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RESUMEN Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos. En primer lugar estudiar los efectos que tiene disputar un partido de la Liga de Campeones sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en la Liga Española en esa misma semana. En segundo lugar, verificar si la probabilidad de ganar frente a perder en la Liga Española es mayor o no para los equipos con experiencia en la Liga de Campeones frente a aquellos otros conjuntos que disputan por primera vez esta competición. La muestra consiste en 184 partidos de la Liga Española de Fútbol jugados por los equipos que se encontraban simultáneamente disputando la primera fase de la Liga de Campeones en las temporadas 2003-2004, 2004-2005 y 2005-2006. Los datos utilizados en la investigación han sido tomados de la página oficial de la Liga de Campeones, de la Liga Española y suministrados por GECA SPORT. De acuerdo con los resultados de la estimación de un modelo logit multinomial, disputar un partido de la Liga de Campeones durante la semana de competición no reduce la probabilidad de los equipos de ganar frente a perder en el partido de la Liga Nacional. Incluso tiene un efecto positivo para los equipos debutantes en la competición europea: cuando juegan durante la semana tienen más probabilidades de ganar en la Liga Nacional (p Palabras clave: resultado, fútbol, Liga de Campeones. logit multinomial, Liga Española ABSTRACT This paper has two goals. First, studying the impact of playing in the Champions League on the results in the Spanish League. Second, analyzing whether being a beginner team in the Champions League is a relevant variable in explaining the impact of playing in the Champions League on the results in the Spanish League. The empirical analysis is based on data from 184 matches in the Spanish Soccer League for those teams playing at the same time both competitions. Data used in the research were given by GECA SPORT and taken from the official site of the Champions League and the Spanish League. According to the estimation of a mutinomial logit model, playing in the Champions League has no a statistically significant impact on the probability of winning a given match in the Spanish League. On the contrary, it has a positive effect for beginner teams in the Champions League: their probability of winning a given match is higher in those weeks when they play in the Champions League (p Key words: result, soccer, Champions League, logit multinomial, Spanish Soccer League

RESUMEN En este artículo se ha estimado cuál es el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en la Liga Española de Fútbol. La muestra consiste en los 276 cambios de entrenador que se han producido entre las temporadas 1997-1998 y 2006-2007 en la Liga Española de Fútbol de Primera y Segunda División. Mediante diferentes análisis basados en la regresión lineal y la comparación de medias se concluye que los equipos que cambian de entrenador consiguen más puntos en la competición en comparación con los resultados alcanzados por el entrenador cesado. Además se ha verificado que este efecto ganador de los entrenadores nuevos no tiene una influencia lineal a lo largo del tiempo. A medida que se suceden las jornadas, el efecto positivo del cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos se reduce progresivamente hasta llegar a anularse. Finalmente, se ha comprobado como el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos no es diferente cuando se comparan la Primera y la Segunda División de la Liga Española de Fútbol. Palabras Clave:cambio de entrenador, fútbol, regresión lineal, resultado ABSTRACT In this paper, the impact of the coach´s change on the results obtained by teams in the Spanish Soccer League is analyzed. The empirical analysis is based on data from the 1997-1998 to the 2006-2007 seasons of the First and Second Spanish Soccer League. According to the estimations based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison test, the first conclusion is that teams with a new coach obtain more points in comparison with the results reached by the dismissed coach. Moreover, it has been verified that the winning effect of the new coach does not have a linear influence throughout the time. The positive effect of the coach's change on the result of teams diminishes progressively up to managing to be annulled. In other words, the higher the number of days the lower the impact of the winning effect of the new coaches. Finally, it has been verified that the effect of the coach´s change on the results of teams is not different when there are compared the First one and the Second Division of the Spanish Soccer League.Key Words:coach´s change, soccer, linear regression analysis, results.

