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AMPHoriscus PEdunculatus sp. nov. (Figures 2 –4; Table 1) Diagnosis. Amphoriscus with a peduncle, cortical skeleton composed of trichoxeas, triactines and tetractines and subatrial skeleton composed of triactines. Material examined (Five specimens). Holotype: UFRJPOR 5802, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (longitude -45.2482, latitude -23.7612), 13 m depth, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula & L. Kremer, 0 3 December 2008. Paratype: UFRJPOR 5803, Saco da Ponta Grossa, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (longitude - 45.2319, latitude -23.7755), 6 m depth, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti & V. Padula, 0 3 December 2008. Additional material: UFRJPOR 5801, Ilha da Serraria, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (longitude -45.2289, latitude - 23.8133), 9 m depth, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti & V. Padula, 0 4 December 2008. MNRJ 5818, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (longitude -45.6833, latitude -24.1000), 12 m depth, coll. M. Custódio & C. Santos, 0 3 May 2002. MNRJ 5776, Saco da Saia, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (-42.0100 longitude, - 23.0064 latitude, Saco da Saia), coll. G. Muricy, 17 March 1988. Etymology. From the Latin pedunculus (= peduncle), for the presence of a peduncle in this species. Colour. White in life and in ethanol but the peduncle is brownish/orange (Figure 2A) due to the presence of debris and algae retained by a thick external layer of trichoxeas. Morphology. Sponge tubular (1.3 / 0.2 cm) with two distinct parts: a body containing the choanosome (0.8 / 0.2 cm) and a solid peduncle (0.5 / 0.1 cm) (Figures 2A, B, 3A). The specimens were solitary or, occasionally, two tubes were connected at their bases (Figure 2B). The atrial cavity is central, with a brilliant and hispid surface. The osculum is single, apical, surrounded by a short crown of trichoxeas. The oscular fringe is sustained by a layer of tetractines arranged in parallel, forming a regular circle around the osculum (Figure 2C). The sponge is pierced by trichoxeas. Anatomy. The aquiferous system is syconoid. Inhalant cavities are limited to spaces between the distal cones of choanocyte chambers. The cortical skeleton is composed of triactines tangentially arranged and large tetractines (Figures 2D, 3D). The long apical actines of the tetractines are centripetally oriented (Figure 2E). Thin trichoxeas are spread in the cortical skeleton, mainly at the distal cones where they form tufts. The choanoskeleton is inarticulated (Figures 2E, 3B), composed of the centripetal apical actines of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actines of the few subatrial triactines. Occasionally the apical actine of the tetractines attains the atrial skeleton. The atrial skeleton is composed of tetractines with the apical actine free in the atrial lumen (Figure 2F). At the basis of the sponge body, the diameter of the atrial cavity decreases progressively, forming a blind end at the beginning of the peduncle (Figures 3C, E). The choanoskeleton is here reduced and disorganised and in the proximal part of the peduncle it is substituted by a dense mass of spherical cells hardly larger than choanocytes (Figure 3C). The external skeleton of the peduncle is similar to the cortical skeleton of the body (Figure 3D). However, whilst tetractines are predominant in the body, triactines are predominant in the external skeleton of the peduncle (Figures 3B, C). A very thick fur-like layer of thin trichoxeas covers all the peduncle, turning the cortical layer of tangential spicules externally invisible (Figure 3F). The internal part of the peduncle is a dense meshwork of stout triactines arranged without order, giving to it a great rigidity (Figure 3C). At the base, the peduncle forms a rather large, sometimes lobated basal plate, fixed at the surface of the substrate (Figure 3A). Spicules (Figure 4, Table 1). Trichoxeas: Very thin, fusiform with sharp tips. They are straight or slightly curved (Figures 4A, B). Cortical triactine (Figure 4C): Sagittal. Actines are conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones. The paired actines sometimes have different lengths. Cortical tetractines (Figure 4D): Sagittal. Actines are conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones. The apical actine is the longest actine. It is straight, conical and sharp. Subatrial triactines (Figure 4E): Sagittal. Similar to the cortical triactines, but smaller. Atrial tetractines (Figure 4F): Sagittal. Actines are conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones. The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones, cylindrical, sharp, smooth, and sometimes slightly curved. Ecology. Specimens were found from 6 to 13 m of depth. The species was abundant in Serraria Island, Saco do Poço and Saco da Ponta Grossa (São Sebastião, São Paulo State) and specimens collected in these localities were found exposed to the sunlight, frequently with algae. Some specimens were attached to hydroids and others were epibiont on Tedania ignis. Distribution. São Sebastião (São Paulo State) and Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro State), SE Brazil. Spicule Actine Length (µm) Width (µm) n Min Mean sd Max Min Mean sd Max UFRJPOR 5802 (H) Trichoxeas 21.9 40.9 15.8 87.5 1.2 1.6 2.0 12.1 30 Cortical triactines paired 120.0 156.0 20.1 225.0 10.0 13.7 2.0 15.0 30 unpaired 175.0 223.3 28.4 270.0 10.0 15.1 2.9 22.5 30 Cortical tetractines paired 120.0 179.5 32.3 250.0 10.0 19.2 4.5 30.0 30 unpaired 120.0 238.5 58.2 350.0 10.0 22.5 4.3 30.0 26 apical 170.0 288.8 53.9 400.0 15.0 20.2 3.6 25.0 30 Subatrial triactines paired 50.0 88.8 15.7 115.0 5.0 7.8 1.2 10.0 30 unpaired 105.0 179.8 38.2 250.0 5.0 8.3 1.9 12.5 30 Atrial tetractines paired 55.0 81.3 10.1 100.0 7.7 5.0 1.5 10.0 30 unpaired 95.0 115.2 13.2 145.0 7.5 5.0 1.5 10.0 30 apical 50.0 69.4 10.8 95.0 5.0 7.8 1.2 10.0 30 UFRJPOR 5801 (P) Trichoxeas - - - - - - - - - Cortical triactines paired 110.0 156.0 31.0 220.0 15.0 18.2 2.8 25.0 30 unpaired 190.0 249.0 43.4 350.0 10.0 19.3 3.4 25.0 30 Cortical tetractines paired 170.0 211.7 26.7 270.0 20.0 26.2 5.0 35.0 30 unpaired - - - - - - - - - apical 200.0 284.3 50.4 370.0 20.0 27.3 5.8 35.0 30 Subatrial triactines paired 50.0 86.7 16.9 120.