Search

The objective of this study was the evaluation of feasibility of producing particleboard for general use using cotton gin waste generated in Argentina and urea formaldehyde resin. The chemical composition and size distribution of particles of the ginning residue as well as mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards obtained were investigated. Density and flexural strength of particleboards produced with varying levels of urea-formaldehyde resin between 8.3 and 19.3% (solid to solid ratio) were evaluated. The effect of incorporating jute reinforcement on the mechanical properties of these boards was also analyzed. Particle boards with densities between 530 and 700 kg/m3 and variable flexural strength between 0.30 and 5.85 MPa were obtained, allowing the minimum levels required for low-density boards to be reached.

Issues of the development of the technology for the manufacture of wood particle board obtained with the use of a thermoreactive (rezole) modified phenol–formaldehyde binder are considered, and the properties of the obtained particle boards are also studied.

The development of engineering materials has increased its use in various fields. The engineering material is particleboard made from areca fiber which is processed with technology. Areca fiber as waste has the potential to be used as an engineering material. The purpose of this study was to obtain the characteristics of the particleboard following the quality standards of JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 03-2105-2006. The process of making particleboard by mixing particles of areca fiber and adhesive then compacting it. The adhesives used are tapioca and gambier. The concentration of areca fiber particles is 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60%. From this research, it was found that the characteristics of the particleboard using tapioca adhesive according to the quality standard and the gambier adhesive particle board did not meet the standard quality. This particleboard can be used as a raw material for making interior furniture instead of wood.

Papan partikel merupakan komposit yang tersusun dari filler (penguat) dan matriks (pengikat). Papan partikel dapat dibuat dari bahan limbah pertanian yang mengandung selulosa seperti tempurung kelapa. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah tempurung kelapa sebagai filler dan resin epoksi (RE) sebagai matriks. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan ukuran partikel tempurung kelapa (60, 80, 100 dan 120 mesh) dan komposisi filler tempurung kelapa:perekat RE (70:30, 75:25, 80:20, dan 85:15 vol.%) untuk memperoleh sifat mekanik yang terbaik. Sifat mekanik yang diuji adalah modulus of elasticity , modulus of rupture , dan kuat tekan. Sifat mekanik papan partikel diuji sesuai standar ASTM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat mekanik menurun dengan bertambahnya komposisi tempurung kelapa. Namun sifat mekanik meningkat dengan mengecilnya ukuran partikel dari 60 ke 120 mesh. Papan partikel yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan ANSI untuk ukuran partikel 120 mesh, komposisi tempurung kelapa 80 vol.%, dan RE 20 vol.%. Abstract. Particle board is a composite composed of filler (reinforcement) and a matrix (binder). Particle board can be made of agricultural waste material containing cellulose such as a coconut shell. This study used coconut shell particles as a filler and epoxy resin (RE) as a matrix. The research was conducted by varying the particle size of coconut shells (60, 80, 100 and 120 mesh) and the composition of coconut shell fillers:RE adhesive (70:30, 75:25, 80:20, and 85:15 vol.%) to obtain the best mechanical properties. The mechanical properties tested were modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and compressive strength. Particleboard was tested according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the mechanical properties decreased with increasing coconut shell composition. However, the mechanical properties increased as the particle size decreased from 60 to 120 mesh. The resulting particle board meets ANSI requirements for a particle size of 120 mesh, 80 vol.% of coconut shell composition, and 20 vol.% of RE. Keywords : Coconut Shell , Epoxy Resin, Mechanical Properties , Particle Board

The research aims producing fire-resistant particle boards using different types of highly combustible agricultural residues. The some mechanical propertiesparametersincluded modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity while physical properties were water absorption, swelling thickness, mass loss, ignition, glowing time, width and length of the burnt area. Particleboards variables were adhesives (urea formaldehyde ratio of 10%, sodium silicates and paraffin wax ratio of 5%,hardener (ammonium chloride) and fire-retardant (a mixture of di-ammonium phosphate and boric acid is nontoxic ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %. All above carried out under four press temperature (100,120,140,160 C°), four thicknesses of 14,16,18 and 20mm and four agricultural residues cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw and sawdust. The manufactured boards were tested according to TS-EN standards. The results recorded that the maximum modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of 4750 and 28.5 N/mm2 respectively were obtained using cotton-stalk particle boards, pressing temperature of 140 °C and particle board thickness of 14 mm. The maximum averages water absorption percentage after 2 and 24 h was 28 and 73% respectively and the maximum averages swelling percentage after 2 and 24 h was 22.3 and 33.7 % respectively, were obtained using rice-straw particle boards under pressing temperature of 100 °C and particle board thickness of 20 mm. The most fire-retarding properties were improved with the increase in fire-retarding-content up-to 15 %. Higher amounts resulted in decreasing of the fire-retarding properties.

Traditional particle board can generate harmful indoor air emissions due to the volatile resin-based compounds present. This study investigated the preparation of sawdust particle board using the novel ionic liquid based fusion approach with [EMIM]OAc. The dissolution parameters were investigated using the thermal optical microscopy technique. The particle board sheets were prepared by hot pressing sawdust in the presence of ionic liquid (IL) ([EMIM]OAc) and subsequently purifying the fusion sawdust matrix from the IL with methanol. The fusion process of the sawdust particles was analysed with SEM and mechanical testing. The raw materials and the produced materials were investigated with elemental analysis, FTIR, and 13C-SS-NMR. IL fusion of the sawdust required a temperature above 150 °C, similar to the glass transition temperature (tg) of lignin. At lower temperatures, strong particle fusion was not obtained. It was observed that the sawdust/IL weight ratio was an important parameter of the fusion process, and a 1:3 weight ratio resulted in the strongest particle boards with a tensile strength of up to 10 MPa, similar to commercial particle boards. The particle fusion process was also studied with a twin-screw extruder. The extrusion enhanced the fusion of the sawdust particles by increasing dissolution of the sawdust particles, which was subsequently seen in elevated tensile strength (20 MPa). The study provides a practical view of how sawdust-based particle board can be manufactured using ionic liquid-based fusion.

