradigm of linguistic research and his establishing and interpreting correlations between the areal distribution of linguistic phenomena and their chronological features, as well as between language‑internal and extralinguistic factors influencing language evolution processes. The method of topochronographic analysis, which primarily emerged in Siatkowski’s numerous studies of Slavic dialect lexis, was then adopted and further developed by other linguists. Using exhaustive synchronic and diachronic linguistic data, and also taking into account the specificity of every linguistic item under scrutiny have resulted in the efficiency of his reconstruction and interpretation of structural, areal, and functional changes in linguistic inventories, their variation within individual Slavic languages and the common Slavonic area. Siatkowski’s analysis of a wide range of structural elements of various languages, differing in their genesis and history, testifies to the high informative value of all kinds of linguistic items, something that, while not denying the existence of general regularities of language development, brings into clearer relief their shared as well as exclusive properties. From the viewpoint of their content, Siatkowski’s works are twofold: firstly, they involve detailed analysis of linguistic items, and secondly, they employ a rigorous theoretical and methodological apparatus, which includes a set of relevant analytical procedures and is fit to be applied to other linguistic objects and in other research areas. Many studies in the 2019 volume “Prace Filologiczne” demonstrate the further proliferation and development of his ideas and methods – of what may be termed Siatkowski’s approach. Heuristically, many papers in this volume are valuable for the new material of Slavonic dialects and languages they bring, as well as the way this material is structured and interpreted. The inventories of linguistic items presented in dialect descriptions then turn into a matrix applicable in checking up other Slavonic linguistic areas, finding their common and distinctive elements, and establishing cross‑dialectal and cross‑linguistic isoglosses of various structural levels as well as exclusive features. The authors of the papers arrive at new theoretic generalizations concerning the regularities and scale of structural and functional changes in the common Slavonic dialectal area, effectively elaborating the areal paradigm of language study as an important direction in modern linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evliya Çelebi’s Seyāḥatnāme, i.e. ‘Book of Travels’, contains, among others, a handful of Slavic words that are marked as Ukrainian. As a matter of fact, some of them display mixed features, probably resulting from the contamination of Ukrainian and Russian variants. Such hybrid words (e.g., [9] below) are attested together with purely Ukrainian (e.g., [2]) and purely Russian (e.g., [18]) forms. This situation prompted this author to classify Evliya Çelebi’s lexical materials as surzhyk vocabulary and, thus, antedate the emergence of surzhyk (see section 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the data about compound words with the first component н- ‘one’ in the Slavonic literature up to the fifteenth century. The sources used are both texts from the Old Bulgarian time (including those preserved in later copies) and later medieval translations. The systemized material is analyzed from the perspective of the type of works in which the lexemes are attested, the chronology of their appearance and their presence in the manuscript tradition. The research confirms the existence of 30 lexemes of the type, which belong to 15 word-formation nests. They are found in written sources of various genres but their distribution is not uniform and many of them are hapaxes. No data are obtained on the regional distribution of this type of words but it is confirmed that, as a whole, the compound words with н-, meaning ‘one,’ belong to the archaic lexical layer. Their place was gradually occupied by other two-root models (mostly with дн‑). The morpheme н- ‘one’ completely lost its derivational ability and remained attested only in copies of early texts. Among the three relict uses in translations of the post-Old Bulgarian time – нодоушьно, ноѧдъ and норогъ – only the latter appears more than once and in more than one work and its longevity is to be explained with the fact that it is known from the Bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The term schena / schina 'measure of length in use in the field of cloth trade' mainly appears in Venetian sources. The meaning derives from the special terminology of cloth manufacturing, where schena / schina refer to the centre of the surface of the cloth and to its central vertical fold. So far the etymology has not yet been explicitly and convincingly explained. In consideration of the material history of cloth production, the respective terminology, the equivalents in other languages and the forms of the word (schena, schina, schiena, ischiena), however, there is no doubt that the Venetian group has the same origin as It. schiena 'back'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper is to offer a lexicological and semantic study of the Mexican prison slang at the end of the 19th century that appears in the text of the novel of manners La Chaquira (Belen por dentro), by Francisco Garcia Gonzalez, published in instalments in a Mexican newspaper El Reldmpago during 1894 and 1895. Attention will be paid to its structure (patrimonial vocabulary, Nahuatlisms, Anglicisms, etc.) and to principal word formation processes and patterns of semantic change that can be found there. Another aim of study will comprehend its comparison with other Hispanic prison slangs, mainly the Spanish one, from the historical point of view. This historically focused comparison and analysis will show directions of evolution that would allow us to interpret this jargon as properly Mexican, or "national". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among Homer's bloody descriptions of battle scenes, we find the thrice-repeated phrase έγϰέφαλος δέ/ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλαϰτο (Il. 11.97 f., 12-185 f., 20.399 f.). The middle pluperfect of παλάσσω is interpreted by commentators and dictionaries either as 'the brain was spattered (against the inside of the helmet)', or as 'the brain was sprinkled (with blood)'. Both interpretations of πεπάλαϰτο yield syntactic and/or semantic problems. In this paper, I discuss these problems and, after reconsidering the attestations of παλάσσω during the history of Greek, propose a new solution. It is argued that παλάσσω does not primarily mean 'sprinkle, bespatter', but (i) 'strike', out of which (ii) 'soil, defile' developed. In the problematic Homeric phrase, I suggest to translate πεπάλαϰτο with 'was struck'. Moreover, I propose an etymology for παλάσσω, deriving the middle perfect πεπάλαϰτο (which I consider to be the oldest formation) from the same root as πλήσσω 'strike', viz., PIE *pleh2g-. This etymology is corroborated by the comparison between έμπαλάσσομαι and ένιπλήσσω, both 'be stuck (in)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short research note aims at demonstrating the importance of the role that grain legumes, such as pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) or field bean (Vicia faba L.), have been playing in the everyday lives of both modern Slavic nations and their ancestors. This role has been witnessed by rather rich lexicological evidence and supported by attested etymological connections. This note also links Slavic roots to the other members of Indo-European language families and presents their common Proto- Indo-European origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper includes historical comments on several Persian words from classical texts and vernacular language, particularly the lexical group denoting 'mandrake', some other plant-names ('water-cress', 'fenugreek'), adjectives and social terms ('bald', 'prostitute', 'lame'), names of body-parts ('head', 'thigh'), traditional food, kinship terms ('firstling'), honorific titles ('lord; rich merchant', 'a name of God'), animal-names ('frog, toad'), etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Indianisms used in eight chronicles of Indies from the 16th and 17th centuries. The quantitative data have been obtained through documentary research and lexicographical history. These data allow us to acknowledge the existence of different words in Peninsular and American Spanish during the first centuries of this language in this new continent, which prove the leveling produced in the process of criollization of American varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the acquisition of complex sentence structures in Finnish. Specifically, three simultaneous and sequential events were acted out with toys in an elicitation task, and the production of “and,” “and then,” “when,” and “after” were observed. There were 48 children in a cross-sectional design at the age levels 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. Immediately after the complex event was presented, the child was asked the initial request “What happened?” If the child did not produce the whole event spontaneously, she or he was prompted by “What else happened?” Finally, the prompted request “When did X?” was asked (X referring to the second action component of the event). The results showed that prompting better revealed the ability of the children, especially that of the younger ones, to use temporal conjunctions in complex sentences, as well as the delicate interplay of language skills and their flexible use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the word it. The word is a substitute for many words but not for all words, and it could also be a gender that chiefly, but not exclusively, refers to inanimate objects. The word it is considered to be one of the smallest words in the dictionary, yet, at times this word has materialized in shapes, sizes and dreadful proportions. As defined by a linguist, the word is defined as a neuter pronoun of the third person singular. Moreover, it is also a substitute for any neuter noun, a demonstrative, indefinite object after some verbs, or after a substantive used as a verb.