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 30 unpaired 80.0 142.3 31.9 190.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 30 Atrial tetractines paired 50.0 67.9 8.7 87.5 7.5 8.8 1.3 10.0 17 unpaired 87.5 101.0 12.9 130.0 7.5 9.0 1.1 10.0 17 apical 25.0 49.8 13.9 80.0 6.3 8.0 1.5 12.5 16 Remarks. Until now only three species of Amphoriscus with peduncle were known: A. chrysalis, A. cyathiscus and A. testiparus. Amphoriscus chrysalis is a species from the Adriatic Sea. It can be differentiated from the new species by the absence of trichoxeas and cortical triactines and by the presence of subatrial tetractines (the new species has only subatrial triactines). Amphoriscus cyathiscus, from Australia, can be differentiated from A. pedunculatus sp. nov. because it has no cortical trichoxeas and tetractines and it has subatrial tetractines instead of triactines. Amphoriscus testiparus is a species from Cuba and it differs from A. pedunculatus sp. nov. mainly by the absence of trichoxeas and presence of subatrial tetractines. Considering the species without peduncle, A. pedunculatus sp. nov. is easily distinguished from A. cylindrus, A. kryptoraphis, A. oviparus, A. salfii, A. synapta and A. urna by the presence of tetractines in the subatrial skeleton, absent in A. pedunculatus sp. nov. Amphoriscus ancora, A. bucchichii, A. elongatus, A. gregorii and A. semoni have only triactines in the subatrial skeleton, as A. pedunculatus sp. nov., however, they can be easily differentiated by other features. Amphoriscus ancora does not have cortical triactines and trichoxeas and it has root-tufts. Amphoriscus bucchichii, A. gregorii and A. semoni do not have cortical triactines. Amphoriscus elongatus has subregular cortical tetractines and its spicules are larger than those of A. pedunculatus sp. nov. [A. elongatus —cortical triactine: 250/22 (paired), 450/15 (unpaired), cortical tetractine: 600/70 (basal), 600–700/70 (apical); subatrial triactines: 300/20 (paired), 380–450/20 (unpaired); atrial tetractine: 250/16–20 (paired), 450/16–20 (unpaired), 180/16–20 (apical). Amphoriscus pedunculatus sp. nov. —cortical triactine: 120–225/10–15 (paired), 175–270/10–23 (unpaired), cortical tetractine: 120–250/10–30 (paired), 120–350/10–30 (unpaired), 170–400/15–25 (apical); atrial tetractine: 55–100/8–10 (paired), 95–145/8–10 (unpaired), 50–95/5–10 (apical)].

Family AMPHORISCIDAE Dendy Genus Paraleucilla Dendy Type species ��� Leucandra cucumis Haeckel, 1872 (by monotypy). Diagnosis ��� Amphoriscidae with leuconoid organization. The thick wall is divided in two regions. The outer region is supported by the skeleton which remains essentially inarticulated, with the apical actines of cortical tetractines pointed inwards, and a layer of triactines and/or tetractines with the unpaired actine pointed outwards. The inner region of the choanoskeleton is intercalated between the original subatrial skeleton and the atrial one, and it is supported by large triactines and/or tetractines, which are scattered in disarray, and whose form is similar to the spicules found in the outer layer of the choanoskeleton, or inside the atrial skeleton. Since the original subatrial layer still remains in the outer part of the choanosome, facing the cortical tetractines, there are no typical subatrial spicules adjacent to the atrial skeleton., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Monteiro, Leandro & Borojevic, Radovan, 2004, First occurrence of the genus Paraleucilla (Calcarea, Porifera) in the Atlantic Ocean: P. m a g n a sp. nov., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 710 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158320, {"references":["Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. G. Reimer, Berlin, Vol. 1, 484 pp; Vol. 2, 418 pp.; vol. 3, 60 pls."]}

Klautau, Michelle, Monteiro, Leandro, Borojevic, Radovan (2004): First occurrence of the genus Paraleucilla (Calcarea, Porifera) in the Atlantic Ocean: P. m a g n a sp. nov. Zootaxa 710: 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158320

Paraleucilla magna sp. nov. INSTITUTIONAL ABBREVIATION ��� MNRJ (Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). TYPE MATERIAL ��� MNRJ 5147 (holotype / alcohol). Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by E. Hajdu (11 / December / 2001), 4 to 5 m depth. ETYMOLOGY ��� From the Latin magna: ���large���. MATERIAL EXAMINED ��� MNRJ 3921, MNRJ 5186 (paratypes, Comprida Island, Cagarras Archipelago, collected by G. Muricy and L. Monteiro, 6 to 12 m depth); MNRJ 3814, MNRJ 3830, MNRJ 5163, MNRJ 5165, MNRJ 5181, MNRJ 5368, MNRJ 5510, MNRJ 5577, MNRJ 5577, MNRJ 5580 (Palmas Island, Cagarras Archipelago, collected by E. Hajdu, G. Muricy and L. Monteiro, 6 to 20 m depth); MNRJ 3873 (Laje das Cagarras, Cagarras Archipelago, collected by L. Monteiro, 6 to 12 m depth); MNRJ 7427; MNRJ 7430; MNRJ 7469 (Praia dos Anjos, Arraial do Cabo, collected by G. Muricy, 2 to 8 m depth); MNRJ 5831, MNRJ 5844 (Alcatrazes Archipelago, collected by U. Pinheiro and M. Carvalho, 16 m depth). KNOWN DISTRIBUTION ��� Praia Vermelha, Urca, Cagarras Archipelago, Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro State); Alcatrazes Archipelago (S��o Paulo State) ��� Brazil. TYPE LOCALITY ��� Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DESCRIPTION ���The holotype is a massive specimen (more than 12 x 12 x 12 cm), white in life and in alcohol (Fig. 2 A and B). The body has folds and oscula are located at the top of apical projections. There is no oscular fringe surrounding them (Fig. 2 C). Below each osculum there is an atrium to which arrive some few