The increase in demand for wood for various purposes has put serious pressure on Nigeria’s forest with its attendant fall in the supply of solid wood for construction purposes. As an alternative, non-woody material like banana stem fibre is being investigated for the production of Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB). The sorption and strength properties of CBPB from Musa spp fibre were assessed. The board samples were formed using cement to materials mixing ration of 2:1 and 3:1 and blending proportions of sawdust and banana fibre using ordinary Portland cement as a binder. Physical and Mechanical properties of boards produced from stem using were investigated. The influence of blending proportion (B.P) and mixing ratio (MR) on Density, Water Absorption (WA), Thickness Swelling (TS), Linear Expansion, Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were determined. The results of sorption properties showed that for immersion at 24, 48, and 72 hours, WA, TS, and LE decreased with an increase in mixing ratio. MOE mean values ranged between 293.65 and 2367.01 N/mm2 for 2:1 and 250.99 and 2009.28 N/mm2 for 3:1 while MOR values ranged between 2.55 and 7.592 N/mm2 for 2:1 and ranged from 0.55 to 1.40 N/mm2 for 3:1 respectively. The result proved that banana fibre is suitable for the production of panel products with enhanced strength properties.

Burning rice straw particles is a problem for generating atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) in Thailand. Increase in value-added rice straw such as production of rice straw particle board is an attractively promising product. The prevulcanized natural rubber-bonded rice straw particles using bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphide (Si-69) acting as silane coupling agents were used to produce rice straw particle board. The effect of Si-69 concentrations of 2, 5, 7, and 10%w/v on the properties of rice straw particle board was investigated. The surfaces of treated rice straw particles were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding (IB) thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of the prepared samples were measured. The result illustrated that the rice straw particle board was successfully manufactured using prevulcanized natural rubber and Si-69 coupling agent. The rice straw surface was fully covered by Si-69 and the amount of silicon and sulphur elements were increased with increasing Si-69 concentration. Consequently, the IB, MOR and MOE of the rice straw particle tended to increase with increasing Si-69 concentration. This is possibly due to good interfacial adhesion and reasonable stress transfer between rice straw particles and prevulcanized natural rubber as well as higher crosslink density of prevulcanized natural rubber. On the other hand, TS and WA of the rice straw particle were sharply decreased with increasing Si-69 concentration because the rice straw surface may be partially covered by the hydrophobic parts of Si-69.

The use of coconut husk sawdust and tomato stem particles at varying blending proportion was examined for the production of particle board. Boards of dimensions 350 mm by 350 mm by 6 mm were produced (coconut husk dust, tomato stem particles) at different blending proportion and addition of additive (CaCl2 at different concentrations). The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) were investigated. Thickness swelling and water absorption were investigated at 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that boards exhibited mean values of 0.50% to 4.16% and 2.12% to 7.00% respectively of thickness swelling at 24 hours and 48 hours respectively and 13.6% to 25.2% and 17.6% to 29.1% of water absorption at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The boards also exhibited means of 1.00 N/mm2 to 5.25 N/mm2 and 339 N/mm2 to 3430 N/mm2 for MOR and MOE respectively. An increase in the tomato particle content caused increase in water absorption and thickness swelling, resulting in the highest water absorption and thickness swelling values. Tomato stem and coconut husk dust can be used to produce cement bonded boards after pre-treatment with hot water and preferably both sieved.

This study investigated the dimensional stability and strength properties of plastic bonded composites produced from wood waste particles and polyethylene using extruder. The composites were produced from wood species such as such as: Triplochiton scleroxylon, Terminalia superba and Gmelina arborea at a mixing proportion of 60:40 (plastic/wood) on a weight by weight basis. Evaluation of properties was carried out in accordance with the American Standard Testing Methods of 570 and 790 to determine the dimensional stability and strength properties of the composites. The results of findings revealed that water absorption and thickness swelling of the wood composites ranged from 10.08% to 15.36% and 4.33% to 5.58% respectively after 24hours and 48hours immersion in water. Tensile strength also ranged between 29.4MPa and 45.6MPa. Composite board made from T. superba wood particles had the lowest significant water absorption (10.08%), thickness swelling (4.33%) and highest significant tensile strength (45.6MPa) compared to composites produced from G. arborea and T. scleroxylon wood particles. It was observed that high density wood species exhibit lower water intake, lower thickness swelling and higher tensile strength, while the contrary is the case for lower density wood species. In conclusion, the three tree species used for the study could be recommended for the production of wood composite like particle board, fibre board, wood cement boards and others.

Global warming primarily due to deforestation has led to the development of new materials to substitute felling of trees by wood-based industries. The utilisation of wood chips and cassava starch for the production of particle board was the thrust of this research. The chip sizes of 0.85 and 1.7 mm, dosage and types of binders (cassava starch, urea formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde modified cassava starch) were the variables. The ratio of wood chips to the binders was 1.0:1.5. Theboards were formed in rectangular moulds. Water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural tests and material characterisation (using scanning electron microscope (SEM)) were carried out. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance. The result obtained was subjected to analysis of variance. The particleboards produced with modified cassava starch had the best mechanical properties with the modulus of elasticity (MOE) ranging from 5.90 to 32.32 N/mm2but had a higher thickness swelling values ranging from 3 to 59.37%. There was a significant difference (p

The transition towards a bio-based economy increases the demand for wood biomass. The increasing use of wood as raw material for paper, building materials and energy production results in increasing prices. Other types of biomass, e.g. reed released in nature conservation practice, could provide an alternative for the use of wood in e.g. particle boards. Particle board production plants have a relatively small capacity compared to e.g. pulping facilities for paper production. Combined with the high transportation costs of alternative fiber sources, due to low bulk density, the use of locally available raw material for particle board production is economically essential. In several countries wheat straw-based particle board material is currently produced using MDI-glue. Because of the high price of wheat straw in the Netherlands, other raw materials are of interest. Reed is a possible alternative, as large amounts of reed can be made available through nature conservation practice. Currently the value of this reed is negative and burning in nature is no longer allowed. Natuurmonumenten together with DSM, intends to convert the biomass released in nature conservation practice (ca. 175.000 t/y reed, grass, straw and woody biomass) into high quality feedstock for the bioeconomy and to contribute in this way to an enhanced sustainability of The Netherlands. This project investigates the technical and economic feasibility of using reed and a new (partially) bio-based resin in the production of fiber composite boards.

