1. Impact of demand flexibility and tiered resilience on solar photovoltaic adoption in humanitarian settlements.
- Author
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Ray, Manojit and Chakraborty, Basab
- Subjects
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POWER purchase agreements , *ON-chip charge pumps , *PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation , *SOLAR energy , *CLEAN energy , *COLLABORATIVE consumption , *REFUGEE camps - Abstract
Globally, about 80 million people are forcibly displaced. Many of them live in dark camps without electricity. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees-managed camp administration commonly provides water to camp residents using polluting diesel generators. Moreover, inadequate cooking energy forces refugees to use unsustainable firewood or skip meals. Solar photovoltaic is increasingly surfacing as an alternative for water pumping. Additionally, it could support all camp-essentials. However, initial high investment impedes the solar photovoltaic proliferation in camps and hinders the United Nations' plan to adopt clean energy in operations. Embracing power purchase agreements may shift the upfront investment to an energy service company though energy remains expensive with supply-focused agreement-crafting. Incorporating demand flexibility and tiered resilience in energy system design may lessen investment and improve utilisation. This study investigates the impact of consumer-integrated power purchase agreement-crafting to economically power camps with solar photovoltaic. Results show solar photovoltaics can power humanitarian settlements while leveraging collaborative consumption to power higher-tier requiring devices with lower-tier photovoltaic supply. Moreover, Solar photovoltaic generation can inexpensively power e-cooking, water pumping, illumination, community essentials, and critical resilience in a refugee camp with a substantial reduction in annual energy charge for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. • Refugee camps pump water with diesel generator and cook with firewood. • Powering all necessities of refugee camps require high-tier supply provision. • Photovoltaic generation to power all camp necessities is investment intensive. • Collaborative consumption can reduce access-tier and investment necessity. • Consumer integrated solar power purchase agreement can be economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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