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ASEAN had created the ASEAN Regional Guidelines on Competition Policy and Handbook on Competition Policy and Law in ASEAN for Business as guides for assessment of the behaviour of business people in the industry and market. The Regional Guidelines “only” help member countries in increasing awareness of the importance of business competition policies. The execution of business competition is then left to the ASEAN member country, to be in accordance with national business competition policies. Meanwhile, the ASEAN Economic Community will allow business people in ASEAN countries to conduct business transactions in whichever country they prefer. Without clear regulations, businesspeople can freely carry out cross-border transactions that can disrupt the domestic market of each ASEAN member country. Differences in regulatory substances and the absence of competition law regulations in several ASEAN member countries will undoubtedly become a challenge for the application of competition laws by businesspeople in the ASEAN regional market. However, in relation to AFTA, the primary urgency is instead the realization of imposing tariffs of 0-5% by performing the harmonization of regulations in the field of Customs and the removal of other forms of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs). The removal of trade barriers is one of the things that are also regulated in competition law. This article is the result of normative juridical research that analyzes the differences in the substance of competition law in several ASEAN countries along with their juridical implications, to be able to evaluate the urgency of harmonizing legal regulations on business competition among the member countries of ASEAN.

This article described the effectiveness of limiting the age of marriage based on Act No.1 of 1974 about marriage. The method used empirical juridical or sociological juridical in Probolinggo Regency. The informants in this study were principles, teachers of Counseling Guid- ance, Heads of Religious Affairs Offices in Probolinggo District, and dropout students who under- age marriages. The results of the study showed that restrictions on marriage age have not been effective in the implementation domain. This fact showed from a large number of underage marriages conducted among the public. Factors causing marriage under age were: (1) community culture, matchmaking, (2) relationships that were too close in dating, (3) pregnancy outside marriage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v3i12018p100

This paper aim to analyze the legal implications of legal conflicts between Article 126 paragraph 1 and paragraph 3 of UUPT.Article 126 paragraph (1) of Law no. 40 of 2007 regarding Limited Liability Company (UUPT) states that the acquisition process should consider the interests of minority shareholders. But in article 126 paragraph (3) UUPT that the business undertaken by minority shareholders under Article 62 UUPT does not stop the acquisition process. It appears that the UUPT has not yet provided legal protection for minority shareholders and there is a legal conflict between Article 126 paragraph (1) of the Company Law which wishes to provide legal protection to minority shareholders and paragraph (3) of the article which illustrates that the shareholders' Minorities do not stop the acquisition process. By approach of legislation and case approach, the result is that there is no legal certainty over legal efforts by minority shareholders in using the voting rights in accordance with the shares they hold when the minority shareholders do not approve the acquisition. UUPT has not provided clear legal protection for minority shareholders so that in the process of acquisition of minority shareholders is impaired Abstrak : Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi hukum terhadap konflik hukum antara pasal 126 ayat 1 dan ayat 3 dari UUPT. Pasal 126 ayat (1) UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UUPT) menyatakan bahwa proses akuisisi harus memperhatikan kepentingan pemegang saham minoritas. Tetapi pada Pasal 126 ayat (3) UUPT tersebut menyatakan bahwa usaha yang dilakukan pemegang saham minoritas berdasarkan Pasal 62 UUPT tidak menghentikan proses akuisisi. Terlihat belum konsistennya UUPT memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang saham minoritas dan terlihat adanya konflik hukum antara Pasal 126 ayat (1) UUPT yang ingin memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada pemegang saham minoritas dan ayat (3) dari pasal tersebut yang menggambarkan bahwa upaya hukum yang dilakukan pemegang saham minoritas tidak menghentikan proses akuisisi. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus diperoleh hasil bahwa tidak adanya kepastian hukum atas upaya hukum yang dilakukan pemegang saham minoritas dalam menggunakan hak suara sesuai dengan saham yang dimilikinya ketika pemegang saham minoritas tidak menyetujui dilakukannya akuisisi. UUPT belum memberikan perlindungan hukum yang jelas bagi pemegang saham minoritas sehingga dalam proses akuisisi pemegang saham minoritas dirugikan DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v2i22017p115

