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World production of pear occupies the second place after apple among pomes species of moderate climate. So far, production in Poland has been low, due to unfavourable climatic conditions, greater sensitivity of pear trees and flowers to frosts and frosts. Serious problems include storage, quick pear maturation, and high susceptibility to fruit bruising during handling. The attractiveness of pears is determined not only by their texture and colour, firmness, juicy flesh, but also by taste, aroma and nutritional value. The aim of the research was to determine and compare the susceptibility of the ‘Conference’ and ‘Lukasówka’ varieties, popular on our market, as well as the new varieties ‘Concord’ and ‘Amfora’, to fruit bruising. In the impact test applied in this study, a 25.68 g glass ball was dropped from a height of 20, 40 and 80 cm, obtaining energy of 0.5, 0.1 and 0.2 J. The impact method allows assessing the susceptibility of pears to bruises and allows the comparison of varieties. The fruits of the ‘Conference’ and ‘Concorde’ varieties showed less susceptibility to damage. ‘Conference’, ‘Concorde’ and ‘Lukasówka’ pears maintained well their condition after storing for four months in a cold store at 1.5°C and about 90% humidity. When comparing the amount of bruising under the influence of 0.2 J impact energy, after storage it was observed that the determined volume of bruising of ‘Concorde’ fruit (312.47 mm 3 ) was more than three times smaller than the volume of ‘Amfora’ bruising (1075.13 mm 3 ). ‘Concorde’ variety is a promising variety, due to its low susceptibility to bruising and resistance to mechanical damage, and also the highest content of extract and sugars in fruits.

Flower or fruitlet thinning is one of the cultural practices used for improving the fruit quality and regulation of yield. The effect of ATS (FloreduX), 6-BA (MaxCel) and metamitron (Brevis) on yield and some fruit characteristics of apple trees cv. Šampion/ M.9 T337 was evaluated. Chemical thinning agents were applied alone, as subsequent spraying or as a tank mixture. Due to the possibility of damage to flowers by the announced frosts, a preparation containing sea algae – Goëmar was added in some treatments. Thinning with only MaxCel resulted in an excessive reduction of the total yield expressed in the number of fruits and their mass, but using MaxCel after flower thinning with Floredux gave very good results. The total yield expressed in kg tree -1 was even bigger than in the control, but the share of fruits with diameter above 7.5 mm was much better. The most promising method of thinning apple trees cv. ‘Szampion’ was the use of MaxCel+Brevis, at fruitlets diameter of 10-12 mm. The yield expressed by the number of apples on a tree was much smaller than in the control, but total yield did not differ from the total yield of the control trees. Apples in this treatment were characterised by the highest mass and length, as well as large diameters. In the fruits of this treatment, there was no significant reduction in flesh firmness relative to the control, and they had the highest dry matter content.

A field experiment was carried out in Felin Experimental Farm (2019) in Lublin region (Poland) in order to determine the effect of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed meal (MSM) on weed density as well as on borage plant growth and yield under field cultivation. MSM scattered on soil surface at rates of 2 and 3 t ha−1 when weeds emerged and a day before emergence of borage did not affect the number of borage seedlings but caused transient growth stunting and chlorosis of cotyledons and first leaves. However, final plant height, yield of above-ground parts, mericarp dimensions and weight, content of oil in mericarps, and oil composition were not significantly affected by MSM treatment. At harvest, MSM had decomposed completely, supplying considerable amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium to the soil, but did not affect its pH or organic matter content. MSM suppressed weed density by 37%–46% during the period of highest sensivity of borage to weed competition. Among dominant weeds occurring in the experiment, Gnaphalium uliginosum and Stellaria media were the most susceptible to MSM, while Amaranthus retroflexus and Galinsoga ciliata were mildly susceptible, Echinochloa cruss-galli and Poa annua were less susceptible, and the least susceptible species was Capsella bursa-pastoris. Obtained results show that MSM may have value for early season weed suppression in borage cultivation.

Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2001–2003 na Wyżynie Sandomierskiej. W doświadczeniu oceniano wzrost i plonowanie drzew odmiany 'Szampion' po zastosowaniu ręcznego przerzedzania, które polegało na pozostawieniu określonej liczby zawiązków na drzewie po opadzie czerwcowym. Wykazano, że przerzedzanie zawiązków miało istotny wpływ na plonowanie. W warunkach Wyżyny Sandomierskiej uzyskano bardzo obfite plonowanie odmiany 'Szampion' (średnio 60,6–113,4 ton owoców z 1 ha). Najwyższe plony uzyskano z drzew kontrolnych i z drzew, na których pozostawiono po 150 zawiązków. Wzrost i produktywność drzew zależały od wieku i podkładki.

During transport, reloading and handling, apples are often damaged, among which bruises are the most common cause of permanent, visible changes in colour on the surface of the fruit. Discoloration of the apple skin affects the consumer assessment. The aim of the research was a parametric assessment of bruises colour on apple skin at shelf life, after impact loading at 0,74 J; 1,32 J, and 2,06 J. The tests were carried out on ‘Szampion Arno’ apples specifying lightness parameter L* and chromaticity parameters a* and b* in accordance with the CIE L*a* b* standard. It was observed that the brighter side of the base colour of fruit blended to a greater degree the changes of colour during the shelf life. In that period, the lightness parameter L * of the base colour decreased from 74.47 to 39.21, proving darkening of fruit, similarly to the yellow colour which decreased over the entire surface of the fruit, while the chromatic parameter a *, representing the red colour, rose from 6.8 to 29.68, so that darkening of flesh was visible on the opposite side. The darkening of bruises described by the lightness parameter L* on the blush of fruits was reduced to a lesser extent, from 41.28 to 27.82, and after 6 days of shelf life the differences between blush and bruises were invisible. The chromaticity parameter a* was also confirmed by the reduction of the red colour on the surface of the blush, in the range from 47.32 to 34.79, however, bruising was more visible on the base colour of fruit, as this parameter a * increased from 7.86 to 27.38. Generally, the colour of bruised apple on the surface of the blush was more even, however, after 2 days of shelf life, the base colour of apples evoked a negative quality assessment.

The research objective was assessment of growth and yielding of four cultivars of sweet cherry trees grafted on two rootstocks. The studies were carried out over the years 2011-2013 in the orchard located in the Sandomierska Upland area. The research material included four 3 to 5 years old sweet cherry trees of `Kordia`,`Regina`,`Summit`,`Vanda` cvs budded onto GiSelA 5 and Colt rootstocks. The growth of four sweet cherry cultivars estimated by the trunk cross-sectional area, volume of the crown, cropping efficiency coefficient and productivity of the crown significantly depended on a cultivar and rootstock type. On average, the ‘Summit’ cv. trees produced the significantly highest yields throughout the study period, whereas ‘Kordia’ and ‘Vanda’ the significantly lowest. The trees grafted on the GiSelA 5 rootstock had the significantly decreased trunk cross-sectional area and the crown volume together with significantly higher cropping efficiency coefficient, productivity of the crown and average yielding over the research period as compared to the trees developed on the Colt rootstock. The significantly highest fruit and stone weight was determined for the ‘Regina’ cv. The sweet cherry fruit of ‘Kordia’ and ‘Regina’ cultivars showed a significantly higher extract content as against the others. A rootstock type did not affect significantly sweet cherry fruit and stone weight, stone percentage in fruit or extract content

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of growth regulators on the quality of maidens of apples tree cv. ‘Szampion Reno’ cultivated on M.9 and M.26 rootstocks in the conditions of the Lublin Upland. Growth regulators in the form of AGRIMIX PRO and ASAHI SL preparations were applied to 6 youngest well-developed side buds together with leaves just under the growth cone of the guide, every year when the apple-tree maidens reached 80 cm in height. The use of AGRIMIX PRO had a significant beneficial effect on the maiden trunks, their height and branching degree, i.e. the number of lateral shoots, the average length of one shoot and the sum of length and the diameter of the rootstocks trunks only in 2015. As the dose of AGRIMIX PRO was increased, the number and sum of the length of the syruptic shoots significantly increased. The opposite significant relationship was demonstrated in the case of the height of the examined trees. The addition of the ASAHI SL growth regulator had a significant impact on the diameter of the tree trunks, height, number, mean length and sum of side shoots of maidens of apple tree cv. ‘Szampion Reno’. The type of rootstock significantly influenced the level of all growth and quality parameters examined, and the trees on the more strongly growing M.26 rootstock were thicker, taller and better branched than those growing on M.9. Weather conditions prevailing during the study had a significant impact on the growth and branching degree of plants assessed. Significantly the best quality parameters were obtained in the first year of research, and significantly the weakest in 2015.