canals. The surface is smooth. The aquiferous system is leuconoid and the choanocyte chambers are spherical, ranging from 56 to 112 m. The skeleton is typical of the genus, being inarticulate near the surface (outer region) and without organization below the subatrial skeleton (inner region). The subatrial skeleton is not adjacent to the atrial skeleton, but it is followed by scattered large tetractines and some triactines similar to those of the subatrial skeleton (Fig. 3 A). If the body wall is thin, the skeleton is only inarticulate (Fig. 3 B). This condition can be observed in younger specimens or in younger (apical) parts of the sponge. The cortical skeleton is composed of triactines and tetractines (Fig. 3 C). Triactines are equiangular or, more frequently, sagittal. The size of the triactines is very variable. They lay tangentially to the surface, giving a smooth appearence to the sponge. The tetractines are large and their basal actines are almost equiangular. The apical actine is longer than the basal ones, and cross the choanosome. It runs parallel to the apical actine of the subatrial tetractines or, less frequently, to the unpaired actine of the triactines. While the apical actine of the cortical tetractines points toward the atrium, the apical actine of the subatrial tetractines and the unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines point to the surface. The atrial skeleton is composed of sagittal triactines, with the unpaired actine shorter than the paired ones and penetrating the choanosome. SPICULES. Cortical triactines: These spicules can be equiangular, but they are more frequently sagittal. Their size is very variable, and they lay tangentially to the surface. Actines are conical, with sharp tips (Fig. 3 D). Cortical tetractines: They are aproximately equiangular. The apical actine is longer than the others, centripetally directed, and it crosses the choanosome, being restricted to the outer layer in regions where the sponge body is thick but reaching nearly the atrium in the thin regions. Actines are straight or sometimes undulated with conical tips (Fig. 3 E). Subatrial tetractines and triactines: Differently from the cortical tetractines, the apical actine of the subatrial tetractines is shorter than the basal ones. The unpaired actine crosses the choanosome to the surface and it is shorter than the paired actines. The best way to differentiate this spicule from the cortical tetractines is by the shape of the paired actines (Fig 3 F). The triactines are similar to them, but the shape of the paired actines is more similar to that of the cortical tetractines (Fig 3 G). The unpaired actine also points to the surface, but it is frequently longer than the paired actines. Actines are slightly undulated, conical and sharp at the tips. These spicules are the same that compose the inner region. Atrial triactines: These spicules are sagittal and have the unpaired actine shorter than the paired ones. Actines are conical, sharp, and frequently strongly undulated (Fig. 3 H). The micrometry of the holotype is presented in Table 1, and the micrometry of a paratype (MNRJ 3921) is presented in Table 2. ECOLOGY ��� P. magna sp. nov. is the most abundant calcareous sponge in Rio de Janeiro State. The specimens are always attached to hard substrate, even when it is found on sand area. They live in photophylous and shaded environments, and were found from 0.5 to 20 meters depth. It seems to be resistant to pollution, having been found in clean waters but also in areas under strong influence of anthropic activities. Length (m) Width (m) Spicule Actines min mean max mean n Cortical triactines Paired 168.0 292.8 71.2 408.0 24.0 4.8 30 Unpaired 176.0 289.6 75.2 424.0 24.0 5.6 30 Cortical tetractines Basal 224.0 434.4 89.6 568.0 34.4 7.2 30 Apical 184.0 468.8 104.0 640.0 31.2 5.6 30 Subatrial tetractines Paired 200.0 394.4 87.2 576.0 33.6 5.6 30 Unpaired 208.0 338.4 63.2 456.0 31.2 5.6 30 Subatrial triactines Paired 144.0 266.4 76.8 440.0 24.0 7.2 25 Unpaired 248.0 358.4 66.4 496.0 25.6 6.4 25 Atrial triactines Paired actines 240.0 371.2 53.6 456.0 22.4 4.0 30 Unpaired actines 80.0 164.0 48.8 328.0 21.6 3.2 30 Length (m) Width (m) Spicule Actines min mean max mean n Cortical triactines Paired 130.0 254.7 63.2 385.0 15.8 2.8 30 Unpaired 135.0 216.7 63.6 390.0 15.0 2.7 30 Cortical tetractines Basal 230.0 396.7 92.1 620.0 33.2 6.6 30 Apical 330.0 524.0 124.6 800.0 34.7 7.2 30 Subatrial tetractines Paired 290.0 381.3 57.8 500.0 32.0 4.8 30 Unpaired 200.0 300.7 62.9 420.0 31.3 5.2 30 Subatrial triactines Paired 210.0 297.1 93.0 450.0 22.1 6.8 30 Unpaired 180.0 330.0 114.8 600.0 22.2 6.9 30 Atrial triactines Paired 175.0 281.8 50.8 400.0 15.3 2.4 30 Unpaired 65.0 94.7 20.6 140.0 14.8 2.3 30 This species has a strong seasonality, being more abundant in summer and disappearing during autumn, to reappear as small individuals in winter. Several organisms were found associated to this species, such as: crustaceans, echinoderms and polychaetes. Starfishes of the species Echinaster brasiliensis (M��ller & Troschel) were seen eating specimens of this species. REMARKS ��� Of the 5 recognized species of Paraleucilla, only P. c u c u m i s, the type species of the genus, could be mistaken for our species. The known distribution of P. cucumis is Australia (Gulf of Saint Vincent and Bass Strait) and Sri Lanka (Palk Strait) (Burton 1963). It is the only described Paraleucilla with triactines composing the atrial skeleton, all the other species having tetractines. P. magna sp. nov., however, can be easily differentiated from P. c u c u m i s by the form of the body, the absence of giant diactines at the surface, and by the presence of tetractines instead of just triactines in the cortical skeleton. Until now the distribution of the genus Paraleucilla was restricted to the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Paraleucilla magna sp. nov. extends the distribution of the genus to the Atlantic Ocean. This species was first seen in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) in the beginning of nineties, and since then it became the most abundant calcareous sponge, being in some places even the dominant sponge., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Monteiro, Leandro & Borojevic, Radovan, 2004, First occurrence of the genus Paraleucilla (Calcarea, Porifera) in the Atlantic Ocean: P. m a g n a sp. nov., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 710 on pages 3-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158320, {"references":["Burton, M. (1963) A Revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp."]}