Acquisition as a form of corporate restructuring that is carry out to overcome the situation of financial difficulties or improve the performance of the company as a whole or part of the business unit. In Article 126 paragraph 1 of Laws of the Republic of Indonesia number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company stated that the acquisition process should consider the interests of minority shareholders. However, sometimes acquisition decisions have already been decided in advance by the majority shareholder without involving minority shareholders. Based on this, this paper intends to analyze the form of legal protection for minority shareholders who are not involved in the acquisition process. Through the approach of legislation and case approach, it is found that Laws of the Republic of Indonesia number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company has not provided enough legal protection to minority shareholders. The decision-making process of acquisition in the General Meeting of Shareholders should be procedurally and substantively in accordance with Laws of the Republic of Indonesia number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company. It is intended that minority shareholders have the opportunity to exercise their voting rights even though they do not have to be the party controlling the company.

Based on the background, the formulation of the problem is: How is the legality of the act of receiving tax receipts by Land Titles Registrar (PPAT) as a public official and How juridical implications of PPAT who receive tax and income tax of Acquisition of Land and Building Rights (PPHTB) from taxpayers. The method used to examine these issues is normative legal research using a statute approach to examine legislation relating to legal issues under review. Based on the results of the research, the results obtained that the legality of accepting tax receipts by PPAT as public officials actually still does not exist, in other words has not established a definite rule that regulates the act of receiving tax receipts by PPAT. Then about juridical implication to PPAT which accept tax day income tax and BPHTB from taxpayer is even though the act have not have legal legality but its implementation still included in legitimate category because that action depart from habit that have been accepted and accepted by society. As long as there is no rule of law to realize the legality of this act then as long as it is also this habit will continue, although there is no guarantee of legal protection for this act but as long as it does not cause harm to anyone then considered not a problem Abstrak: Tujuan penulisan ini adalah mendeskripsikan legalitas perbuatan menerima kuasa menyetor pajak oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) selaku pejabat umum dan implikasi yuridis terhadap PPAT yang menerima penitipan Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) dan Bea Perolehan Hak Atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) dari wajib pajak. Metode yang digunakan untuk meneliti permasalahan tersebut adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan ( statute approach ) untuk menelaah peraturan perundang – undangan yang terkait dengan isu hukum yang sedang dikaji. Legalitas perbuatan menerima kuasa menyetor pajak oleh PPAT selaku pejabat publik sesungguhnya masih belum ada, dengan kata lain belum dibentuk suatu aturan pasti yang mengatur tentang perbuatan menerima kuasa menyetor pajak oleh PPAT. Kemudian tentang Implikasi yuridis terhadap PPAT yang menerima penitipan pajak PPh dan BPHTB dari wajib pajak adalah meskipun perbuatan tersebut belum memiliki legalitas hukum namun pelaksanaannya masih termasuk dalam kategori sah sebab perbuatan tersebut berangkat dari kebiasaan yang berlaku selama ini dan diterima oleh masyarakat. Selama belum ada aturan hukum untuk mewujudkan legalitas dari perbuatan ini maka selama itu pula kebiasaan ini akan terus berlanjut, walaupun tidak ada jaminan perlindungan hukum atas perbuatan ini tetapi selama tidak menimbulkan kerugian bagi siapapun maka dianggap tidak masalah DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v2i12017p018

