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Chamaecyparis obtusa, Chamaecyparis pisifera, and Thuja occidentalis produce essential oils of good wood and industrial benefits, including food additives, perfumes, odorants and disinfectants. To identify a single antifungal monoterpene with antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, we identified a single antifungal compound by chemically profiling essential oils from three coniferous species. The antifungal activity of coniferous essential oil was slightly different depending on the species but showed high antifungal activity, and T. occidentalis essential oil had the highest antifungal activity among the three essential oils. The chemical composition of essential oils from three coniferous leaves was profiled using GC-MS. The chemical profiles of C. obtusa and C. pisifera were very similar, but T. occidentalis was relatively different from the two species. The chemical composition of the three conifer oils contained 20 each. As a result of profiling three essential oil components with high antifungal activity, the compounds present in all three species were bornyl acetate and terpinyl acetate. These compounds of C. obtusa essential oil were 26.49%, C. pisifera essential oil 25.04% and T. occidentalis essential oil 12.60%. These two compounds were estimated to be antifungal agents. The antifungal activity of the six monoterpenes was different, and the single monoterpene with the highest antifungal activity was bornyl acetate followed by terpinyl acetate. Therefore, it was possible to search for antifungal activity monoterpene components by chemical profiling. Terpinyl acetate and bornyl acetate can be used for environmental-friendly insecticidal active materials.

Differences in female/male plant metabolism for dioecious species are poorly understood but relevant if the economic exploitation of such resources is the objective. In this work, the composition o...

The chemical composition of flowers and leaves essential oils of Agastache astromontana ‘Pink Pop’ was determined by GC/MS method. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Cleveng...

Valeriana amurensis Smir. ex Kom. widely distributed in the northeast region of China and some region in Russia and Korea, and its underground parts (roots and rhizomes) being used to cure nervous system diseases such as insomnia. The active components including the essential oil and iridoids of underground parts were investigated in different harvest periods in order to evaluate the quality for the roots and rhizomes of V. amurensis. The content of the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and bornyl acetate in the oil was quantitated by GC-EI. The iridoids, valepotriates were determined by potentiometric titration and the main component, valtrate was quantitated by HPLC-UV. The factors of biomass were considered in the determination of collection period. Statistical analysis of results showed that, the highest content of the essential oil per plant was 22.69 μl in withering period and then 21.58 μl in fruit ripening period, while the highest contents of bornyl acetate, valepotriates and valtrate per plant were 2.82 mg, 31.90 mg and 0.98 mg in fruit ripening period separately. Fruit ripening period was decided as the best harvest period for the content of active constituents and output of drug, and it would provide scientific basis for the artificial cultivation of V. amurensis.

Essential oils obtained from many plants showed various kinds of insecticidal properties; some of them have been considered as alternative insecticides for pest control. The present study was aimed at determining the chemical composition of the essential oil from the roots of Bupleurum bicaule Helm, as well as evaluating the contact and repellent activities of the oil and four identified compounds against Lasioderma serricorne and Liposcelis bostrychophila adults. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 26 components were determined and the main compounds included trans-2-isopropylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-en-8-one (25.9%), 4,5-dimethyl-1,2,3,6,7,8,8a,8b-octahydrobiphenylene (23.5%), and 1,4-dimethoxy-2-tert-butylbenzene (4.3%). It was found that the essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against L. serricorne (LD50 = 11.91 μg/adult), but the contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila could not be observed. The essential oil also showed strong repellent activity against L. serricorne with percent repellency of 100% at 78.63 nl/cm2. Four chemical compounds, 1,4-dimethoxy-2-tert-butylbenzene, bornyl acetate, (2E,4E)-2,4-nonadienal, and β-bisabolene, exhibited various levels of bioactivities. The experimental results indicated that the essential oil of B. bicaule and its individual compounds could be used in insecticidal and repellent strategies for stored product insects.