In this paper, the impact of the coach´s change on the results obtained by teams in the Spanish Soccer League is analyzed. The empirical analysis is based on data from the 1997-1998 to the 2006-2007 seasons of the First and Second Spanish Soccer League. According to the estimations based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison test, the first conclusion is that teams with a new coach obtain more points in comparison with the results reached by the dismissed coach. Moreover, it has been verified that the winning effect of the new coach does not have a linear influence throughout the time. The positive effect of the coach's change on the result of teams diminishes progressively up to managing to be annulled. In other words, the higher the number of days the lower the impact of the winning effect of the new coaches. Finally, it has been verified that the effect of the coach´s change on the results of teams is not different when there are compared the First one and the Second Division of the Spanish Soccer League.Key Words:coach´s change, soccer, linear regression analysis, results.En este artículo se ha estimado cuál es el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en la Liga Española de Fútbol. La muestra consiste en los 276 cambios de entrenador que se han producido entre las temporadas 1997-1998 y 2006-2007 en la Liga Española de Fútbol de Primera y Segunda División. Mediante diferentes análisis basados en la regresión lineal y la comparación de medias se concluye que los equipos que cambian de entrenador consiguen más puntos en la competición en comparación con los resultados alcanzados por el entrenador cesado. Además se ha verificado que este efecto ganador de los entrenadores nuevos no tiene una influencia lineal a lo largo del tiempo. A medida que se suceden las jornadas, el efecto positivo del cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos se reduce progresivamente hasta llegar a anularse. Finalmente, se ha comprobado como el efecto que tiene el cambio de entrenador sobre el resultado de los equipos no es diferente cuando se comparan la Primera y la Segunda División de la Liga Española de Fútbol. Palabras Clave:cambio de entrenador, fútbol, regresión lineal, resultado

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of performance and chance on the results obtained by teams in football official competitions with different formats of competition. The research is based in data from 190 matches of the 2006/2007 Spanish Football League, 64 matches of the 2006 World Cup Germany and 125 matches of the 2005/20006 European Champions League. Performance is measured as the difference between shots attempted and shots received by a team in each game. Results from linear regression analysis show that in competitions with a league system, (Spanish Football League, first round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and first round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) performance is a statistically significant variable for explaining the results obtained by teams. In competitions with a Knock-Out system (second round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and second round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) there is not statistically significant differences in the performance obtained by winners and losers. I find that chance is a relevant variable for explaining the results of teams in competitions with a Knock-Out system. Key words:Schedukle of competition, peformance, chance, footballEl objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar cuál es el efecto del rendimiento y la suerte sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en competiciones oficiales de fútbol con diferentes formatos de competición. La muestra consiste en los 190 partidos disputados en la primera vuelta de la Liga Española de Fútbol de la temporada 2006-2007, los 64 partidos disputados en el Campeonato Mundia1 de Fútbol de Alemania 2006 y los 125 partidos de la Liga de Campeones de la temporada 2005-2006. Mediante una estimación basada en el análisis de regresión lineal y en la comparación de medias se concluye que en las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de liga (la Liga Española, la primera fase de la Liga de Campeones y la primera fase del Campeonato del Mundo) el azar puede tener relevancia para explicar el resultado de los equipos en un único partido o, a lo sumo, en un número muy limitado de ellos, pero que a partir de cierta cantidad de encuentros el rendimiento es determinante para dar cuenta de los puntos que alcanzan los conjuntos. En las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de eliminación directa (la segunda fase de la Liga de Campeones y la segunda fase del Campeonato del Mundo), no se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el rendimiento de los equipos ganadores y perdedores. El azar puede ser un factor muy importante que influye en el resultado de las competiciones que se disputan bajo el formato de eliminación directa. Palabras clave: Formato de competición, rendimiento, azar, fútbol