Tobacco is an important commodity in the economy in Indonesia. Tobacco stems are worthless waste. Tobacco stems contain 56.10% cellulose, making it high potential as a particle board raw material. The process of making particleboard that affects quality is the pressing process during printing. Greater pressure printing presses make bonds between particles stronger. Strong bonding between particles is intended so that the board does not change during storage. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of particleboard in various variations of printing pressure load and storage time and to find out the best treatment as a recommendation in the manufacture of tobacco stem particleboard. The research method was factorial CRD with a combination of treatments between 2 factors namely printing load (4 kg and 8 kg) and storage time (0, 12, and 24 days). The results showed 1.13 - 1.25 g.cm-3 for the density value, water content 4.97 - 12.57%, and water absorption 240.03 - 208.00%. MOE and MOR values ​​were 16000.13 - 36222.77 kgf. cm-2 and 824.47 - 1697.83 kgf.cm-2. The recommended treatment load is 8 kg printing pressure with 12 days of storage time.

Particles of dried corn cobs were employed for manufacture of cement bonded particleboards. Two types of clay soil (red and white) were used as supplement with cement to manufacture cement bonded particleboards. The production of the boards was done at varying proportions of 50/50/0, 50/40/10, 50/30/20, 50/20/30, 50/10/40 and 50/0/50 for (corn/cement/clay) in weight to weight basis while the other considerable production factors like nominal density and curing agent percentage remained constant at 1.30 g/cm3 and 3%. The chemical composition of the soil such as pH, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, and exchangeable bases were determined. Its impact on physical and mechanical properties such as density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were also investigated The results of the analysis of variance shows that all considerable production factors for the cement bonded particleboards were significant at 5% level of probability except clay soil type for density. The results show that cement bonded particleboard made of red clay soil with higher content of exchangeable bases proves better outstanding performance in density, strength and dimensional properties than the white clay soil. Among the cement bonded particleboards made at varying proportions. It was discovered that boards of 50/20/30 (corn/cement/clay) had better strength properties than others. Also, the boards made at the proportions of 50/40/10, 50/10/40 and 50/30/20 (corn/cement/clay) were better dimensionally stabled in moisture exposure but weak in strength. The outcome of this study may serve as a guideline for any manufacturer who intends to use clay soil as supplement for production of particleboards. Keywords: Cement, particleboard, clay soil, corn cobs, strength, variance

scientific and technological bases of receiving vitreous coverings on wood with use of a torch of low-temperature plasma are developed. Before plasma dusting of glass powders by grain structure 60-120mkm, the special protective coating protecting chipboard from destruction at high-temperature influence of a plasma stream on a front surface of the wood particle board (WPB) was applied. The structure of an intermediate protective coating including mix of a fine-grained glass powder and liquid glass is developed. Preliminary drawing an intermediate protective layer provides several consecutive technological operations. For receiving vitreous coverings fight of colored and colourless glass are used which was previously ground in spherical porcelain mills. Optimum process parameters of plasma dusting of glass powder on the front surface of chipboard are developed. Optimum parameters of plasma melting is: current - 800A; operating voltage – 30B, a consumption of plasma-forming gas of argon 2m3/h. Operational and aesthetic-consumer properties of vitreous protective and decorative coverings are investigated. It is established that vitreous protective and decorative coverings have the high durability of coupling with an intermediate protective layer. The received vitreous protective and decorative coverings on the basis of colored and colourless glass have the high water resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, as well as microhardness and high aesthetic performance. The technology is recommended for widespread industrial introduction.

The current research focuses on the utilization of branches and twigs of surian as raw material for making composite boards in an effort to utilize the waste part of surian stem wood waste. The types of particle board and oriented strand board were bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) of 10% resin content. Variations of board density and board types were focused in this research. The boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The results showed that the density of the board affected the physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. Strand boards were better than particle boards with regard to mechanical properties. Physical properties that met the testing standards were moisture content, density, water absorption and thickness swell for both after soaking 2 h in water, while for the mechanical properties test, only modulus of elasticity (MOE) met the standards. However, for further study, it seemed that generally this initial study informed that it was possible to make composite boards from the raw materials, both branches and twigs, with the additional treatment such as changing the size of particles and strands that could improve the properties of the board.

An experimental investigation into the behaviour of connections between cold-formed steel and timber components, formed with inclined screws, is presented. A series of material tests was firstly carried out to assess the behaviour and limitations of each component of the system under investigation. These were supplemented by three types of interaction test: timber embedment, screw head pull-through and screw thread withdrawal, all aimed at developing a better understanding of the behaviour of the different components of the connection. The slip modulus and peak load-carrying capacity of twelve connection configurations were determined through a series of push-out tests. The results obtained were compared to the typical benchmark arrangement in which the screws were driven in perpendicular to the steel-timber interface. Component variations included the type of timber – particle board and plywood, the thickness of the steel – 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm thick, the inclination of the screws – 0° and 45°, and the presence or not of wings on the screws. The results showed that non-winged screws inclined at 45° gave up to about a 30% increase in peak load-carrying capacity and about a 140% increase in slip modulus when compared to the reference specimen.

Addition of mineral filler in the surface layer of three-layer particle board and its influence on material properties was studied as a function of filler content. Three-layer particle board with a...

Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh komposisi massa papan partikel berlapis dari batang pisang dan tempurung kelapa terhadap sifat fisis dan mekanis papan partikel perekat resin epoksi. Pembuatan komposit papan partikel berlapis untuk menganalisis pengaruh variasi massa batang pisang, tempurung kelapa dan resin epoksi terhadap sifat fisis dan sifat mekanis papan. Komposisi variasi massa batang pisang: tempurung kelapa 70%:0%, 52,5%:17,5%, 35%:35%, 17,5%:52,5%, dan 0%:70%, dan komposisi resin yang konstan yaitu 30 %. Penelitian ini menggunakan ukuran partikel batang pisang lolos ayakan 50 mesh, dan tempurung kelapa lolos ayakan 100 mesh. Hasil uji sifat fisis komposit papan partikel untuk densitas didapatkan nilai terendah yaitu 0,89 g/cm3 yaitu pada komposisi 70:0, sedangkan nilai tertinggi densitas yaitu 1,19 g/cm3 pada komposisi 17,5:52,5. Nilai kadar air yang terendah 2% yaitu pada komposisi 35:35, sedangkan untuk nilai kadar air tertinggi 2,67% yaitu pada komposisi 0:70. Kemudian untuk nilai daya serap air didapatkan nilai terendah 32,46% yaitu pada komposisi 0:70, sedangkan nilai tertinggi daya serap air 48,63% pada komposisi 70:0. Dari uji sifat fisis yang telah dilakukan densitas, kadar air, dan daya serap air berpengaruh terhadap komposisi massa batang pisang dan tempurung kelapa yang dihasilkan. Sementara berdasarkan uji sifat mekanis Modulus of Rupture (MOR) didapatkan nilai terendah 47,26 kg/cm2 pada komposisi 35:35, sedang kan nolai tertinggi MOR yang didapatkan 79,69 kg/cm2 pada komposisi 70:0. Nilai Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) terendah 1484,60 kg/cm2 pada komposisi 17,5:52,5, sedangkan nilai MOE tertinggi 3104,95 kg/cm2 pada komposisi 52,5:17,5. Uji sifat mekanik komposisi massa papan partikel batang pisang dan tempurung kelapa berpengaruh terhadap nilai Modulus of Rupture (MOR) dan Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) yang dihasilkan. The Research to analyze the effect composition of layered particle board mass of banana stems and coconut shells on the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resins adhesive particle boards. The manufacture of layered particle board composites intended for analyzing the effect of mass variations of banana stems, coconut shell and epoxy resin on physical and mechanical properties of the board. Variations in mass of banana stems: coconut shell 70%:0%, 52.5%:17.5%, 35%:35%, 17,5%:52,5%, 0%:70%, and a constant variation of resin that is 30%. This research uses a particle size of banana trunks to pass 50 mesh sieve, and coconut shells to pass 100 mesh-sieve. The results of the physical properties of particle board composites for the density obtained the lowest value of 0.89 g / cm3 at the composition of 70: 0, while the highest value of density is 1.19 g / cm3 at the composition of 17.5: 52.5. The lowest water content value is 2%, which is in the composition of 35:35, while the highest value of water content is 2.67%, which is in the composition of 0:70. Then for the value of water absorption, the lowest value is 32.46%, which is the composition of 0:70, while the highest value of water absorption is 48.63% in the composition of 70: 0. From physical properties test which has been done denditas, water content, and water absorption effect on the mass composition of banana stems and coconut shell produced. While based on the mechanical properties test Modulus of Rupture (MOR) obtained the lowest value of 47.26 kg / cm2 at composition 35:35, while the highest zeroai MOR obtained 79.69 kg / cm2 at composition 70: 0. The lowest Modulus Of Elasticity (MOE) value is 1484.60 kg / cm2 at composition 17.5: 52.5, while the highest MOE value is 3104.95 kg / cm2 at composition 52.5: 17.5. The mechanical properties test of the particle board mass of banana stems and coconut shell influence the value of Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) produced.

This study reports the effect of coating Silane Coupling Agent (SCA) on composite surfaces. Composites made from composite particulate kenaf fiber and empty oil palm bunches passing 50 mesh sieves using epoxy resin. The particle board compacting process was carried out using a Hydrolic Press compacting machine with a pressure of 20 Bars, holding time 10 minutes in the initial stages, and continued using a Hot Press compacting machine with a pressure of 20 Bars, temperature 150 oC, holding time 15 minutes. The process of treating the Silane Coupling Agent solution on the composite surface is done manually layered on the composite surface. Composites tensile strength were tested referring to ASTM D 638-14, impact strenght tested referring ASTM D 256-04, and Water Absorption using ASTM D 570. Surface examination was made with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Silane Coupling Agent (SCA) coating has succeeded in increasing the bond between kenaf fibers, empty oil palm bunches and epoxy be effective and in accordance with increasing tensile strength, impact strength and water absorption.

Referring to the evaluation methods of the compatibility of cement with plant fibers, the compatibility of metakaolin-based geopolymer paste (MBGP) with 15 plant fibers from forest and agriculture product residues was studied. Results show that MBGP has good compatibility with either wood fibers or non-wood fibers, and the wood fibers are more compatible than non-wood fibers as a whole. Because the plant fibers have not suffered from expensive and complex pulping processes and any additive has not been used in the preparation process, these plant fibers possess good application prospects for the production of geopolymer particle board.

Pretreatment of particles obtained from lignocellulosic materials by steam explosion with indirect control by enzymatic hydrolysis has been studied. The dendromass pretreatment model has been applied for recycled fibreboard and particle board based on softwood. Their structure and chemical composition partly predetermine these lignocellulosic materials consisting of a mixture of spruce and fir particles also for bioethanol production. Optimum steam explosion temperature of 205 °C was determined based on the concentration of total monosaccharides — glucose, xylose and arabinose, among all experimentally prepared hydrolysates. This corresponds to basic conditions for fine disintegration of biomass to lignocellulosic structure with good holocellulose accessibility. Particles obtained from fibreboard and particle board primarily consisting of softwood without steam explosion pretreatment provide relatively low cellulose accessibility for commercial enzymes activity while monosaccharides concentration is partly reduced because of torrefaction at high temperatures. The concentration of monosaccharides in hydrolysates was determined for original sample and each steam explosion temperature. Based on the steam explosion conditions, the effect of severity factors was investigated to find optimum pretreatment conditions to increase accessibility of softwood cellulose and hemicelluloses. The identified optimum severity factor RO = 4.09 matches the optimum steam explosion temperature of 205 °C and the residence time of 10 minutes.

Mushroom growing media waste (MGMW) is the media waste after mushroom plants are harvested. In this research, we try to reuse MGMW as a material for composite particle board. The physical properties of the composite were tested using density and moisture content measurement. We also did the measurement for thickness swelling after immersion in water, the strength of absorption water, internal bonding. The mechanical test was conducted to know the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and screw holding power properties. Impact and pressure was done for the optimum composition. The optimum composition, particle board is 75% MGMW + 24% polyester resin + 1% catalyst Mekpo (methyl ethyl ketone peroxides), and 60% MGMW + 39% (50% urea +50% starch) + 1% PVC glue. It is suitable for physical and mechanical test and accordance with SNI 03-2105-2006 and JIS A 5908-2003. The microstructure of MGMW was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows the grain of a composite particle board is firmly integrated.