The Amomum villosum essential oil was obtained from hydrodistillation and was investigated by GC-MS. The main constituents were bornyl acetate (51.6%), camphor (19.8%), camphene (8.9%) and limonene (6.2%). Insecticidal toxicity of the essential oil was evaluated in this study. It showed that the essential oil possessed contact toxicity against Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne (LD50 = 32.4 and 20.4 μg/adult). Three monoterpenoids camphor, camphene and limonene showed strong fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum (LC50 ＜ 2.3, LC50 ＝ 6.2 and 6.2 mg/L air). In addition, repellency of the essential oil was also evaluated. Data showed that the essential oil and all four compounds had repellent activity against T. castaneum and L. serricorne at high concentration (78.63 nL/cm2). But with the decrease of concentration, they showed a different degree of attractant properties.

Long-term efficacy of aroma microcapsules on natural indigo-dyed cotton fabric was evaluated by objective and subjective tests. The fixation of aroma microcapsules was carried out by pad-dry-cure process on dyed cotton fabric. Mercerized cotton fabric was dyed with natural indigo obtained from Polygonum tintorium (via the modified Niram method) and subsequently padded with melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules containing aroma essential oil (natural source of a Chinese arborvitae 20-25 %). Softener was applied in the same (one-step) or sequential (two-step) padding bath. We confirmed that microcapsules were fixed on cotton fibers by SEM analysis. The addition of softener was not much effective for the fabric performances on softness or air permeability. All the colorfastness ratings were above 4/5 and the color difference was within the acceptable range of 1.62-2.08. The efficacy of fabric samples stored for 2 years was evaluated using the GC/MS-headspace technique and the samples stored for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 years were also evaluated in terms of aroma release by the human perception test. Bornyl acetate was confirmed as the main component of essential oil, which was continuously released by the microcapsule-treated fabric (D/MC) during storage for more than 2 years. In durability and human perception tests, the microcapsules on the cotton fabric were stable to laundering, rubbing, ironing, and light.

The essential oils of flower and leaves of Dorystoechas hastata Boiss & Helder. ex Bentham, grown in Turkey, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GS-MS. Fourty components were identified in the flowers oil, which represented about 93.97% of the total composition of the oil. The major constituents of the flower essential oil were myrcene (19.37%), 1,8-cineole (14.30%), ß-pinene (9.19%), ?-pinene (8.49%) and ß-caryophyllene (6.18%). Thirty-seven components were established in the leaves oil, making up 97.16% of the total composition. The main constituents of the essential oil of the leaves were myrcene (20.71%), 1,8-cineole (18.76%), ß-pinene (12.51%), ?-pinene (8.54%), bornyl acetate (7.28%) and terpinene-4-ol (6.19%). As seen, myrcere, 1,8-cineole and ß-pinene for both oils were the main components. © 2016 Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons.

The essential oil from the root tubers of Lindera aggregata was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-five compounds were identified and the main components of the essential oil were α-longifolene (15.13%), bornyl acetate (11.49%) followed by α-eudesmol (9.14%), α-pinene (7.88%), β-phellandrene (6.31%), β-terpinene (5.67%) and α-terpeninol (5.11%). During the screening program for new agrochemicals from Chinese medicinal herbs and wild plants, essential oil of L. aggregata was found to possess insecticidal activity against two grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum. The essential oil of L. aggregata possessed contact toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 61.65 and 18.47 μg/adult, respectively. The oil also showed pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum (LC50 = 23.04 and 14.69 mg/L air, respectively).