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en analizar el impacto de un modelo de evaluación recíproca en el aprendizaje de los alumnos en deportes de equipo en contexto escolar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 48 alumnos divididos en un grupo experimental (24 sujetos) y un grupo control (24 sujetos) pertenecientes a dos cursos de 2º de la Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). La variable dependiente es aprendizaje alcanzado por los alumnos en los deportes de Baloncesto, Balonmano y Fútbol-sala en su conocimiento declarativo, la toma de decisión y la ejecución motriz de las habilidades técnico-tácticas. Para ello se utilizaron dos instrumentos adaptados del Games Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI): un cuestionario para medir el conocimiento declarativo y un formato de campo para analizar a través de la observación la toma de decisiones y la ejecución de las habilidades en situaciones de juego. En la comparación entre el grupo experimental y el grupo control en el desarrollo de tres unidades didácticas de Baloncesto, Balonmano y Fútbol-sala, el grupo experimental (aquel que realizó la evaluación recíproca) mejoró significativamente más que el grupo control en todos los indicadores evaluados. La evaluación recíproca de los alumnos permitió mejorar el aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo y parece constituirse como un instrumento de aprendizaje muy útil en la enseñanza de la educación física Palabras Clave: Evaluación recíproca, deportes de equipo, toma de decisión, ejecución de habilidades, educación física. ABSTRACT Evaluating students´ performance in team sports at school is a problem many investigators have faced. Our study has aimed to build, to apply and to verify the effectiveness, in students´ learning, an adaptation of the Assessment Process of Performance in team sports (GPAI), created by Oslin, Mitchell and Griffin (1998) to be used in the Physical Education subject at school. The sample consisted of 48 pupils divides into an experimental group (24 pupils) and a control group (24 pupils) belonging to the second year of the Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). The dependent variable was the performance obtained by pupils in their declarative knowledge, general game performance decision making and skill execution. As assessment instruments were used the written questionnaire, to evaluate pupils´ declarative knowledge and the observation of pupils´ performance in a game situation by a team of three experts to check the levels of qualify in decision making and the skill execution. Analysing the information differences were found in the results of an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group of pupils has been submitted to an observation program of their peer´ performance in game. We can verify statistically significant differences in the results of both groups in the following aspects: declarative knowledge, general game performance decision making and skill execution. These results achieved in the final evaluation were better in the experimental group. Key Words: Assessment, Physical Education, peer´ assessment, decision making, skill execution, team sports.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio consistió en examinar el efecto de la localización del partido, el nivel del oponente y el marcador sobre la actividad física de los jugadores en el fútbol de alto nivel. Para ello fueron analizados 27 partidos disputados por un equipo de fútbol profesional en la temporada 2005-2006 de la Liga Española de Fútbol de Primera División utilizando un sistema computerizado de análisis del juego. La variable dependiente consistió en la distancia cubierta por los jugadores a diferentes intensidades. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de regresión lineal que incorporó cuatro variables independientes: el marcador del partido, la localización del encuentro (casa o fuera), el nivel del oponente y el puesto específico de los jugadores. Los resultados indican que la distancia cubierta por los jugadores a diferentes intensidades estuvo influida por una o más variables contextuales, con la localización del partido y, sobre todo, el marcador como aspectos más relevantes. Los futbolistas recorrieron menos distancia a alta intensidad (>19.1 km/h) cuando tuvieron el marcador a favor que cuando iban perdiendo. Los jugadores que jugaron en casa cubrieron una distancia mayor que los visitantes a baja intensidad (< 14.1 km/h), pero no se apreciaron diferencias a media, submáxima o máxima intensidad .No hubo diferencias entre ningún puesto específico cuando se comparó la distancia cubierta a baja intensidad. Sin embargo, los delanteros y los interiores laterales cubrieron una distancia mayor que los defensas y los mediocentros a submáxima y máxima intensidad.Palabras Clave: análisis del juego, variables contextuales, fútbol. rendimiento físico. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of match location, quality of the opposition and match status on the work-rate of elite soccer player. Twenty-seven Spanish Premier League matches played by a professional soccer team were monitored in the 2005-2006 season using a multiple-camera match analyses system. Dependent variables were the distance covered by players at different intensities. Data were analyzed using a linear regression analysis with four independent variables: the match status, the match location, the quality of the opponent and the positional role of the players. The distance covered by players at different work intensities was influenced by situational variables, particularly by match location and match status. The top-class players performed less high-intensity activity (>19.1 km/h) when winning than when they were losing, but more distance was covered by walking and jogging when winning. The home teams covered a greater distance than away teams at low intensity (< 14.1 km/h), but no differences were found at medium, submaximal or maximal intensities. There were no differences between players of any position when comparing the distance covered at low intensities. However, at submaximal and maximal intensities external midfield players and forwards covered greater distances than defenders and central midfield players.Key Words: time-motion analysis, contextual factors, soccer, physical performance.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar cuál es el efecto del rendimiento y la suerte sobre el resultado alcanzado por los equipos en competiciones oficiales de fútbol con diferentes formatos de competición. La muestra consiste en los 190 partidos disputados en la primera vuelta de la Liga Española de Fútbol de la temporada 2006-2007, los 64 partidos disputados en el Campeonato Mundia1 de Fútbol de Alemania 2006 y los 125 partidos de la Liga de Campeones de la temporada 2005-2006. Mediante una estimación basada en el análisis de regresión lineal y en la comparación de medias se concluye que en las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de liga (la Liga Española, la primera fase de la Liga de Campeones y la primera fase del Campeonato del Mundo) el azar puede tener relevancia para explicar el resultado de los equipos en un único partido o, a lo sumo, en un número muy limitado de ellos, pero que a partir de cierta cantidad de encuentros el rendimiento es determinante para dar cuenta de los puntos que alcanzan los conjuntos. En las competiciones disputadas bajo el formato de eliminación directa (la segunda fase de la Liga de Campeones y la segunda fase del Campeonato del Mundo), no se han encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el rendimiento de los equipos ganadores y perdedores. El azar puede ser un factor muy importante que influye en el resultado de las competiciones que se disputan bajo el formato de eliminación directa. Palabras clave: Formato de competición, rendimiento, azar, fútbol ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of performance and chance on the results obtained by teams in football official competitions with different formats of competition. The research is based in data from 190 matches of the 2006/2007 Spanish Football League, 64 matches of the 2006 World Cup Germany and 125 matches of the 2005/20006 European Champions League. Performance is measured as the difference between shots attempted and shots received by a team in each game. Results from linear regression analysis show that in competitions with a league system, (Spanish Football League, first round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and first round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) performance is a statistically significant variable for explaining the results obtained by teams. In competitions with a Knock-Out system (second round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and second round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) there is not statistically significant differences in the performance obtained by winners and losers. I find that chance is a relevant variable for explaining the results of teams in competitions with a Knock-Out system. Key words:Schedukle of competition, peformance, chance, football