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.

The purpose of this research was to fabricate the particle board from the coffee husk. The coffee husk from Chumphon province of Thailand was collected, prepared and separated into four groups such as outer husk, inner husk, the mixture of inner and outer husk and husk from the milling process. The coffee husk particle sheet was formed by the compression molding with the heater. Then the coffee husk particle sheets were the mechanical properties testing. The results showed the coffee husk particle sheet from milling process pass the Thai industrial standard (TIS.876/2547). However, the results of swelling and water absorption indicated that all the coffee husk sheet were not passed the TIS.876/2547. The effect of coffee husk particle size on mechanical properties was clarified. The coffee husk particle sheet from the particle size of 2, 4 and 6 mm was mechanical testing and follow TIS.876/2547. The coffee particle size of 2 mm showed the passing the standard. Moreover, the effect of isocyanate adhesive on mechanical properties was investigated. The weight percentage range of isocyanate adhesive on coffee husk from 7 to 13 %wt was carried out. The weight percentage of 9, 11 and 13 showed according to TIS.876/2547. From the experiment indicated that the coffee husk could be applied to the wood particle board industrial.

The durability of concrete cast near the conventional formwork (steel or wood) is reduced because of higher water-cement (w/c) ratio as compared with the concrete present in the core of the member. Various controlled permeability formwork (CPF) liners absorb or drain out excess water near formwork, can reduce the increase in w/c ratio of concrete near the formwork. This paper presents a quantitative study showing improvement in the properties of near surface concrete (NSC) by the use of a commercially available CPF liner, and comparing the performance of more easily available and cheaper alternatives to CPF liner used. Two types of concrete mixes with identical w/c ratio but different water contents were used. Three specimens were made for each of the two types of concrete mix and one surface for each of the specimen was cast using one of the CPF liners among a commercially manufactured CPF, particle board, and gunny bag. Four tests: Rapid chloride permeability test, AgNO3 colorimetry test, initial surface absorption test and pull off test were performed to study durability properties of NSC. Study of physical appearance in terms of blowholes and grey area on the concrete surface using image processing is also presented in the paper. Though commercially manufactured CPF produces better surface than the particle board and gunny bag, the improvement in NSC properties by use of gunny bag is also noteworthy.

The particle board industry always generates huge fine-particle sanding wood waste (FPSW) that has very limited usage. In the present study, FPSW was pyrolyzed in a thermogravimetric analyzer at room temperature to 650 °C with heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 °C min−1 in a highly purified N2 atmosphere. Physicochemical analysis with a bomb calorimeter showed that FPSW has a moderate higher heating value and does not contain sulfur. Elemental analysis was conducted to identify the main components of FPSW. Results revealed that the thermal degradation of FPSW occurs in three stages. Moreover, peak temperature and volatized matter increased with increasing heating rate. The kinetics of the main pyrolysis process was analyzed using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods, and reaction mechanism during pyrolysis was analyzed by Coats–Redfern method. The isoconversional method showed that the pyrolysis reaction conforms to a single reaction model and has activation energy of 180.79 and 180.11 kJ mol−1 by KAS and FWO methods, respectively. The results of the present study provide useful information for designing a pyrolytic processing system that uses FPSW as an energy or chemical source.

As part of the analysis of the technical criteria for emergency housing of Fondef project D09I1058, the acoustic behavior of three types of dwellings was measured: brick social housing, structural insulated panel (SIP) emergency housing and "mediagua" emergency housing. The acoustic reduction index (Rw) was measured in medium-density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), plywood (Plywood), hard fiberboard (HB) and particle board (PB). PB and HB obtained Rw values of 20 dB, while MDF and Plywood obtained Rw values of 17 dB, and OSB obtained an Rw value of 19 dB, reflecting an additional positive characteristic of their structural properties that enables a lower cost for the manufacture of SIP emergency housing in compliance with the technical thermal mechanical regulations enforced by the General Ordinance of Urbanism and Construction (Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construccion, OGUC). To reduce costs, these dwellings were not designed to comply with acoustic regulations, but if they were evaluated for compliance, their result would fulfill the important criteria for a positive impact on acoustic insulation. NCh 432-10, according to OGUC, requires a minimum attenuation of 45 dB (Insttituto Nacional de Normalizacion, 2010a) in paired walls for social housing but not for emergency housing. The test was performed according to NCh 2785-2002 (Instituto Nacional de Normalizacion, 2002), using a sound-emitting speaker and a sound level meter, to obtain the attenuation of the paired wall. The social housing reached an attenuation of 42 dB, the SIP housing reached an attenuation of 39 dB, and the mediagua housing reached an attenuation of 6 dB, evidencing the precariousness of housing that is constructed from low-quality wood and that is poorly assembled, without air- and water-tightness, consequently affecting quality of life.

The article deals with data in the cutting process of wood-based materials. The cutting process influences the shape and dimensions of a cutting edge. The experiments were focused on monitoring the changes of the cutting edge in machining of particle board and the influence of cutting speed on the tool wear. Cutting tests were performed during milling at cutting rates in the range 7.95 to 17.9 m/s (477 to 1074 m/min), a depth of cut of 9.5 mm, and a tooth feed of 0.05 mm. The wear process of cutting wedge during particle board milling is characterized by a decrease in the cutting edge of insert blades. The comparative digital dial gauge was used for measurement of the cutting wedge recession. The course of the wear of wood based materials exhibited similarity in graphical representation with abrasive material cutting. The resulting dependency may be used for selection of the most suitable cutting conditions according to operator requirements.