Amomum villosum, also known as Fructus Amomi, has been used to treat digestive diseases such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and dysentery. Volatile terpenoids are the active metabolites in the essential oil of Fructus Amomi. Nevertheless, downstream genes responsible for activating metabolites biosynthesis in A. villosum still remain unclear. Here, we report the use of an integrative volatile terpenoid profiling and transcriptomics analysis for mining the corresponding genes involved in volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. Ten terpene synthase (TPS) genes were discovered, and two of them were cloned and functionally characterized. AvTPS1 (AvPS: pinene synthase) catalyzed GPP to form α-pinene and β-pinene; AvTPS3 (AvBPPS: bornyl diphosphate synthase) produced bornyl diphosphate as major product and the other three monoterpenoids as minor products. Metabolite accumulation and gene expression pattern combined with AvPS biochemical characterization suggested that AvPS might play a role in biotic defense. On the other hand, the most active ingredient, bornyl acetate, was highly accumulated in seeds and was consistent with the high expression of AvBPPS, which further indicated that AvBPPS is responsible for the biosynthesis of bornyl acetate, the final metabolite of bornyl diphosphate in A. villosum. This study can be used to improve the quality of A. villosum through metabolic engineering, and for the sustainable production of bornyl acetate in heterologous hosts.

Chemical diversity of the essential oils of twenty wild populations of Tanacetum polycephalum Sch. Bip., was investigated. The aerial parts of T. polycephalum were collected at full flowering stage from West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, air-dried; hydrodistilled to produce essential oils. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of forty compounds were identified accounting for 96.4–99.9% of the total oils. The most principal compounds were cis-thujone (0–82.3%), trans-thujone (0–79.8%), camphor (1.3–75.0%), 1,8-cineole (4.5–43.3%), borneol (1.0–36.2%) and bornyl acetate (0–26.8%). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the percentages (>0.5%) of the essential oils components was carried out to determine the chemical diversity among the populations studied. The cluster analysis resulted in the identification of four main chemotypes namely: ‘camphor + 1,8-cineole’, ‘mixed’, ‘cis-thujone’ and ‘trans-thujone’.

The essential oil constituents from the needles, twigs and berries of Juniperus chinensis from Korea were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils from the different plant parts were obtained by steam distillation and the yields were 0.34, 0.11 and 0.12% (v/w), respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the identification of 36 different components from needles, twigs and berries, which were mostly monoterpene hydrocarbons (42.05 - 48.15%) followed by oxygenated monoterpenes (28.53-39.92%). Among the 36 components, 17 components were identified in all the three essential oils. The components such as bornyl acetate (2.85 – 20.70%), sabinene (10.23 – 18.13%), α-pinene (5.80 – 16.26%), terpinen-4-ol (5.98 – 31.10%), limonene (3.98 – 6.96%), β-pinene (3.05 – 4.39%), γ-terpinene (2.24 – 8.36%), α-elemol (1.74 – 4.77%) and α-cadinol (2.49 – 3.39%) were detected as the major components in the essential oils from the three different parts of J. chinensis. The main differences between the three essential oils can be referred to terpinen-4-ol and bornyl acetate. The essential oil of the berries contained the highest level of terpinen-4-ol (31.10%) than needles (7.51%) and twigs (5.98%). On the other hand, bornyl acetate content was very less in berries (2.85%) when compared with twigs (20.70%) and needles (16.43%).

The essential oils of the leaves of Juniperus chinensis varieties (J. chinensis L., J. chinensis var. globosa, J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. kaizuka, J. chinensis var. sargentii) were extracted by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS in combination with retention indices. The approximately 21 components, representing 88.45-92.25 % of the total components, were identified. The simplest oil was found in J. chinensis var. kaizuka (13 components) and the most complex oil was J. chinensis var. holizontalis (18 components). Furthermore, the essential oils consisted mainly of monoterpenes including bornyl acetate (15.26-44.31 %) and sabinene (3.61-28.35 %).

Inula species are medicinal and aromatic plants used for folk medicine extensively. In this work, hydrodistilled essential oil of Inula graveolens (Linnaeus) Desf. analyzed by GC-MS which revealed that bornyl acetate was the major product (69.15%). Camphene was the second major compound (11.11%). Antiproliferative activity of the essential oil and bornyl acetate was investigated on HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), HT29 (human colon carcinoma) , A549 (human lung carcinoma), MCF7 ( human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cells and FL (human amnion cells) normal cells. The cytotoxicity was executed by a Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Cytotoxicity Detection Kit. Essential oil and bornyl acetate displayed the outstanding activities on HeLa (IC 50, 64.1, 72.0 µg/mL), HT29 (IC 50, 24.6, 60.5 µg/mL), A549 (IC 50, 28.3, 44.1 µg/mL), MCF-7 (IC 50, 66.5, 85.6 µg/mL), and FL (IC 50, 42.1, 50.6 µg/mL) cell lines respectively.