Genus Jenkina BrØndsted, 1931 TYPE SPECIES. — Leucandra hiberna Jenkin, 1908 by subsequent designation (Laubenfels 1936). DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a simple tubular body and a sylleibid or leuconoid organization of the aquiferous system. The choanoskeleton is composed of the unpaired actine of subatrial spicules and, occasionally, the proximal part of radial diactines that cross the sponge wall. DESCRIPTION BrØndsted (1931) proposed the genus Jenkina for a group of sponges described by Jenkin (1908a) and by himself from Antarctica. These sponges are wellcharacterized by an inarticulate choanoskeleton that contains unpaired actines of subatrial spicules and occasionally radial diactines, which cross the thin choanoderm and protrude from the external surface of the sponge. The thin choanosome frequently lacks a typical leuconoid aquiferous system, and some doubt remains about the division between the genera Breitfussia and Jenkina., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 230-231, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Sycute Dendy & Row, 1913 TYPE SPECIES. — Sycon dendyi Kirk, 1895 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Grantiidae with a syconoid organization. The cortex is supported by giant longitudinal diactines. The distal part of the choanocyte chambers is crowned by fascicles of radial diactines located between the longitudinal diactines. DESCRIPTION This genus has a single species. Like Sycon, it is characterized by tufts of diactines that decorate the distal cones of the radial tubes, and like Ute it has longitudinal cortical giant diactines., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Anamixilla Poléjaeff, 1883 TYPE SPECIES. — Anamixilla torresi Poléjaeff, 1883 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a syconoid organization. The thick cortex is supported by many layers of triactines. The choanoskeleton is composed of the unpaired actine of the subatrial spicules, and giant tangential triactines similar to those in the cortex but lying scattered in the choanosome. DESCRIPTION In Anamixilla, large triactines form a thick cortex and apparently invade the choanosome (Fig. 28). A similar phenomenon is observed in the Lelapiidae, in which the reduction of the classical choanoskeleton is concomitant with its partial substitution by large cortical diactines. Large diactines have been observed in the oscular region of A. irregularis Burton, 1930. We have examined the specimen deposited in the British Museum (BMNH 1929.8.30.6) and found that it does not belong to the genus Anamixilla., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Ute Schmidt, 1862 TYPE SPECIES. — Ute glabra Schmidt, 1864 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Grantiidae with a syconoid organization. The cortex is supported by giant longitudinal diactines, and the choanoskeleton is articulate, composed of several rows of triactines with occasional tetractines. There are no radial fascicles of diactines. DESCRIPTION Calcarea belonging to the genus Ute are among the most beautiful calcareous sponges. They have a regular tubular form with a vitreous, smooth and shiny surface due to many longitudinal, parallel diactines (Fig. 19). The relationship between the genera Ute and Aphroceras has been discussed previously (Borojevic 1966)., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Grantessa Lendenfeld, 1885 TYPE SPECIES. — Grantessa sacca Lendenfeld, 1885 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Heteropiidae with a syconoid organization and an articulate choanoskeleton. A thin cortex is formed by triactines but lacks longitudinal large diactines. The distal part of the radial tubes is frequently decorated by tufts of radially arranged diactines, indicating a close relationship to the genus Syconessa. DESCRIPTION We include in the genus Grantessa s.s. the syconoid Heteropiidae with articulate choanoskeletons (Fig. 32). We consider that they are derived from sponges similar to Syconessa, in which the increase of radial tubes had generated the articulate choanoskeleton. Grantessa are common in warm seas, and often grow as large arborescent or bushy cormus., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 236, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Ascute Dendy & Row, 1913 TYPE SPECIES. — Leucosolenia uteoides Dendy, 1892 by original designation. DIAGNOSIS. — Leucosoleniidae in which the skeleton can be composed of diactines, triactines and/or tetractines, with an outer layer that is supported by giant longitudinal diactines. DESCRIPTION Dendy & Row (1913) placed the genus Ascute among sponges with basinucleate choanocytes. We have examined the type specimen of Leucosolenia uteoides Dendy, 1892 (BMNH 1893. 6.9.33) and found that it only has typical sagittal triactine and tetractine spicules that are organized in a pattern very similar to the skeleton of Leucosolenia (Fig. 15), and quite different from the Clathrinidae, which are characterised by regular spicules. Since the appearance of the choanocytes may be considered altered by fixation (Vacelet 1964), we prefer to place this genus close to Leucosolenia until examination of new specimens and a revision of their cytology is possible. Only two species were described in this genus; both are from Australia: A. asconoides (Carter, 1886) and A. uteoides (Dendy, 1892).

