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The purpose of this research is to utilized and provide added value from dregs seed of nyamplung solid waste through composting process using several starters, and findout the compost chemical character. The research was design as randomized complete (CRD) with 4 types of starters as treatments (biostarter of cattle rumen contents, Prouponic Gb # 1, EM4, Primadec C-15) each with 3 replications. Analysis of 7 chemical properties parameters carried out on nyamplung dregs seed before and after the treatment included: pH, DHL, organic C, total N, C / N ratio, Total P, and total K by comparing to SNI No.19- 7030-2004. The results showed that DHL, C / N ratio, total N, P, and total K of dregs seed compost fulfilled the SNI. The type of starter treatments significantly affected the quality of nyamplung dregs seed compost (DHL, total N, P, and K levels). Types of starters showing the best results were Prouponic Gb # 1 and EM4 compared to other biostarters. Therefore, Prouponic Gb # 1 and EM4 were reccomended to be applied to process nyamplung dregs seed waste into high quality compost. Keywords: biostarter, dregs seed, compost, solid waste , nyamplung

Plantation of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell in the Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) progam have applied a clonal forestry system to improve productivity of mean annual increament and homogenous plants on each rotation. However, the productivity ha s been low and not meet the need of raw materials for pulp industry. The objectives of the research is to develope of E . pellita in vitro by multiple node culture to increase shoots growth at each step in vitro propagation . Combination of in vitro and macro propagation in establishing hedge orchard (mini cutting) is the best technique and efficient to propagate and optimize of the growth of the species. The method to increase the successful of E . pellita in vitro at the induction step was using mutiple-node culture and application of rotary shaker. Four treatments were applied at multipication, rooting and acclimatization steps to obtain the best combination of media for E . pellita in the optimum condition. The results showed that application of rotary shaker increased the shoots growth at the induction step and accelerated the shoots growth at the multiplication step.The procedure applied in this study was also resulting an optimal and efficient response of shoots and roots growth in each step (induction, multiplication, rooting) of E . pellita in vitro until acclimatization in the greenhouse.

Buah tengkawang merupakan salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu bernilai tinggi dan merupakan salah satu komoditi eksporsebagai bahan baku lemak nabati, industri kosmetik, dan substitusi lemak coklat. Indonesia memiliki sekitar 13 spesies pohon penghasil tengkawang yang tersebar di Kalimantan dan sebagian kecil di Sumatera, namun sebagian besar telah masuk dalam kategori terancam punah. Untuk tindakan konservasi dan meningkatkan kandungan lemak nabati tengkawang, perlu diketahui potensi kandungan lemak dan sifat fisiko kimia dari setiap spesies dan provenan. Buah tengkawang dikoleksi pada saat musim panen raya spesies shorea penghasil tengkawang pada tahun 2010 di Kalimantan dan Jawa. Analisis kandungan lemak nabati tengkawang dilakukan terhadap empat spesies shorea penghasil tengkawang (S. macrophylla, S. gysbertsiana, S. stenoptera, S. pinanga) yang berasal dari empat provenans dan ras lahan (Gunung Bunga dan Sungai Runtin-Kalimantan Barat, Bukit Baka-Kalimantan Tengah, Haurbentes-Jawa Barat). Sebelas kombinasi spesies-provenan diambil sampel buahnya untuk diekstrasi guna mengetahui kandungan lemak dan sifat fisiko kimia tengkawang (kadar air, bilangan asam, dan kadar asam lemak bebas). Terdapat keragaman yang tinggi di antara kombinasi spesiesprovenans tengkawang untuk empat parameter yang diuji, termasuk kandungan lemak dan kadar air biji tengkawang. Kandungan lemak tertinggi dengan kadar air terendah dihasilkan oleh S. stenoptera dari Haurbentes (Jabar) dan S. pinanga dari Bukit Baka (Kalimantan Tengah). Kedua kombinasi spesies-provenan tersebut direkomendasikan sebagai materi genetik untuk dikembangkan dalam program konservasi eks-situ dan program pemuliaan tanaman hutan dalam pembangunan sumber benih unggul pada kondisi lingkungan yang hampir sama dengan kedua provenans dan ras lahan tersebut. Variation in Illipe Nut's Fat Yield of Tengkawang-producing Shorea from Several Provenances and Land Races Abstract Illip (tengkawang) nut is a non-wood forest product which has a high economic value and one of export commodities as raw material for illipe nut's fat, cosmetics, and substitution of chocolate fat. Indonesia has 13 species of tengkawang-producing shorea distributed in Kalimantan and some small parts of Sumatra. Most of them are categorized as threatened species. To conserve and improve the species for illip nut's fat, it is important to assess the potential of fat yield and physical-chemical properties for each species and provenance. Fruit collection was conducted during fruit season in Kalimantan and Java in 2010. The fruits were collected from four species of tengkawangproducing shorea (i.e. S.macrophylla, S. gysbertsiana, S. stenoptera, S. pinanga) originated from 4 provenances and land races (Gunung BungaWest Kalimantan, Sungai Runtin-West Kalimantan, Bukit Baka-Central Kalimantan, and Haurbentes-West Java). Fruit samples from eleven combinations of species-provenances were extracted to assess fat yield and physical-chemical properties (i.e. moisture content, acid number and free fatty acid). Variation between species-provenances combination was high for all parameters tested, including the illipe nut's fat yield and moisture content. The highest fat yield with lowest moisture content was found in S. stenoptera from Haurbentes (West Java) and S. pinanga from Bukit Baka (Central Kalimantan). Both species-provenance combinations are recommended as genetic material to be developed in the program of ex-situ conservation as well as tree improvement program for the establishment of best seed sources in the same environment condition as the respected provenances.