The Atlas cedar is an endemic species of the African North Mountains. The goal for which this work was conducted is to determine the chemical composition and to study the antibacterial and the antifungal activity of the hydrodistilized essential oil from both the winged and wingless seeds of the High Atlas Cedrus atlantica (Morocco). The essential oil is analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The essential oil yields of winged as well as wingless seeds were respectively 2.6% and 3.6%.The main constituents of the cedar wingless seeds are the α-pinene, the manool, and the bornyl acetate; whereas, the major constituents of the cedar winged seeds are the manool and the α-pinene. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oils were tested on four bacteria, three molds and four fungi of wood rot. The fungal strains tested were revealed more sensitive to the essential oil studied than the bacterial strains.

Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke. (Apiaceae) was collected from two distant populations of north-west Himalaya, India. Underground parts were subjected to hydro distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and 0.24-0.27 % essential oil could collect. Twenty eight constituent from the volatile part was identified with GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Great variations exist in qualitative and quantitative parameters of the essential oil. The study revealed that only nine constituents were common to both populations. Bornyl acetate was major constituents (31-51 %) of the essential oil in both the populations. Second major constituent was α-pinene from Rhohtang whereas β-phellandrene was second major constituents from Tungnath. Existing variations in the essential oil composition may be attributed to environmental factors as well genetic makeup. Such variations are important for assessment of genetic variability and crop improvement program of species.

Определен состав эфирного масла, выделенного из древесной зелени пихты сибирской (Abies sibirica). Кроме того, исследован состав различных фракций, получаемых в процессе отгонки эфирного масла пихты сибирской. Из 31 компонента, обнаруженного в эфирном масле, наибольшее количество приходится на борнилацетат — 34, 21 %, камфен — 17,47 %, α-терпинен — 6,72 %. В процессе получения эфирного масла содержание компонентов в различных фракциях меняется в зависимости от времени отгонки. Проведено тестирование различных фракций эфирного масла на биологическую активность, которую оценивали с помощью тест-систем in vitro. Установлено, что биологическая активность эфирного масла пихты сибирской в значительной степени зависит от содержания в нем основных компонентов, таких как борнилацетат и камфен.

To see the differences occur in the essential oil yield and composition of rhizomes and roots of the Indian Valerian (Valeriana jatamansi) grows wild; populations were collected from three diverse locations in western Himalaya. Both underground organs showed considerable variation in their yield and quality attributes. Essential oil yield was higher in roots (0.35-0.43 %) as compared rhizomes (0.05-0.08 %) of all populations. The amounts of patchouli alcohol (21.3-55.1 %), maaliol (1.4-27.3 %), isovaleric acid (3.1-5.0 %), and viridiflorol (0.9-2.1 %) were observed to be higher in rhizome oils, whereas the amounts of α-bulnesene (6.0-13.1 %), α-guaiene (6.0-8.7 %), bornyl acetate (1.9-2.3 %), 7-epi-α-selinene (1.1-2.2 %), γ-patchoulene (0.7-1.7 %), and β-elemene (0.6-1.2 %) were relatively higher in root oils of all investigated populations.

Essential oil (EO) from fresh aerial parts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. growing wild in Lebanon, was analyzed by GC-MS. Altogether, twenty-seven compounds, accounting for 93.83 % of the whole oil, were identified. 1,8-cineole (32.83 %), β-caryophyllene (12.94 %), borneol (11.65 %), camphor (10.33 %), bornyl acetate (4.19 %), α-pinene (4.10 %), and α-terpineol (3.87 %) were the main components of the oil.