In this study we have analysed the life cycle primary energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of concrete-frame and timber-frame multi-storey building alternatives, designed to meet the current Swedish building code, considering different end-of-life scenarios. The scenarios include recycling of concrete and steel, cascading by recycling of wood into particle board and energy recovery at the end-of-life of the board, energy recovery of wood by combustion, and landfilling of wood with and without landfill gas (LFG) recovery. The energy recovered is assumed to replace fossil coal or gas. Our analysis accounts for energy and GHG flows in the production and end-of-life phases. We estimate the GHG emission changes achieved per unit of difference in finished wood in buildings or in harvest forest biomass between the timber buildings and the concrete building. The results show that the timber building systems give significantly lower life cycle primary energy balances than the concrete building system for all the end-of-life options. The concrete building system gives higher life cycle GHG balances than the timber alternatives for all the end-of-life options, except when wood is landfill without LFG recovery. The end-of-life primary energy and GHG benefit of wood materials is most significant for energy recovery while the benefit of cascading is low. However, replacing fossil gas instead of fossil coal significantly reduce the carbon benefits of the timber alternatives. The benefits of recycling steel and concrete are small. This study shows that end-of-life options for building materials can offer opportunities to reduce energy use and GHG emissions in the built environment.

Coir fibre is extracted from the husk of coconut and is used in products such as floor mats, door mats, brushes and mattresses and in many applications. Here coir fibres are used to make particle boards of densities 300, 400 and 500 kg/m3 using UF resin to determine its efficiency for interior applications like acoustic and thermal properties and also tested for Indian standard 3129. Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of all the boards decreases with an increase in density. Maximum sound absorption coefficient for all three densities was found in the frequency range of 2500 to 30,000 Hz. Among three densities, 300 kg/m3 board shows the maximum absorption coefficient at frequency 3000 Hz. The thermal conductivity results of all three densities boards increase with an increase in density. Modulus of Rupture for all three densities were meeting the requirement of standard. Results reveal that particle board manufactured from coir fibre can be used for acoustic and thermal insulation applications.

The current work reports on the fabrication of composite matrix from saw dust (SD) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at different weight ratio by flat-pressed method. Wood plastic composites (WPCs) were made with a thickness of 15 mm after mixing the saw dust and PET followed by a three phase press cycle. Physical properties (Density, Water Absorption (WA) and Thickness Swelling (TS)) and Mechanical properties (Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR)) were determined base on the mixing ratios according to the standard. WA and TS were measured after 2 h and 24 h of immersion in water. The results showed that as the density increased, the SD content decreased from 90 % to 50 % into the matrix. However, WA and TS decreases when the PET content increased in the matrix. Remarkably, the MOE and MOR attained a maximum point at 964.199 N/mm2and 9.03 N/mm2respectively in 50 % SD content. In comparism with standard, boards D and E can be classified as medium density boards while A, B and C are low density boards. The results indicated that the fabrication of WPCs from sawdust and PET would technically be feasible for indoor uses in building due to favorable physical properties exhibited. The mechanical properties response showed that it cannot be used for structural or load bearing application.

The possibility of the use of waste products of cement bonded particle board (CBPB) as an additive in sand-cement composites is under analysis. Compressive strength and bending strength, flow of water for mixing of mixture and density of samples depending on mixture factors of solid phase have been examined for various compositions of fine-grained concretes prepared in accordance with the simplex-lattice design of the experiment. Mathematical models have been constructed for practical purposes related to the utilization of CBPB waste products and the enhancement of the properties of the resulting cement composites. The best ratio of the mixture components have been determined through the use of these mathematical models.

Wood powder waste is very abundant if it is allowed to rot, which can pollute the environment, therefore wood powder can be made as a material for making particleboard. As an adhesive for the manufacture of particleboard, tannins from the extraction of mangrove bark are needed. According to Paridah and Musgrave 2006, the tannins content in mangrove bark reaches 26%. According to Hamidah 2006 mangrove bark that is dried or crushed contains an average of 20 – 30 % tannins and the content of these tannins is quite high and is very good for use in various kinds of industries. The purpose of this research is to find the optimum temperature of pressing and the amount of added tannins to obtain strong particleboard following SNI. The use of tannins is expected to be an environmentally adhesive alternative. The preparation of this particleboard is done by preparing the raw materials, extracting tannin from mangrove bark using a solvent of 96 % ethanol at a temperature of 70 0C for 3 hours, after that it is continued with the process of making particleboard by mixing between wood powder and tannins with variations of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% with previously had been mixed with formaldehyde 2% of the weight of wood powder before pressing. Mold is made with a size of 20 x 20 cm were then pressed using a hot press with a temperature of 1100C, 1200C, 1300C, and 1400C. The result obtained was tested for the expected tensile compressive strength values according to SNI where the resulting particleboard can be used for household and industrial purposes. Tannins added as much as 30 % produce the best MOR value of 7,76 kg f/cm2 while the pressing temperature of 120 0C result in the best MOR value of 7,66 kg f/cm2

One of the uses of particle board is in the design of speaker/woofer casing, but with increasing demand, the cost is skyrocketing, effects of which lead to the high cost of end-use woofer gadgets. Cement–paper composite reinforced with snail shell powder/banana fiber was developed as an alternative. The fiber was grouped into two; untreated banana fiber (UBF) and treated banana fiber (TBF) (treated with 1 M NaOH). Fibers were infused into the composite at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% by weight of paper pulp while snail shell powder was added at 15 wt.% constant proportion for all samples produced. Curing was carried out for 28 and 56 days, respectively. The composite boards produced were examined for physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties. Results obtained indicated an uptrend in water absorption and thickness swelling at increasing fiber loading. Internal bond strength, screw holding strength, moduli of rupture, and elasticity were observed to be enhanced with increment in fiber proportion. It was further noticed that alkaline TBF performed better than the untreated fiber, hence recommended for paperboard production. Experimental trend and performance analysis engaged in revealed hydration to be the most efficient experimental variable and important for overall property maximization in cement–paper composite. Performance evaluation conducted showed effective property index was noticed to be highest for composite board doped with 2.5 wt.% TBF.

