Search

Background: Several studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects from Citrus limon–peel essential oil (Cl-PEO). Cl-PEO can be developed as topical drugs for oral ulceration because of its potential active components. There have been no studies on the topical application of Cl-PEO inducing type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Purpose: To investigate the potential of Cl-PEO from Batu City to induce type IV hypersensitivity reactions based on clinical changes, lymphocytes, macrophages, IFNγ, andIL10 expression. Methods: This study was adapted from a guinea pig maximization-test method in Indonesia and the guidance of ISO 10,993-10:2010, and conducted on 20 guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) divided into a control group and a treatment group. The treatment group was given Cl-PEO and the control group CMC-Na. Clinical changes were observed, then tissue specimens taken for hematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. Results: There were no clinical changes after exposure. Lymphocyte and macrophage numbers and IFNγ and IL10 expression increased in the treatment group compared to the control group (p=0). Conclusion: Cl-PEO can induce type IV hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs based on cellular and molecular cytokines, but there are no clinical changes after topical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is a yeast that commensally inhabits the oral cavity might cause opportunistic infections and become pathogen in immunesupressed condition. More than 90% oral candidiasis caused by C. albicans infections. Citrus limon peel has active compound that may inhibits C. albicans growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate in vitro effectivness concentration of Citrus limon peel oil on C. albicans growth. Citrus limon peel essential oil that has obtained the serial dilution concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39% and 0.195% and added Candida albicans that had been grown in Sabouraud broth media. Furthermore, C.albicans grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and colonies were counted. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) Citrus limon peel essential oil was 0.78%. MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) Citrus lemon peel essential oil 1.56%. Citrus limon peel essential oil with concentration 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.56% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting and cause C. albicans death and Citrus limon peel esential oil with concentration 0.78% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting C. albicans growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), αterpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]