Water-distilled essential oil from Aster ageratoides Turcz. (Compositae) flowering aerial parts was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the first time. Forty-three compounds, accounting for 96.4 % of the oil, were identified. The main compounds found were α- terpineol (10.8 %), β-caryophyllene (10.3 %), linalool (7.2%), D-limonene (6.9%), spathulenol (6.5%), bornyl acetate (5.8%), and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (5.6%). The essential oil of A. ageratoides flowering aerial parts possessed contact toxicity against two grain storage insects Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults with LD50 values of 27.16 μg adult-1 and 8.09 μg adult-1, respectively. The essential oil also exhibited fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 13.73 mg L-1 and 12.14 mg L-1, respectively. The essential oil shows potential to be developed as possible natural fumigant/insecticide for control of stored product insects.

Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae) is an invasive weed in southeastern China with rich resources. The essential oil of the inflorescences was extracted by hydrodistillation and the components of the essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Fifty-three compounds were identified and represent 91.9 % of the total oil constituents. The main components were β-cubebene ( 26.9 % ), α-pinene ( 13.8 % ), D-limonene (12.2 %), β-pinene ( 9.3 %) and bornyl acetate ( 3.2 %) . The essential oils were screened for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against LOVO, HL-60, A-549, MDA-MB-435 and HepG2 human tumor cells, and showed mild activity against A-549, MDA-MB-435 and HepG2. This is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil from the inflorescences of Solidago canadensis L.

Essential oils extracted from the leaves of Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl. and C. pisifera var. filifera in the Korea were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The yield of C. pisifera Endl. and C. pisifera var. filifera oils was 1.18 and 1.16 %, respectively. The main constituents of each essential oil were (I) C. pisifera Endl.: α-pinene (34.4 %), (-)-bornyl acetate (30.3 %), myrcene (9.5 %), limonene (5.1 %), and 3-carene (4.8 %); (II) C. pisifera var. filifera: 3-carene (35.0 %), (-)-bornyl acetate (19.8 %), α-pinene (13.0 %), myrcene (9.2 %), terpinolene (4.9 %), and limonene (3.9 %).

The essential oils from 14 Achillea cartilaginea samples (leaves and flowers) collected from natural habitats in Lithuania were analysed by GC-MS. In total, 97 compounds were identified, 69 of which have not been reported previously in this species. In general, the essential oils of A. cartilaginea were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes. Remarkable chemical polymorphism was observed within the population of A. cartilaginea in Lithuania. It was observed that 1,8-cineole, camphor, cis-chrysanthenol, β-thujone, sabinol, chrysanthenone, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate and β-sesquiphellandrene were the major constituents in the oils of the analysed plants. Hierarchical cluster analysis, which was based on the 19 major components exceeding 5% in the total oil, indicates the presence of several main chemical groups in the analysed plant populations.

The essential oil was obtained at yield of 0.30% by hydrodistillation from fresh leaf tissue of Solidago canadensis L. collected from Zhejiang Province, China. GC and GC/MS analysis identified 46 components, representing 94.6% of the leaf oil. The main components were (-)germacrene D (28.4%), bornyl acetate (9.2%), D-Limonene (5.0%). The essential oil was tested for cytotoxic activities against three tumor cell lines. The inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil at 50% effect level (IC50) were 68.1 μg/ml for SMMC-7721, 71.4 μg/ml for SGC-7901, and 156.9 μg/ml for Hala, respectively.

The essential oils of four wild growing Origanum vulgare L. (family Lamiaceae) collected from different locations in Kumaon region (Uttarakhand, India) were analysed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The comparative results of O. vulgare L. collected from four different regions showed differences in the chemical constituents of the essential oils. The oil of O. vulgare L. collected from Dhoulchina and Champawat (chemotype I) shows p-cymene (6.7-9.8%), γ-terpinene (12.4-14.0%), thymol (29.7-35.1%) and carvacrol (12.4-20.9%) as major constituents while the oil from Kilbury and Rushi village (chemotype II) shows linalool (6.7-9.7%), bornyl acetate (12.6-16.8%), β-caryophyllene (10.5-13.8%) and germacrene D (6.3-11.3%) as the major constituents. These features highlight the chemosystematics of this genus.