Genus Ascyssa Haeckel, 1872 TYPE SPECIES. — Ascyssa troglodytes Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). DIAGNOSIS. — Leucosoleniidae with a skeleton composed entirely of diactines. DESCRIPTION Haeckel (1872) described the two species of the genus Ascyssa from very few small specimens; representatives of this genus have not been found since. Since in the Calcaronea the first spicules to be secreted are diactines, these specimens may simply represent very young Leucosolenia, as suggested by Dendy & Row (1913). However, because Haeckel (1872) indicated that the specimen of A. acufera Haeckel, 1872 was sexually reproductive, this hypothesis is unlikely., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 217, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Synute Dendy, 1892 TYPE SPECIES. — Synute pulchella Dendy, 1892 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Grantiidae with a cormus entirely made of fused syconoid units and surrounded by a common cortex with a special skeleton containing giant longitudinal diactines (Dendy 1892a). DESCRIPTION This genus is monospecific and only known from the southern Australian coasts. Its organization is reminiscent of colonial ascidians such as Botryllus., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 222-223, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Leucosolenia Bowerbank, 1864 TYPE SPECIES. — Spongia botryoides Ellis & Solander, 1786 by original designation. DIAGNOSIS. — Leucosoleniidae in which the skeleton can consist of diactines, triactines and/or tetractines. There is no reinforced external layer on the tubes. DESCRIPTION While the genus Leucosolenia is morphologically very homogenous, it is nonetheless cosmopolitan and includes numerous species. The asconoid tubes may be creeping and only rarely branched, or be copiously ramified but not anastomosed; they may form a large arborescent cormus such as seen in L. complicata (Montagu, 1818). The cormus of Leucosolenia is always simple, without subdivisions or differentiations into regions with distinct functions, although in larger specimens the central and proximal tubes are usually wider than the distal ones (Fig. 14)., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Grantiopsis Dendy, 1892 TYPE SPECIES. — Grantiopsis cylindrica Dendy, 1892 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Lelapiidae with a syconoid or sylleibid organization. The cortex is composed of tangential triactines, and occasionally has an external layer of small diactines perpendicular to the surface. The proximal layer of the choanoskeleton is composed of subatrial triactines and/or tetractines, whose unpaired actines are associated with modified triactines that have very reduced paired actines. These modified triactines are either isolated or form short bundles joined by an organic material, and support the external part of the choanosome. DESCRIPTION Grantiopsis has a particular skeleton that is characterized by triactines with reduced paired actines in the wall of the tubes. As is typical for triactines of the tubes, they are associated proximally with the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines. In Grantiopsis species that have a thin wall, such as young G. fruticosa Dendy & Frederick, 1924, the triactines occasionally occur singly; but in sponges with a thicker wall, such as G. cylindrica, they form distinct bundles (Fig. 37). Their reduced paired actines give them a form similar to diactines. They are parallel and tightly bound by an organic material that is more resistant to dissolution with sodium hypochlorite (which is used usually to dissociate calcareous spicules) than other parts of the skeleton. The nature of this material is unknown. The organization of their choanoskeleton is quite similar to a typical Grantia in which the articulate skeleton of radial tubes is substituted by spicular tracts formed of nail-shaped triactines. These tracts are much more developed and conspicuous in Kebira, clearly pointing to the origin of the Lelapiidae from sponges like the Grantiidae, in which Grantiopsis had previously been classified., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 242, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Megapogon Jenkin, 1908 TYPE SPECIES. — Leuconia crucifera Poléjaeff, 1883 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). DIAGNOSIS. — Staurorrhaphidae with a sylleibid or leuconoid organization., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 241, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Leucascandra n. gen. TYPE SPECIES. — Leucascandra caveolata Borojevic & Klautau, 2000 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a complex cormus composed of copiously branched and anastomosed tubes. Each tube has a thin wall with a rather irregular alveolar type of leuconoid aquiferous system, and an inarticulate choanoskeleton that is supported only by unpaired actines of subatrial triactines. Both cortical and atrial skeletons consist of a thin layer of tangential triactines and/or tetractines., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan & Klautau, Michelle, 2000, Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia, pp. 187-201 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 199, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399987

Genus Polejaevia n. gen. TYPE SPECIES. — Polejna telum Lendenfeld, 1891 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a sylleibid organization. The cortex is supported by a layer of large tangential triactines. The choanoskeleton is composed of the unpaired actines of the subatrial triactines, and of rare small scattered triactines. DESCRIPTION In the system proposed by Lendenfeld (1891), the genus Polejna Lendenfeld, 1885 was used for sylleibid sponges with triactines and tetractines. The type species of Polejna, described originally as Leucilla uter Poléjaeff, 1884 is in fact a good species of Leucilla (Borojevic & Boury-Esnault 1987). Polejna is thus a junior synonym of Leucilla. Subsequently, Lendenfeld (1891) described in Adriatic a new species in the genus, Polejna telum Lendenfeld, 1891, that we consider to be different from Amphoriscidae and place now in the family Jenkinidae. A new name is thus required for the Jenkinidae with a sylleibid organization and triactines and tetractines such as Polejna telum, for which we propose Polejaevia. The position of Polejaevia in the family Jenkinidae is somewhat dubious, since small choanosomal triactines have been described in it and are represented in the illustration of the type species, distinguishing it from typical Jenkinidae. The