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu nawozu dolistnego wyprodukowanego z zastosowaniem nanotechnologii na zdrowotność, wielkość i jakość plonu winorośli odmiany ‘Marechal Foch’. Badania przeprowadzono w 2014 r. w Winnicy Nobilis na Wyżynie Sandomierskiej (50°39'N; 21°34'E). Zastosowanie preparatu Complex PA opartego na nanotechnologii nie miało istotnego wpływu na liczbę i masę gron z jednego krzewu oraz na plon w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni. Owoce, których krzewy opryskiwano preparatem Complex PA, charakteryzowały się istotnie większą zawartością ekstraktu niż chronione metodą konwencjonalną, różnice te wyniosły ponad 2,5°Bx, tj. 11,4%. Oba programy ochrony, zarówno tradycyjny, jak i ten z użyciem nanotechnologii, skutecznie zapobiegły porażeniu gron i liści winorośli odmiany ‘Marechal Foch’ przez grzyby patogeniczne. Complex PA istotnie ograniczał ponadto występowanie nekroz fizjologicznych liści oraz istotnie zwiększał masę i powierzchnię liści krzewów badanej odmiany winorośli.

Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.) rootstock cuttings with 9–11 internodes were planted on April 10, 2014 in rows 50 cm apart and with 25-cm distance in the row, on well fertilized muck-peat soil containing 82.1% of organic matter with a pH of 5.9. Peppermint plants were sprayed once with an activated EM-1 preparation, then on two or three further occasions as follows: at 10 cm height (May 10), at branching stage (May 29), and during rapid growth (June 19). EM did not affect peppermint growth or yield. Yields of the fresh and dry herb were high (means: 15,563 and 2,661 kg ha−1, respectively) and characterized by a medium (1.85–1.90%) essential oil content in the dry herb. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the oil and its main components were menthol (53.1–58.5%), menthone (14.6–16.8%), isomenthone (6.3–6.7%), menthyl acetate (4.0–5.0%), germacrene D (2.3–3.4%), ß-caryophyllene (1.8–2.4%), viridiflorol (1.5–2.3%), and 1,8-cyneole (0.3–3.7%). EM did not affect the content of essential oil in the dry herb or the oil composition (except for 1,8-cyneole). Thirty-four days after planting, 22 weed species grew in the experimental plots and the dominant were common meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) accounting for 20% of total weed population, annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.) 17%, common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] 20%, creeping yellowcress [Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser] 8%, hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake] 7%, gallant soldiers (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) 6%, Canadian horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] 6%, common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5%, and annual nettle (Urtica urens L.) 5%. Other species occurred sporadically. The total number and fresh weight of weeds growing on 1 m2 were 412 and 246 g on plots treated with EM and 389 and 227 g on control plots, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant.

In a two-year field experiment, no-tillage cultivation using white mustard (Sinapis alba L. ‘Bardena’), 30 kg ha−1, as a cover crop did not influence emergence of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Czerwona Kula REW’) and had a favorable effect on emergence of carrot (Daucus carota L. ‘Berlikumer 2 – Perfekcja REW’). However, further growth of both vegetables was significantly slower under no-tillage cultivation. Both vegetables produced a higher yield of roots and the diameter of these roots was bigger under conventional cultivation. The effect of cultivation method on the content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in carrot and red beet leaves varied, while the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and total sugars was significantly higher in the roots of both vegetables harvested under no-tillage cultivation. The number of weeds growing on no-tilled plots covered with mustard mulch 4 weeks after seed sowing was lower by about 75%, but their fresh weight was higher more than 6 times in comparison to that under conventional cultivation. This was caused by the emergence of wintering and winter hardy weeds in places not covered by mustard plants in the autumn of the year preceding the cultivation of vegetables. Next year, they started to grow in the early spring and some of them produced a considerable amount of fresh weight and attained the flowering stage in the middle of April.