This paper investigates synthesis of impregnating phenol–formaldehyde resins in which up to 30 wt % formulation phenol is replaced by cardanol, a plant product. The resulting resins were used to make impregnated paper for laminating the plywood and particle boards. The synthesis and structure of cardanol-containing water-soluble resols were studied by IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR, and the reactivity of phenol cardanol formaldehyde resins at 80–150°C was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The optimal amount of cardanol in relation to phenol in the resin structure was determined. It is shown that the introduction of cardanol into the composition of phenol–formaldehyde resins reduces the impregnation time of kraft paper and improves the surface quality and elasticity of the impregnated paper, with the use of such paper making it possible to decrease the water absorption of laminated particle board materials and the emission of formaldehyde. © 2021, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

Purpose The packaging system plays an essential role in the logistic chain and takes into account the rise in packaging demand and consumption. A study on sustainability was carried out through a comparative life cycle assessment in order to quantify and compare the environmental impacts of plastic, corrugated board and wood (solid, MDF and particleboard) crates used for food delivery. Single-use and multi-use systems were considered and compared. Methods According to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, the whole life cycle of crates was divided into four primary phases: raw materials acquisition, crate manufacturing, transport (including the reuse, if applicable) and final disposal. The functional unit used for this study was 1 crate with an external dimension of 400 × 600 × 240 mm and with an inner volume of 50 l. The comparison focused on the critical parameters expected to have a higher influence on the results, such as the distances for delivery and the number of reuses for multi-use crates. All input data came from sector studies, literature and Ecoinvent database. The results were evaluated according to 8 impact categories. Two sensitivity analyses were performed. Results and discussion The most relevant impacts are linked to transport, electricity and raw materials contributions. Cumulative energy demand results show that the renewable energy resources in the case of plastic crates are about 3% while for the other type of crates exceed the 30% reaching the 77.5% in the case of solid wood crate. The environmental impacts result lower for multi-use plastic crate due to its possibility of being reused during its lifetime, avoiding the high impacts of the manufacturing. The best option among the single-use systems is the solid wood crate. The final results of the sensitivity analysis applied to the transport distances show that the impacts related to solid wood are more stable than plastic. Concerning the end-of-life scenarios, a significant decreasing (around 14.7%) in the global warming potential can be reached increasing the crates recycling till 100%. Conclusions and recommendations The best crate materials are plastic crates if a recovery system is planned; otherwise, the best choice is the wood crate. It is preferable to use raw material, such as solid wood than processed material, such as particle board, MDF and corrugated board. In performing this type of analysis, it is important to have accurate data, preferentially primary data, in particular for plastic crates as evidenced by the sensitivity analysis.

In this research, cogon grass powder and methyl ethyl ketone was used as fillers and catalyst, respectively to improve the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin particle board prepared by compression molding. Cogon grass powder was added with different amount of composition (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) and variation of particle size (90/110, 110/130, 130/150 and 150/170 mesh). The addition of cogon grass powder as fillers increased the physical and mechanical properties of particle board as amount of the fillers increased except for the addition of cogon grass up to 40 wt%. The density of the particle board decreased as fillers composition increased, while thickness swelling of the particle board increased as fillers compositions increased. The result of mechanical properties showed that the particle board had modulus of rupture (MOR) 60.039 MPa and modulus of elasticity (MOE) 207.306 MPa. The results of physical and mechanical properties approached that of values in standard JIS A 5908-2003 except for modulus of elasticity.

The global market for wood-based furnishings annually increases despite of decreasing availability of wood resources, especially in forest lacking regions, leading to the specific urge to search for alternatives. Agricultural residues are materials generated in large quantities and can accumulate at such an extent as to cause environmental problems. Maize cob powder was taken and mixed with Epoxy (Resin) and Hardener was added; the mixture was then molded into a frame and pressed for uniform surface and kept for air dry for 24 hours. Then the particle board was tested for its mechanical tests like tensile strength test, compression test, bending strength test were experimented.

Portland cement particle board is a new type of building decoration material prepared by Portland cement and wood or non-wood shavings as the main raw material. The polarity and compatibility of Portland cement pretreated particleboard are different, which makes it difficult to form poplar Portland cement particleboard. In this paper, the hydration characteristics of poplar and Portland cement were studied by measuring the temperature of poplar and Portland cement, poplar, Portland cement and additive hydration reaction mixture system, and then the compatibility of poplar and Portland cement was studied. Studies have shown that poplar wood contains water-soluble polysaccharides, formic acid and acetic acid. The water-soluble polysaccharide dissolves in water and transforms into sugar acid. The sugar acid reacts with calcium ion of hydration product of Portland cement to form a ball like sugar calcium complex. The calcium sugar acid will be coated on the cement particles to hinder the further hydration of cement and produce a certain anti setting effect on Portland cement. Water soluble carboxyl group will chelate with calcium ion of Portland cement hydration product, which will reduce the concentration of calcium ion in the hydration system, then affect the hydration process of cement, and also have a certain anti setting effect. Calcium chloride and sodium silicate can inhibit the retarding effect of water-soluble polysaccharide and organic carboxylic acid on Portland cement, and improve the compatibility of poplar and Portland cement. Sodium silicate has a better inhibitory effect on the coagulation blocking effect.

There is an increased awareness to preserve the environment in the present day society. Rice Husk (RH),is the widely available agricultural wastes and is a serious concern for the environment. It is a potential material for use as alternative material in the construction and insulation industry. The particle board made from rice husk (RH) or rice husk ash (RHA), bonded by resin under the application of pressure and temperature. Urea formaldehyde is the organic resin used in general for interior use whereas phenol formaldehyde for external disclosure. The said resins are preferred for their water-resistant properties and better binding strength. The present study investigates the potential of rice husk reinforced boards by experimenting the different compositions and thicknesses. The objective is to perform a thermal analysis of the processed Rice husk boards. Boards made from rice husk are biodegradable unlike glass wool & other synthetic insulations. After experimenting on different fabrication conditions, six samples were finalized and were tested for physical and thermal viability in their applications. This study found that by adding ash of rice husk, the density of board decreases with respect to the board of same weight and consisting of rice husk only. Moisture Content is higher in case of boards with RHA but is within permissible limits. RHA reinforced boards have improved thermal properties, which is desirable in case of insulation boards.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of nanoclay to urea formaldehyde resin on the fire retardant properties of particle boards of Chinaberry (Melia azedarach). Three different clay loadings such as 1%, 2% and 3% were used for the preparation of the particle boards. The boards were prepared at specific pressure of 17.5 kg/cm2and temperature 110̊C. Test samples were cut from the produced boards and tested for flammability, flame penetration and rate of burning. The addition of 1% nanoclay provided significant improvement in all three aspects. The addition of 1% nanoclay delayed the ignition of the particle boards up to 13 minutes in comparison to control particle boards. In flame penetration and rate of burning, this loading level provided retardation by 1 minute and 1.3 times respectively compared to controls.