size and distribution of the triactines is quite unusual, and as they are not reminiscent of the articulate choanoskeleton of the tubes of the Grantiidae, classification of P. telum in the genus Leucandra is impossible. Lendenfeld (1891) suggested that the triactines might be young cortical triactines. Secondary spicules may be found in the choanosome in the absence of any other skeleton, as seen in the genus Leucettusa Haeckel, 1872 (Borojevic et al. 1990). On the other hand, the organization of Polejaevia can be understood to be quite similar to Anamixilla: while in the former the additional triactines in the choanosome are new spicules, in Anamixilla the cortical spicules apparently invade the choanoskeleton. We propose that the genus should be maintained in the Jenkinidae until new specimens are examined. The description of Leucandra mawsoni Dendy, 1918 suggests that it might belong to Polejaevia. We have examined the specimens deposited in the British Museum (BMNH 20.12.9.95) and found that this species is a calcinean sponge, belonging to the genus Leucascus. Hence Polejaevia telum is the only known species belonging to this genus., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Uteopsis Dendy & Row, 1913 TYPE SPECIES. — Ute argentea Poléjaeff, 1883 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a syconoid organization. The cortex is thick and is supported by giant longitudinal diactines. The choanoskeleton is reduced to the unpaired actines of the subatrial spicules and smaller distal radial diactines. DESCRIPTION Uteopsis is well-described and illustrated by Poléjaeff (1883). It is characterized by an inarticulate choanoskeleton and a thick cortex composed of giant longitudinal diactines and triactines., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Sycon Risso, 1826 TYPE SPECIES. — Sycon humboldtii Risso, 1826 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). DIAGNOSIS. — Sycettidae with radial tubes partially or fully coalescent; distal cones are decorated by tufts of diactines. The inhalant canals are generally welldefined between the radial tubes and are often closed at the distal end by a membrane that is perforated by an ostium; they are devoid of a skeleton. There is no continuous cortex covering the distal ends of the radial tubes. Atrial and tubar skeletons are composed of triactines and/or tetractines. Sycon gelatinosum (Blainville, 1834) (Fig. 7) Alcyoncellum gelatinosum Blainville, 1834. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One specimen. LOCALITIES. — Canal Woodin, 25- 30 m. DESCRIPTION Sponge arborescent (2.5 cm high), with the cormus formed by regular bifurcations of the larger syconoid tubes at their bases, into smaller distal ones. A single osculum is found at the apex of each tube, which is surrounded by a thick layer of triactines arranged in parallel with a wide unpaired angle, which supports a short fringe of trichoxea. The external surface is smooth and granular, due to the thick bundles of short diactines that decorate the distal ends of radial channels, forming a typical, regular hexagonal pattern on the sponge surface (photo in Lévi 1998: 78). The inhalant spaces between the bundles are closed by a thin membrane, which is never supported by spicules. The sponge wall contains very regular radial choanocyte chambers intercalated by inhalant channels of the same size. The choanoskeleton is articulate, with numerous triactines arranged in parallel, and the unpaired actine directed towards the distal cones. Their size increases distally, and the spicules participating in the skeleton of the distal cone are larger and thicker than those in the tubes. The atrial cavity is slightly enlarged in the suboscular region, where the sponge wall is thinner. The atrial skeleton is composed of tetractines with large apical actines, which are bent towards the osculum, and are occasionally long enough to reach those arising from the opposite side of the atrium (Fig. 7). Spicules Triactines of the choanosomal tubes are sagittal, with paired actines measuring 68.6 / 9.8 µm; the unpaired one is of the same size in the proximal part of the tubes, but measures 122.5 / 9.9 µm in the distal cones. The actines in the basal system of the atrial tetractines measure 58.8 / 9.8 µm. The apical actine measures 150 / 9.9 µm. The diactines of the distal tufts are irregular in size and shape, with the two actines of similar size, or with the proximal actine thinner, and the distal one conical or club-shaped, or irregularly bent (80.4 / 9.8 µm to 176.4 / 9.8 µm). REMARKS Sycon gelatinosum has been frequently reported from the Indian Ocean and the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan & Klautau, Michelle, 2000, Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia, pp. 187-201 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 196-197, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399987

Genus Dermatreton Jenkin, 1908 TYPE SPECIES. — Dermatreton hodgsoni Jenkin, 1908 by subsequent designation (this work). DIAGNOSIS. — Sycanthidae with coalescent radial tubes whose distal parts are supported by tangential triactines that form a loose meshwork perforated by large inhalant cavities. DESCRIPTION We use the genus Dermatreton in the manner proposed by Jenkin (1908a). The loose cortex, which covers the distal parts of fused radial tubes, is in the form of a meshwork with broad openings formed by the inhalant spaces. As such it cannot give sufficient mechanical rigidity to the sponge, and consequently the atrial skeleton is thickened and rigid. Jenkin (1908a) has not designated the type species of the genus. Among the originally included species we designate D. hodgsoni as the type species. Similar morphology is observed in Dermatreton (Tenthrenodes) scotti (Fig. 24). The description and illustrations of Dermatreton chartaceum suggest that it should be included in the genus Breitfussia., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 229, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Grantilla Row, 1909 TYPE SPECIES. — Grantilla quadriradiata Row, 1909 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Heteropiidae with a syconoid organization. The skeleton of the tubes is inarticulate, composed of subatrial triactines, and subcortical pseudosagittal triactines and tetractines. DESCRIPTION The vast majority of Heteropiidae have only pseudosagittal triactines in the subcortical skeleton. The genus Grantilla has been proposed for the single species G. quadriradiata Row, 1909, with pseudosagittal tetractines. Other morphological characteristics are quite similar to Sycettusa.