Eucalyptus pellita seeds have a very small size, so that it needed techniques of seed sorting using sieves to increase quality of the physical and the physiological. This study aims to determine sieve size for sorting seeds of E. pellita so as to maintain viability. E. pellita seeds used in this study comes from seedling seed orchard (KBS) in southern Sumatra, South Kalimantan, and Riau. Seed sorting is done with some sieve size namely 200 µm, 400 µm, and 600 µm. Parameters measured were the purity, weight of 1000 grain seeds, and germination. The results showed that the size of a 600 µm of sieve is appropriate for sorting seeds E.Pellita, because it can result in weight of 1000 grains (0.0362 grams), purity (60.54%) and higher germination percentage (184 sprouts/0.1 grams) than the others.

The global energy crisis has raises demand for biofuel prices. It has driven the world to enhance environmentally-friendly renewable-energy (biofuel) production. Oil from the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung) which can be harvested up to 50 years, is one of such potential biofuel source. Methods for biofuel production from nyamplung seeds have been developed at an industrial scale by cooperative in Cilacap (Java) and Energy Self-Sufficient Villages ( Desa Mandiri Energi ) in Banyuwangi, Purworejo, Kebumen, Ujung Kulon (Java) and Selayar (South Sulawesi). However, there is only a limited-information available on biofuel potential, in term of productivity and quality, from nyamplung populations. This paper reports the variations in biofuel potential among 12 populations in Indonesia (6 from Java, 6 outside Java). The oil was extracted using a combination of vertical hot press (VHP) and screw press expeller (SPE) methods, followed by degumming to make refined oil, and esterification-transesterification to turn it into biodiesel. The result show great variation of biofuel content among the population. Oil production percentage varies from 37-48.5% (VHP) and 50-58% (SPE) crude oil, 36-48% (VHP) and 40-53% (SPE) refined oil, and 1733% (SPE) for biodiesel. Seed resin content is responsible for most of the variation after degumming. DNA analysis shows genetic variation among populations ranges from intermediate within Java to high ouside Java and is intermediate within populations. Information about biofuel content and potential of populations and genetic variation between and within population are important factors for establishment of geneticallyimproved seed-sources for biofuel production from nyamplung.

Seeds with high vigour are seeds that can germinate normally in sub-optimum conditions and above normal in optimum condition. To predict the performance of seedlings after planting and the storability of seeds, it is necessary to test the seed vigour. This study aims to investigate the growth and storage vigour of Acacia mangium breeding and unbreeding seeds. The experiment design was arranged in completely randomized design with each treatment being replicated four times with 100 seeds. Results obtained showed that breeding seeds had better growth and storage vigour.