Approach to the nature of illegal per se and rule of reason prohibition has long been applied in determining whether an act hinder competition or not. Competition law of Indonesia and Malaysia also implement a ban properties per se illegal or rule of reason, but did not mention explicitly in the formulation of laws and regulations. The unfirm arrangement model imposes a difficult responsibility for institution of business competition authorities to be able to precisely define the reference as a measure that should be used in assessing an anti-competitive act. This research is a normative law with legislation approach and comparative law. From the discussion, it was concluded that the application of the nature of illegal per se and rule of reason prohibition in Law No. 5 of 1999 and the Competition Act 2010 of Malaysia implemented through an assessment of how the result level of an anti-competitive actions capable of distorting the market and blocking, thus eliminating competition completely. Consideration was also made based on the alignment between normative rules in the Act with the basic theory of competition itself. Thus, the rule of law in the enforcement of competition law can be maintained. Key words: competition, per se illegal, rule of reasons Abstrak Baik pendekatan sifat larangan per se illegal maupun rule of reason telah lama diterapkan dalam menetapkan apakah suatu perbuatan menghambat persaingan ataukah tidak. Hukum Persaingan Indonesia dan Malaysia pun menerapkan sifat larangan per se illegal atau rule of reason namun tidak menyebutkan secara tegas dalam rumusan peraturan perundang-undangannya. Model pengaturan tidak secara tegas tersebut, telah membebankan sebuah tanggung jawab yang tidak mudah bagi lembaga otoritas persaingan usaha untuk mampu secara tepat mulai dari menentukan acuan sebagai ukuran yang harus digunakan dalam menilai sebuah perbuatan anti persaingan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum. dari hasil pembahasan disimpulkan, penerapan sifat larangan per se illegal ataukah rule of reason dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 dan Akta Persaingan 2010 Malaysia ialah selain melalui sebuah penilaian bagaimana tingkatan akibat dari sebuah perbuatan anti persaingan mampu mendistorsi pasar dan menghalangi hingga menghilangkan persaingan sama sekali. Pertimbangan juga di dasarkan kepada keselarasan antara peraturan normatif dalam Undang-Undang dengan teori dasar persaingan itu sendiri. Dengan demikian kepastian hukum dalam penegakan hukum persaingan dapat terus ditegakkan Kata kunci: persaingan, per se illegal dan rule of reason

Banks in the redit agreement use more standardized credit agreements, the use of standard contracts in the banking credit agreement is based on 2 (two) things, (1) The existence of unbalanced position (berganing position) between banks and the debtor, the bank has a more dominant position than the debtor. (2) There is an understanding of the principle of freedom of contract absolutely and indefinitely so that the bank has absolute freedom to determine the form and content of the agreement. So banks can freely to determine the form and contents of the agreement included in the clause of the terms of void wanprestasi arranged to include mengesaampinkan Article 1266 and Article 1267 Civil Code in the agreement. Whereas the provision of Article 1266 of the Civil Code provides that in the event that the revocation of the treaty must be requested by the court and the judge through the decision of the court may determine the types of compensation for the parties. Based on the background, then as for the formulation of the problem of writing is (1). Whether the inclusion of clause 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code in the credit agreement of the banking system has fulfilled the principle of equilibrium and justice. (2) What is the juridical implication of the inclusion of clauses which exclude Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code in the credit agreement pertaining to the debtor's right in the process of settling the interpretation as a condition of cancellation of the agreement. The research method used is normative juridical research. The result of this research is the waiver of Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code which regulates the waiprestasi void in the agreement and the types of indemnity is contrary to the principle of fairness and the principle of equilibrium. The principle of justice according to Rawls is that it is unfair to sacrifice the right of one or more persons only for the sake of greater economic gain and even justice must be understood as fairness, in the sense of "equality of positions and rights" not in the sense of "commonality of results" people, in other words justice as intended is justice that provides a guarantee of equality and rights between the bank as a creditor with the customer as a debtor in the credit agreement of the bank. As for the juridical implication of the inclusion of clauses that exclude Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code of credit agreement relating to the debtor's right in the process of settling the interpretation as a condition is to remove the legal rights as well as the debtor's legal efforts in seeking justice and the equilibrium position which is not dominant by the decision maker due to the unbounded imbalance of the parties to the agreement. The act of wanprestation brings consequences to the adversity of the disadvantaged party to prosecute the defendant to indemnify, so that by law it is expected that none of the parties will be harmed by the default.