The paper presents a brief discussion of an Iranian festival known only by its name, baryandān (barkandān), which is interpreted by Persian classical lexicographers as sang-(kulōx)-andāzān, i.e. "(the festival) of throwing stones (clods)". Pers. bary/kandān is traditionally regarded as a loan-word from Arm. barekendān 'Shrovetide' which is unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author provides a rebuttal to another rebuttal in the same issue written by linguist Jaques B. M. Guy entitled "Lexicostatistics as Chess: Observations on Paul Black's Lexicostatistics with Massive Borrowing." Paul Black, the author of the original article that Guy criticized, asserts that whatever the merits of Guy's observations about the treatment of loanwords, as a lexicostatistician he can accept Guy's critique to the extent that he employs the simplifying assumption that retention rates are constant, and Black realizes that statistical variation can sometimes result in errors. Even so, since such other approaches to classification as the use of shared innovations seem no more reliable, Black prefers to take advantage of the evidence of both types of approaches.

The surname "Purrock" has been on record in Scotland from century 1204, occurring in thirteenth to sixteenth-century spellings as Purrok, Purroc, Purroch, Purro and Pyrrok. Since it corresponds to no known place or personal name, nor to any attested term in the English or Scots lexicon, its etymology is considered to be obscure. There are two possible explanations for the development of the surname. On the one hand it may have been coined during the medieval period as a nick name for someone whose physiognomy resembled that of the bird. On the other it may derive from an unattested old English byname.

This article discusses certain variations in the meaning of the term "Anglo-Saxon" as used by several writers. In a book by Robert Byron, it is noted that "Anglo-Saxon" is used in the sense "English speech of today." But in an article that appeared in "Manchester Guardian Weekly," the term has been used to mean "plain English" as distinguished from "Latinate." Again, in another article in the "Saturday Review of Literature," the term is used to denote a particular racial group. Finally, in an article printed by "Baltimore Sun," "Anglo-Saxon" is used in the sense "world English," which is a widespread meaning of the term.

Many of us can remember how much our vocabulary grew as undergraduates and indeed has continued to grow as dental professionals. For many of us not trained in Latin and Greek we have often been too busy learning what the word means to understand why it means what it does. This article aims to clarify things a little. It explains where words relating to the mandible come from, why we use them now and also shows how they are related to other similar words in everyday use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the history of several English words. It has been cited that some English words such as chair, cathedral, saddle, and seat are the same word or at least derived from the same root word and are found to be related in meaning. However, there are words which have different meanings if translated in different language like the term curtain.

The article reviews volume XIII, 2011 of the journal "Le Français Préclassique, 1500-1650."

The article focuses on the proposal to adopt the coined word, thon, which is short for that one. Professor Norton said that the difficulty of its adoption lies in the fact that one man had invented or constructed it. The word must be adopted in speech before it can be understood in written form. The word thon should be added to the language, where the English language is continually being enriched by words springing from new conditions, discoveries and inventions.

The article discusses the history or derivation of words concerning the church. The word "pew" evolved from the Latin word "podium." Aisle came from the word "axilla," which is Latin for axle. Hell is traced to the ancient verb which means "to conceal." In Icelandic legend, "hel" meant death. In early Great Britain, hell meant the place of the dead.