En este artículo se estudian los efectos del rendimiento y el azar en la posición que ocupan los equipos en la clasificación de la Liga Española de Fútbol en la temporada 2003-2004. Para ello, se utiliza una metodología basada en la regresión lineal y la comparación de medias. Los resultados empíricos sugieren que el azar puede tener relevancia para explicar el resultado de los equipos en un único partido, pero que a partir de cierta cantidad de encuentros el rendimiento es el factor determinante para dar cuenta de los puntos que alcanzan los conjuntos. PALABRAS CLAVE: azar, fútbol, rendimiento, resultadoIn this paper, the effects of performance and random in the position of each team in the Spanish Soccer League in the season 2003-2004 are analysed. The research is based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison tests. My findings lead me to conclude that hazard is a relevant variable for explaining the result of the teams in one only match. However, the higher the number of matches taken into account, the more important performance and the less random. KEY WORDS: random, performance, result, soccer

In this paper, the impact of the coach´s change on the results obtained by teams in the Spanish Soccer League is analyzed. The empirical analysis is based on data from the 1997-1998 to the 2006-2007 seasons of the First and Second Spanish Soccer League. According to the estimations based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison test, the first conclusion is that teams with a new coach obtain more points in comparison with the results reached by the dismissed coach. Moreover, it has been verified that the winning effect of the new coach does not have a linear influence throughout the time. The positive effect of the coach's change on the result of teams diminishes progressively up to managing to be annulled. In other words, the higher the number of days the lower the impact of the winning effect of the new coaches. Finally, it has been verified that the effect of the coach´s change on the results of teams is not different when there are compared the First one and the Second Division of the Spanish Soccer League. Key Words:coach´s change, soccer, linear regression analysis, results.