The fiber content of bamboo is very high (59.8%), thus it is potential to be the raw material for particle board manufacture. In t his study, resin of damar was used as adhesive to substitute the synthetic adhesive such as urea and phenol formaldehide. The objective of this study were to characterize the particle board produced from bamboo with adhesive of damar resin, and to investigate the effect of pressing time and amount of resin added on physical and mechanical properties. This research was conducted on pressing temperatures of 130 and 150°C using randomized block design with two factors, i.e. pressing time (10 and 14 min) and amount of resin added (12, 14, 16%). The result of variance analysis showed that pressing time affected water adsorption of particleboard, while amount of resin added affected its thickness swelling. Both factors did not have the effect on density, moisture content, modulus of elasticity and rupture, and internal bonding of particleboard. Process condition of 14% resin added, 10 min pressing time and 150 o C pressing temperature produced the particleboard with best characteristics, i.e. density of 0 . 55 g/cm 3 , moisture content of 9 . 99%, water adsorption of 72 . 6% at 2 hand 83 . 5% at 24 h , thickness swelling of 10 . 5% at 2 hand 18 . 0% at 24 h ,, MOE of 393 . 5 kgf/cm 2 , MOR of 51 . 7 kgf/cm 2 and IB 0 . 90 of kgf/cm 2 . These characteristics did not meet the standard of JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 03-2105-2006. Keywords : adhesive, bamboo, damar, resin, particle board

Development of the material be in the form of Particles it is possible to do so it can be an alternative to wood. Particle board is an engineered material that utilizes waste bagasse after sugar cane extraction process as an amplifier and as an adhesive used resin. Particle boards that have been produced, generally using wood powder, while the use of wood has been limited and diminished due to difficulty getting it. So the need for development in engineering the main material particle board in the form of wood powder and replace it with waste bagasse. The particle board manufacturing process is carried out by forging (compacting) between the mixture of sugarcane pulp particles and the BQTN 157 Resin adhesive. Percentage of mixed usage 50: 50 based on the fraction of weight and volume. In obtaining the mechanical properties carried out by tensile testing. From this research, the average particle pull strength is 1.81 MPa, strain 13,52% and elasticity 0,013 GPa. In obtaining particle board as an engineering material that has good ability influenced many things such as particle (mesh) raw material, adhesive use, mixed composition, the process of forging. From the characteristics of the test results obtained so that the particle board of the bagasse with resin adhesive is very possible to replace the type of particle board made from raw wood powder.

Large volumes of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood are disposed of in lined and un-lined landfills across the world. Studies regarding the disposal and reuse of CCA-treated timber date back to the 1980s. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research undertaken regarding reconstituted chromated copper arsenate-treated timber products, and considers the relevant health issues and disposal techniques, such as incineration and thermochemical conversion, as well as long-term solutions for the managing of chromated copper arsenate-treated-waste wood. The results from reviewing the literature regarding reconstituted timber products consisting of CC-treated timber such as particle board, cement-bonded particle board, flake board, remediated wood composites, wood-plastic composites, and wood-cement composites revealed that products such as particle board, wood-plastic composites and flake board composed of CCA-treated timber show considerable promise. Further research is required to determine the optimum percentage of CCA-treated timber in wood-plastic composites to minimize leaching while attaining suitable physical and mechanical performance, and to evaluate the durability of reconstituted chromated copper arsenate timber products via severe accelerated aging tests. Several CCA-waste wood disposal methods were investigated in the form of extraction and destruction techniques including thermochemical conversion (pyrolysis, gasification), incineration, co-incineration and combustion. Such management techniques demonstrate promising, feasible, future solutions providing the ability to trap arsenic gas, recover metals, and create secondary energy forms. However, more research is required, especially regarding resultant arsenic compounds and their volatile behaviours. Industries that create and sell chromated copper arsenate-treated wood products are encouraged to follow the United States Environmental Protection Agency leachate testing procedures (Methods 1314 and 1315, published in 2013), since these methods are more accurate at evaluating the leaching behaviour during their lifetime, and various disposal scenarios that reflect differing pH values and liquid to solid ratios.

P article board was made using processed oil palm empty fruit bunch and casein glue. This research use d two factor variables and eight response variables to determine the best matrix/filler ratio and compression pressure for particle board production. The factor variables, (matrix/filler ratio and compression pressure), determine d the response variables : modulus of rupture, water content, density, tensile strength, and both endot h ermic - and - exot h ermic temperatures and heats. This research aim ed to optimize the mechanical and physical property of particle boards by using the bunc h/ glue ratio. The processing of d ata was undertaken by R esponse S urface M ethod (RSM) with Central Composite D esign (CCD) . The optimal condition s under which particle board created were at matrix/filler ratio of 50 : 50 and compression pressure of 3.53 kg/cm 2 ; resulting in a modulus of rupture of 325.32 kg/cm 2 , water content of 0.009%, density 0.826 g/cm 3 , and tensile strength of 2.573 kg/cm 2 . This research also indicate s that casein glue results in particle board with optim um parameters of endot h ermic temperature of 247.74 °C, an endot h ermic heat of -4.122 mW, exot h ermic temperature of 431.08 °C, and exot h ermic heat of 7.526 mW. Based on physical testing, most particle board properties obtained fulfilled the standard s of water content and density as required by the Indonesian National Standard / SNI 03-2105-2006 .

Drying of woodchip in particleboard manufacturing, combustion, gasification and pyrolysis is important. It is crucial to dry wood before these processes in order to perform a smooth operation, derive high quality products and increase process efficiency. In this study, drying characteristics of woodchips with 0–2 mm and 2–5 mm particle sizes used in particle board manufacturing were determined under various drying air flow rates (10 m3/h and 20 m3/h), flow conditions (co-current and counter-current) and screw rotation speed (10 rpm and 20 rpm). It was managed to reduce the moisture content of the woodchips to 12,6% (wt%, wet basis) using co-current flow conditions, 10 rpm screw rotation speed, 20 m3/h air flow rate with both of the particle sizes.