The magnitude of the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) in seven six years old seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita established at three locations in Indonesia was examined by analyzing height and diameter. The seed orchard at each location consists of 121 families from three provenances of Papua New Guinea. The pooled sum of squares derived from analysis of variance of growth of the three provenances was used to estimate genetic parameters. These parameters were then used to calculate genetic gain as a result of both direct and indirect selections. The GEI across the three locations was very strong, while the results of pair-wise site analysis varied between the pairs of locations. The genetic correlations for pairs of locations were moderately high between South Sumatra and Riau;0.68 for dbh and 0.85 for height, but were lower between South Kalimantan and the other locations (0.32 to 0.56). The gains resulting from direct selection were apparently greater than those resulting from indirect selection. The genetic gains achieved in South Sumatra and Riau would decrease by 24% as a result of transfer to other sites, while transfer from South Kalimantan to Sumatra Island (and vice versa) would reduce in the genetic gain by 60%. Hence, the breeding population in South Kalimantan should be developed separately from those in South Sumatra and Riau

Establishing a seedling seed orchard with open pollinated progenies of plus trees is widely employed as a first step towards forest tree improvement for fast growing species in Indonesia (SOESENO, 1988; SUHARTONO, 1991; HASHIMOTO et al., 1996). At present, it might be the most reliable and practical way to meet the immediate demand for genetically improved seed to be used in industrial reforestation programs in Indonesia. This procedure is recommended as an alternative to clonal seed orchards for species with an early flowering habit and where vegetative propagation is difficult (WRIGHT, 1976; ELDRIDGE et al., 2001). In the seedling seed orchard, genetic gains are captured in three stages: plus-tree selection, halfsib family selection and individual selection (WRIGHT and BULL, 1963). The latter two gains generally depend on the design of the orchard, because this will determine the intensity of family and individual selection. It is already known that there is an optimum allocation of selection intensities for any given set of heritabilities (NAMKOONG et al., 1988). The heritabilities values express the proportion of variation in the population that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals, where, the amount of variation is measured and express as the variance (ZOBEL and TALBERT, 1984; FALCONER and MACKAY, 1996). It is therefore the increasing of number of family and number of trees per plot will increase the variances to both family and within plot as well. However, to maximize genetic gain in a certain design of seedling seed orchard the optimum number of both variables should be found. Studies on the optimum allocation of materials to maximize genetic gains have been reported for seedling seed orchards (NAMKOONG, 1969; KURINOBU, 1993) as well as in clonal tests (SHAW and HOOD, 1985). In this study, the optimum design for seedling seed orchards originally proposed by Kurinobu (1993) was re-examined using real variance data estimated from trees aged one to five years in seed orchards of E. pellita in South Kalimantan and South Sumatra. *1 *2 *1

The research was conducted to evaluate the growth of teak clone (Tectona grandis L.f.) taken from land race population at Muna Island in South East Sulawesi. The trials were planted in 2002 – 2005 in 4 locations as follows: Kemampo (South Sumatera), Kotabaru (South Kalimantan), Gunung Kidul (Yogyakarta) and Wonogiri (Central Java). The growth of teak clones from Muna at 5 years old in 4 locations was as followed: the average of total height (9,98 m, 13,11 m, 7,46 m and 9,37m), diameter/DBH (11,09 cm, 12,80 cm, 7,87 cm and 13,24 cm) and tree volume estimation (0,0624 m3, 0,117 m3, 0,028 m3 and 0,099 m3). The growth performances of teak clone from Muna were stable at middle position in all locations. The best growth was gained in Kotabaru and the lowest in in Gunung Kidul.Keywords : Clonal Test, Muna teak, Tectona grandis L.f.

Acacia crassicarpa improved seed has a higher quality than unimproved seed. To maintain the viability, improved seeds are required as appropriate handling techniques. One of the important steps in seed handling is seed germination test. A. crassicarpa seed have dormancy and to break it needs spesific pretreatment. Germination test can be worked in the laboratory and greenhouse. The purpose of this research was to obtain pretreatment and germination method better to maintain the viability of A. crassicarpa improved seed. Pretreatment in resources were without treatment, soaking in hot water (100oC ) and followed by soaking for 24 hours in cold water, soaking for 1 minute in hot water (100oC) followed by soaking for 24 hours in cold water, soaking for 6 minutes in hot water (100oC) followed by soaking for 24 hours in cold water, soaking for 30 minutes in H2SO4, torn of seedcoat, and torn of seedcoat and then soaking for 24 hours in cold water. Laboratory Germination method were top of paper (TP), between paper (BP), and pleated paper (PP) test. Whereas growing media used in greenhouse were top soil, sand, a mixture of top soil and sand (1:1/v:v), and cocopeat. The results showed that to maintain the viability of A. crassicarpa improved seed required the best pretreatment technique and germination methods were (1) in laboratory used combine between torn of seedcoat and top of paper. In this method, the percent of seed germination reached 96 %, and (2) in greenhouse used combine between torn of seedcoat and cocopeat. In this method, the percent of seed germination reached 88 %.