This paper has two goals. First, studying the impact of playing in the Champions League on the results in the Spanish League. Second, analyzing whether being a beginner team in the Champions League is a relevant variable in explaining the impact of playing in the Champions League on the results in the Spanish League. The empirical analysis is based on data from 184 matches in the Spanish Soccer League for those teams playing at the same time both competitions. Data used in the research were given by GECA SPORT and taken from the official site of the Champions League and the Spanish League. According to the estimation of a mutinomial logit model, playing in the Champions League has no a statistically significant impact on the probability of winning a given match in the Spanish League. On the contrary, it has a positive effect for beginner teams in the Champions League: their probability of winning a given match is higher in those weeks when they play in the Champions League (p

Evaluating students´ performance in team sports at school is a problem many investigators have faced. Our study has aimed to build, to apply and to verify the effectiveness, in students´ learning, an adaptation of the Assessment Process of Performance in team sports (GPAI), created by Oslin, Mitchell and Griffin (1998) to be used in the Physical Education subject at school. The sample consisted of 48 pupils divides into an experimental group (24 pupils) and a control group (24 pupils) belonging to the second year of the Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). The dependent variable was the performance obtained by pupils in their declarative knowledge, general game performance decision making and skill execution. As assessment instruments were used the written questionnaire, to evaluate pupils´ declarative knowledge and the observation of pupils´ performance in a game situation by a team of three experts to check the levels of qualify in decision making and the skill execution. Analysing the information differences were found in the results of an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group of pupils has been submitted to an observation program of their peer´ performance in game. We can verify statistically significant differences in the results of both groups in the following aspects: declarative knowledge, general game performance decision making and skill execution. These results achieved in the final evaluation were better in the experimental group. Key Words: Assessment, Physical Education, peer´ assessment, decision making, skill execution, team sports.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of match location, quality of the opposition and match status on the work-rate of elite soccer player. Twenty-seven Spanish Premier League matches played by a professional soccer team were monitored in the 2005-2006 season using a multiple-camera match analyses system. Dependent variables were the distance covered by players at different intensities. Data were analyzed using a linear regression analysis with four independent variables: the match status, the match location, the quality of the opponent and the positional role of the players. The distance covered by players at different work intensities was influenced by situational variables, particularly by match location and match status. The top-class players performed less high-intensity activity (>19.1 km/h) when winning than when they were losing, but more distance was covered by walking and jogging when winning. The home teams covered a greater distance than away teams at low intensity (< 14.1 km/h), but no differences were found at medium, submaximal or maximal intensities. There were no differences between players of any position when comparing the distance covered at low intensities. However, at submaximal and maximal intensities external midfield players and forwards covered greater distances than defenders and central midfield players. Key Words: time-motion analysis, contextual factors, soccer, physical performance.

In this paper, the effects of performance and random in the position of each team in the Spanish Soccer League in the season 2003-2004 are analysed. The research is based on linear regression analysis and mean comparison tests. My findings lead me to conclude that hazard is a relevant variable for explaining the result of the teams in one only match. However, the higher the number of matches taken into account, the more important performance and the less random. KEY WORDS: random, performance, result, soccer

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of performance and chance on the results obtained by teams in football official competitions with different formats of competition. The research is based in data from 190 matches of the 2006/2007 Spanish Football League, 64 matches of the 2006 World Cup Germany and 125 matches of the 2005/20006 European Champions League. Performance is measured as the difference between shots attempted and shots received by a team in each game. Results from linear regression analysis show that in competitions with a league system, (Spanish Football League, first round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and first round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) performance is a statistically significant variable for explaining the results obtained by teams. In competitions with a Knock-Out system (second round of the 2006 World Cup Germany and second round of the 2005/20006 European Champions League) there is not statistically significant differences in the performance obtained by winners and losers. I find that chance is a relevant variable for explaining the results of teams in competitions with a Knock-Out system. Key words:Schedukle of competition, peformance, chance, football