Borojevic, Radovan, Klautau, Michelle (2000): Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema 22 (2): 187-201, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5399987, {"references":["Class CALCAREA Bowerbank, 1864 Subclass CALCINEA Bidder, 1898 Order CLATHRINIDA Hartman, 1958","Family CLATHRINIDAE Minchin, 1900","Genus Clathrina Gray, 1867","TYPE SPECIES. - Grantia clathrus Schmidt, 1864 by monotypy.","TYPE MATERIAL. - MNHN-LBIM-C-1999-01.","LOCALITIES. - South coast, Canal Woodin, R-1360, 28 m."]}

Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Vacelet, Jean (2000): A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema 22 (2): 203-263, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5392175, {"references":["Genus Lelapia Gray, 1867","TYPE SPECIES. - Lelapia australis Gray, 1867 by monotypy.","Lelapia antiqua Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and L. australis represent a series of modifications from Paralelapia (Dendy & Frederick 1924). As in Kebira, the choanoskeleton is reduced to spicule tracts, that are progressively invaded by the cortical diactines, which lead to the formation of a thick and rigid sponge wall (Fig. 40).","Genus Sycyssa Haeckel, 1872","TYPE SPECIES. - Sycyssa huxleyi Haeckel, 1872 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. - Leucosoleniida (?) with a syconoid organization. The skeleton consists of diactines only."]}

Genus Grantia Fleming, 1828 TYPE SPECIES. — Spongia compressa Fabricius, 1780 by original designation. DIAGNOSIS. — Grantiidae with a syconoid organization. The cortex is composed of tangential triactines and/or tetractines, occasionally with small perpendicular diactines. Longitudinal diactines, if present, are not found exclusively in the cortex, but cross obliquely, at least a part of the choanosome and protrude from the external surface. DESCRIPTION Typical species of Grantia have long and regular radial tubes, which may be branched distally, and a relatively thin atrial and cortical skeletons. Diactines frequently protrude from the external surface of the sponge. Many species of Grantia that form small solitary tubes or large bushy sponges have been described from all oceans., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 221-222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Sycetta Haeckel, 1872 TYPE SPECIES. — Sycetta sagittifera Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation (this work). DIAGNOSIS. — Sycettidae with a central atrial tube decorated with short, completely separate radial tubes. There is no defined inhalant aquiferous system. The skeleton of the radial tubes is composed of triactines and tetractines, and diactines may be found in the distal cones. DESCRIPTION The genus Sycetta, as defined by Dendy & Row (1913), comprised three species described under the names Sycetta primitiva Haeckel, 1872, S. sagittifera Haeckel, 1872 and Sycaltis conifera Haeckel, 1872. Dendy & Row 1913 designated Sycetta primitiva as the type species. Haeckel (1872) characterized this species by the presence of regular, equiangular and equiradiate spicules, which are clearly described and represented as such in the corresponding figure. In the same figure, Haeckel (1872: vol. III, pl. 41) shows that the choanocytes are closer to the basinucleate than to the apinucleate type. Although Haeckel’s descriptions may be taken with some reservation, and S. primitiva has not been observed since that time, the original description indicates quite clearly that this is a calcinean sponge, and should be classified as a typical member of the family Levinellidae (Borojevic & Boury-Esnault 1986). Haeckel (1872) classified Sycetta primitiva in the subgenus Sycettaga, and we propose to transfer it as a genus to the family Levinellidae, with a single species Sycettaga (Sycetta) primitiva Haeckel, 1872. Sycetta sagittifera being an originally included nominal species is designated here as the type species of Sycetta. This species displays all the characteristics of the genus as understood by Dendy (1893), Dendy & Row (1913), and subsequent authors. BrØndsted (1931) described two sponges from the Deutsche Südpolar Expedition collection, Sycetta antarctica and Tenthrenodes primitivus. Whilst the former one is a typical Sycetta, the latter is characterized by the presence of diactines and the occasional coalescence of the radial tubes, which, however, are not fused. We have now placed the genus Tenthrenodes Jenkin, 1908 in synonymy with Sycantha Lendenfeld, 1891. Tenthrenodes primitivus BrØndsted, 1931 is however much closer to a typical Sycetta and we propose to transfer this species to the genus Sycetta. Sycetta (Tenthrenodes) primitiva (BrØndsted, 1931) should be distinguished from Sycettaga (Sycetta) primitiva Haeckel, 1872, which belongs now to the family Levinellidae. Dendy & Row (1913) specified that sponges in the genus Sycetta have no diactines, as all the sponges described in the genus up to their time were devoid of them. Their presence in Sycetta primitiva (BrØndsted, 1931) leads us to modify this point accordingly in the definition of the genus Sycetta., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 217-218, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Breitfussia n. gen. TYPE SPECIES. — Ebnerella schulzei Breitfuss, 1896. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a simple tubular body and syconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is reduced to the unpaired actines of the subatrial triactines, and occasionally contains the proximal part of radial diactines. DESCRIPTION In the system proposed by Lendenfeld (1891), and followed by Breitfuss (1896), the genus Ebnerella of the subfamily Amphoriscinae was characterized by an inarticulate skeleton, containing diactines, triactines and/or tetractines. The species included by Lendenfeld (1891) in this genus belongs now to the genus Amphoriscus and Ebnerella is thus a junior synonym of Amphoriscus. Among the species described by Breitfuss (1896) in Ebnerella, E. kuekenthali belongs to the family Heteropiidae (Sycettusa), but a new name is needed for E. schulzei. In addition, species with an inarticulate choanoskeleton, described under the genus Grantia or Dermatreton, should be included in the new genus Breitfussia as now defined, such as Breitfussia (Grantia) vitiosa (BrØndsted, 1931) and Breitfussia (Dermatreton) chartacea (Jenkin, 1908). Breitfussia is known only from cold Arctic or Antarctic waters.