Over the period 2006–2009 in Lublin, a study was conducted to determine the effect of five types of rootstock: ‘Colt’, ‘F12/1’, sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), ‘GiSelA 5’ and ‘Piast’ mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.), on the growth and quality of maiden sweet cherry trees cv. ‘Regina’ in a commercial nursery. Based on the three-year average, rootstocks were shown to have a significant effect on the investigated quality characteristics of maiden sweet cherry trees. Trees budded on ‘Colt’ vegetative rootstock were characterized by strongest growth and best quality. In each year, they were thicker, higher and better branched than sweet cherries on the rootstock. Under the tested conditions, ‘GiSelA 5’ dwarf rootstock significantly reduced the growth and quality of budded sweet cherry trees in the nursery. During the period 2007–2009, no physiological incompatibility symptoms were observed ‘Regina’ sweet cherry cv. and ‘Piast’ seedling rootstocks. The growth of trees budded on ‘Piast’ mahaleb cherry was poorer than on ‘Colt’ clonal rootstock, but it was stronger than on ‘F12/1’ and Prunus avium L. rootstocks.

The present study was conducted during the period 2008–2011 in a production nursery without irrigation and established on grey-brown podzolic soil classified as soil class II. The study investigated the effect of regular flower removal on the growth and quality of bushes of the following rose (Rosa L.) varieties: a multi-flowered variety ‘Arthur Bell’ and a large-flowered variety ‘Burgund’. In the case of the multi-flowered variety ‘Arthur Bell’, flower removal was found to have a significant effect on the number and total length of shoots growing from the bud union in bushes. On the other hand, this practice was not shown to have an effect on the growth and quality of bushes of the large-flowered variety ‘Burgund’. In the case of bushes of the studied varieties budded on Rosa multiflora Thunb. rootstock, the study showed significant differences in plant growth and branching between years. In 2009, after spring frosts that damaged young shoots and as an effect of a lower amount of rainfall by about 60 mm during the growing season, a much worse quality of rose bushes was obtained than in the other years.

During the period 2006–2009 in Lublin, a study was conducted to determine the effect of five rootstocks: ‘Colt’, ‘F12/1’, sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), ‘GiSelA 5’, and ‘Piast’, on bud take in the cultivar ‘Regina’, the quality of budded trees and the efficiency of a sweet cherry tree nursery. The highest percentage of bud take in cherry trees cv. ‘Regina’ and the best efficiency of the sweet cherry tree nursery were obtained for the rootstocks ‘Piast’ and ‘Colt’. In two years during the three-year study period, the rootstock was found to significantly affect the efficiency of the sweet cherry tree nursery. When grafted on the rootstocks ‘Colt’ and ‘Piast’, a significantly higher percentage of trees met the requirements of the Polish Standard PN-R-67010 than on the clonal rootstock ‘GiSelA 5’. Under the tested conditions, the quality of maiden sweet cherry trees cv. ‘Regina’ grafted on the dwarfing rootstock ‘GiSelA 5’ was lowest.

Over a three-year period (1997-1999) investigations were conducted on the effect of 6 date of cut to the stub on tree trunk diameter, height and branching of sour cherry maidens in the nursery.On the Prunus mahaleb seedling rootstock were found no significant influen ce of the date between January, 15 - March, 30 of cut to the stub on growth of sour cherry maidens cv. ´Łutówka' (tree trunk diameter and branching) and efficiency of nursery. The date of cutting in 15 April decreased trunk diameter and percent of the first quality trees.

During seven years of study, only in 2001 year cv. Jonagold had significantly more flowers on the trees budded on M.9 rootstock than on M.26, and cv. Red Boskoop flowering was significantly stronger on M.26 than on M.9. During all period of observation, rootstocks did not influence significantly the flowering intensity of cv. Gloster. In orchard with hight density of trees (2460 szt. × ha-1), the first symptoms of irregularity of flowering were observed in the 8th year (1998) after plented. In 2002 year all trees in the experimental orchard did not flowered. In our condition the bevstyielding observed for diploidal cultivar Gloster.

