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The secondary runaway electrons generation is the process in which already existing high energy runaway electrons knock out thermal plasma electrons directly into the runaway region by close Coulomb collisions. Such knocked-on electrons are immediately accelerated to ultrarelativistic velocities, since in the runaway region the toroidal electric field force overcomes the collisional friction force with thermal plasma particles. The avalanche of runaway electrons with mega-electron-volt energy emerges, hit of which with the construction elements of large-scale tokamaks and future international tokamak ITER can lead to catastrophic consequences. Due to its importance, this phenomenon is being actively studied both theoretically and experimentally in leading thermonuclear fusion centers. It is known that during secondary generation, the value of the transversal component of knocked-on electrons momentum with respect to the confining magnetic field may be significantly higher than the longitudinal one: p⊥ >> p∥. Thus, conditions for knocked-on electron trapping in a non-uniform tokamak magnetic field occur (banana orbits). Such electrons can no longer be accelerated by the inducted toroidal electric field to high energies, avalanche formation is partially suppressed. The question is how long this population of knocked-on and trapped electrons exists. In the presented paper, it is shown the additional possibility of formation and existence of such long-lived banana orbits of suprathermal electrons under conditions of plasma MHD activity when MHD instability spikes induced the strong burst of the toroidal electric field that results in the abrupt growth in these knocked-on and trapped electrons. This phenomenon is considered for the recent low-density EAST (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China) tokamak quasistationary runaway discharges. Long-lived trapped electrons (p⊥ >> p∥) also have an influence on the intensity of ECE emission. The considered phenomenon is important for correct interpretation of the runaway experiments on present-day tokamaks.

Recently the possibility of resonant excitation of pressure perturbation by external helical magnetic perturbations near the rotating plasma edge was shown taking into consideration the finite plasma conductivity. In present paper the influence of the small safety factor variation on the pressure perturbation and on the plasma current response is studied. This phenomenon may explain the existence of the small window of safety factor values where ELMs were completely eliminated. The possibility to control the plasma current response to penetration of external helical resonant magnetic perturbations into the edge plasmas is shown. The investigation is carried out in the frame of one-fluid MHD.

The synchrotron radiation diagnostics allows a direct observation of the runaway electron beams and an analysis of their parameters. Strong oscillations of the instantaneous curvature radii of electron orbits were a characteristic feature of recent EAST and KSTAR tokamak runaway electron experiments. Incorrect analysis of synchrotron radiation spectra of runaway electrons was carried out by EAST team. In presented paper the detail theoretical analysis of the synchrotron radiation spectra of the runaway electrons which gyrate around their guiding centers in the curved magnetic field is presented for cases when the curvature radius of electron orbit oscillates strongly. Key parameter of the analysis is the ratio of the cyclotron rotation velocity to the velocity of the vertical centrifugal drift. This analysis is applied for correct calculations of synchrotron radiation spectra for EAST and KSTAR runaway electron parameters.