Genus Heteropia Carter, 1886 TYPE SPECIES. — Aphroceras ramosa Carter, 1886 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Heteropiidae with a syconoid organization, an articulate choanoskeleton, and where the cortical skeleton consists of longitudinal large diactines, with occasionally tangential triactines and perpendicular small diactines. DESCRIPTION Heteropia in the family Heteropiidae corresponds to the same grade of skeletal complexity than Ute in the family Grantiidae., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 236, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Achramorpha Jenkin, 1908 TYPE SPECIES. — Achramorpha nivalis Jenkin, 1908 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). DIAGNOSIS. — Staurorrhaphidae with a syconoid organization., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 241, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Teichonopsis Dendy & Row, 1913 TYPE SPECIES. — Teichonella labyrinthica Carter, 1878 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Pedunculate calyciform Grantiidae with a syconoid organization and an expanded atrium. The thin wall is highly folded and the convoluted edge corresponds to the oscular margin. DESCRIPTION The separation of this genus from Grantia is justified because of its particular pattern of growth, through which the atrial cavity becomes wide open. As it grows the sponge wall becomes a highly folded asymmetric leaf, freely traversed by the water current that runs from the lower cortical to the upper atrial surface., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872 TYPE SPECIES. — Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). DIAGNOSIS. — Amphoriscidae with a sylleibid or leuconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is formed primarily by the apical actines of giant cortical triactines and the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines or tetractines. It may contain dispersed spicules, but a typical articulate choanoskeleton is always absent. DESCRIPTION The genus Leucilla is quite close to Amphoriscus, and most species have a sylleibid aquiferous system. The simple species of Leucilla, such as L. amphora Haeckel, 1872, always have a thin sponge wall and an inarticulate choanoskeleton, which is reduced to the apical actines of cortical tetractines and to the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines or tetractines (Fig. 34). In specimens of Leucilla that build a thicker wall, scattered triactines or tetractines can be found in the choanosome, but they clearly derive from the cortical or the subatrial skeleton. There is no primary choanoskeleton derived from radially arranged spicules, and Leucilla species have never any structures reminiscent of the articulate arrangement of the choanoskeleton. A group of sponges that have the organization typical of Leucandra, has been described under the genus Leucilla. Tetractines are present in their cortical skeleton, but their apical actines do not represent the main support of the choanoskeleton, which is typically articulate and clearly reminiscent of a grantiid organization with many rows of choanosomal triactines. Dendy & Row (1913) placed them in the genus Leucandra and we now include these sponges in the genus Leucandrilla., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 239, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Leucascandra Borojevic & Klautau, 2000 TYPE SPECIES. — Leucascandra caveolata Borojevic & Klautau, 2000 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Jenkinidae with a complex cormus composed of copiously branched and anastomosed tubes. Each tube has a thin wall with a rather irregular alveolar type of leuconoid aquiferous system, and an inarticulate choanoskeleton that is supported only by unpaired actines of subatrial triactines. Both cortical and atrial skeletons consists of a thin layer of tangential triactines and/or tetractines. DESCRIPTION In the Clathrinida, tubular sponges frequently form a large cormus composed of ramified and anastomosed tubes (e.g. Clathrina, Ascandra, Ascaltis, Leucascus, Leucaltis). In the Leucosoleniida, this growth form is quite rare. While the Jenkinidae from cold Antarctic or Arctic waters grow as small solitary tubes, those from warmer waters can form large complex cormi. The genus Leucascandra is thus characterized by a tendency to form a large cormus composed of extensively branched and anastomosed tubes (Fig. 26), an inarticulate choanoskeleton, and a thin cortex (Fig. 27). cx, Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Family HETEROPIIDAE Dendy, 1892 DIAGNOSIS. — Leucosoleniida with a syconoid or leuconoid organization. The choanoskeleton is composed of a proximal layer of subatrial triactines and a distinct distal layer of pseudosagittal triactines and/or pseudosagittal tetractines, often separated by an intermediate layer that is supported by several rows of triactines and/or tetractines. The atrial skeleton is well-developed., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan & Klautau, Michelle, 2000, Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia, pp. 187-201 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 197, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399987

Genus Sycantha Lendenfeld, 1891 TYPE SPECIES. — Sycantha tenella Lendenfeld, 1891 by monotypy. DIAGNOSIS. — Sycanthidae that have fused radial tubes with free distal cones decorated by diactine spicules. DESCRIPTION Only Lendenfeld (1891) observed Sycantha tenella from a specimen collected in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, and he gave quite a detailed description of this species. Tenthrenodes antarcticum (Jenkin, 1908) is similar to pedunculate small Sycon species; the description of the linked type of radial tubes is not fully convincing, and following Dendy & Row (1913) we propose to keep it in the genus Sycon. As pointed out by Dendy & Row (1913), the sponge described as Tenthrenodes scotti Jenkin, 1908 has tangential spicules at the distal parts of the radial tubes. This species has the organization typical of the Sycanthidae and belongs to the genus Dermatreton as we understand it now. Sycantha (Hypodictyon) longstaffi (Jenkin, 1908) is apparently one of the typical representatives of the genus. As discussed under the family Staurorrhaphidae, the presence of the subatrial spicules with a lone centrally directed apical actine, is common in many Leucosoleniida, and does not merit the separation of the genus Hypodictyon from Sycantha., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Vacelet, Jean, 2000, A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea), pp. 203-263 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5392175

Genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1892 Type species. — Heteropia macera Carter, 1886 by subsequent designation (Dendy & Row 1913). Diagnosis. — Heteropiidae with a sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. The choanoskeleton is composed of proximal subatrial triactine spicules and an irregular layer of scattered triactines and tetractines., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan & Klautau, Michelle, 2000, Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia, pp. 187-201 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399987

Family JENKINIDAE Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 2000 DIAGNOSIS. — Leucosoleniida with a syconoid, sylleibid or leuconoid organisation. The thin wall surrounding the large atrial cavity is supported by tangential atrial and cortical skeletons, and an inarticulate choanoskeleton consisting of unpaired actines of the subatrial triactines and/or tetractines, and occasionally with small radial diactines. The proximal part of the large radial diactines that protrude from the external surface, or the tangential triactines scattered irregularly in the cortex, may also form the choanoderm. Large cortical tetractines or subcortical pseudosagittal triactines are not present. DESCRIPTION In the revision of Calcaronea also published in the present volume, Borojevic et al. propose to separate a group of sponges characterized by an inarticulate choanoskeleton in the family Jenkinidae (Borojevic et al. 2000). The new genus Leucascandra is a typical member of this family., Published as part of Borojevic, Radovan & Klautau, Michelle, 2000, Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia, pp. 187-201 in Zoosystema 22 (2) on page 199, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5399987