The present study was conducted at the Felin Experi- mental Farm, belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, during the period 2005–2008. The experimental material consisted of maiden trees of sour cherry 'Łutówka' budded on seedlings of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) of unknown origin. The experiment evaluated the effect of four budding times: 15 July, 1 August, 15 August, and 1 September, on the quality of cherry trees in a nursery. The mean for the three years showed that budding time did not have a significant effect on the quality of cherry trees in the nursery. It was observed that the budding of mahaleb cherry performed on the two August dates (1st and 15th) had a more beneficial effect on the growth and branching of trees than the budding done on 15 July and 1 September. The quality of maiden cherry trees 'Łutówka' in the nursery was primarily dependent on weather conditions in a given growing season, which is evidenced by the significant differences between production cycles, high variation in the quantitative results in individual years, and the absence of significant differences in the mean for 2006–2008.

The studies concerning the effect of the times and the methods of budding on the growth of young cherry trees were conducted in the years 1997-2000 at Felin Experimental Farm of Lublin Agricultural University. The objects of investigations were the young cherry trees obtained as a result of budding of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings in the way by the chip budding-15th July and T-budding-on the 15th July and the 1st September. The used terms and budding methods did not affect the bud taking and the quality of cherry trees during three years studies. Chip budding of the sweet cherry on the 15th July was the most effective way of this seedling budding. Late budding-on the 1st September-did not change the efficiency of the nursery only in case of mahaleb cherry. The highest number-33 000 of the young trees, average per 1 ha was got as a result of the chip and "T" mahaleb cherry budding on the 1st September.

This study was conducted during the period 2006-2008 in the Faliszowice Vineyard in the Sandomierz Upland. The experiment evaluated yield quality of 'Einset Seedless' grape after the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) in the form of the growth regulator Arbostim 100 SL and 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) in the form of the growth regulator Betokson Super 050 SL. These growth regulators were applied during flowering by spraying the inflorescences or immersing them in whole at the following concentrations: 100 mg×L-1 GA3 - the treatment was performed once at full flowering (70-80% of open flowers); 50 mg×L-1 GA3 - the treatment was performed twice: at the beginning of flowering (20% of open flowers), and the second time at the end of flowering (80% of faded flowers); 50 mg×L-1 GA3 + 0.2% NOA - the treatment was performed once at full flowering; and 0.2% NOA - the treatment was performed once at full flowering. The study showed that the applied treatments had a beneficial effect on cluster and berry weight as well as on the number of berries per cluster in the grape variety 'Einset Seedless'. Gibberellic acid and the mixture of 50 mg×L-1 GA3 and 0.2% NOA were shown to have a significant effect on cluster and berry length; an exception were clusters and berries sprayed with 50 mg×L-1 GA3 whose length did not differ significantly compared to the control ones. The applied treatments slightly affected berry width in the grape variety under study. The growth regulators applied were found to have an adverse effect on extract content in 'Einset Seedless' fruit.

Siedmiotygodniową doniczkowaną i szczepioną grzybami mikoryzowymi rozsadę pomidora sadzono na glebie płowej w połowie maja i prowadzono na jeden pęd przy palikach do 28 sierpnia. Mikoryzacja nie miała wpływu na długość i średnicę pędu ani na zawartość azotu, fosforu, potasu, wapnia i magnezu w suchej masie liści pomidora. Nie miała również wpływu na przebieg owocowania pomidora, porażenie roślin przez zarazę ziemniaka, wielkość i strukturę plonu owoców ani na świeżą masę i średnicę owocu handlowego. Owoce zebrane z roślin inokulowanych zawierały więcej cukrów ogółem, cukrów prostych i kwasu L-askorbinowego, a ponadto ich kwasowość była większa niż owoców wytworzonych przez rośliny nieinokulowane. Zawartość suchej masy, chlorofilu całkowitego oraz karetonoidów nie różniła się istotnie.