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the flower, leaf and stem of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch., and aerial part and stem of Eremostachys labiosa Bunge. were analyzed by GC and GC -MS. The major compounds in the flower oil of E. macrophylla were 1,8-cineol (19.0 %) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.6 %), where as the leaf oil contained α-pinene (30.0 %), 1,10-di-epi cubenol (22.7 %), elemol (13.3 %) and bornyl acetate (11.0 %).The stem oil of the plant was dominated also by 1,10-di-epi cubenol (34.4 %) and elemol (24.0 %).The chief constituents found in the aerial part of E. labioa were 6,10,14-trimethyl 2-pentadecanone (22.3 %), 1,8-cineole (21.7 %) and α-pinene (16.5 %), while the main components identified in the stem oil were α-phellandrene (28.6 %), β-phellandrene (11.4 %), α-pinene (10.1%) and tetradecane (10.0%). The composition of both oils differs quantitatively and qualitatively.

The components of the essential oil from roots and rhizomes of Valeriana fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Plants of V. fauriei Briq. (sample A) and V. alternifolia Bunge (sample B) were harvested in August 2009 on the Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, China. 44 and 39 compounds were identified in V. fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge, respectively. α-Selinene (16.7 %) and Bornyl acetate (10.8 %) were the major constituents of the essential oil from V. fauriei Briq.. The oil from V. alternifolia Bunge was also rich in Bornyl acetate (39.1 %) and Borneol (14.6 %).

The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of the total oil were identified. The main components were: α- Pinene (22.47%), β-Caryophyllene (18.05%), β- Eudesmol (14.92%), α-Copaene (9.84%), γ-Elemene (6.79%), δ-Cadine-ne (6.13%), (–)Bornyl acetate (5.61%), α-Amorphene (3.84%), α-Fen- chyl acetate (2.35%) and β-Pinene (2.07%). Some of the physicochemical properties like the logarithm of calculated Octanol-Water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation and (TBd in mol/h and gr./h), water solubility (Sw, mg.L-1 at 25oC) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the 15 com- ponents of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth.

The essential oils of the aerial parts (flower, stem and leaf) of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Although all samples showed similar overall chemical compositions, the major components of the stem were identified as being borneol (36.9 %), bornyl acetate (14.0 %) and 1,8-cineol (13.6 %) and in the flower were found to be 1,8-cineol (22.0 %), camphor (20.1 %), α-pinene (19.0 %) and camphene (12.0 %). In the leaf oil of the plant β-terpinene (23.0 %) was the predominant compounds. All oils were richer in monoterpenes.

WOS: 000278084700005, PubMed ID: 20484836, Water-distilled essential oils from flowers and stems of Tanacetum argyrophyllum var. argyrophyllum from Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The flower oil of T argyrophyllum var. argyrophyllum was characterized with camphor 29.7%, borneol 12.0%, 1,8-cineole 8.4% and bornyl acetate 6.1%. Stem oil was characterized with camphor 26.6%, 1,8-cineole 17.5%, and borneol 15.0%. Our previous research and literature on the essential oil of this plant reported oils with high thujone content unlike the present study. Antibacterial activity of the oils were evaluated for five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria by using a broth microdilution assay. The highest inhibitory activity was observed against Bacillus cercus for stem oil (125 mu g/mL) when compared with positive control chloramphenicol it showed the same inhibition potency. However, the same oil showed lower inhibitory activity against B. subtilis. The flower oil did not show significant activity against the tested microorganisms. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the T argyrophyllum var. argyrophyllum oil was investigated at 15 and 10 mg/mL concentrations. However, the oils did not show any significant activity when compared to positive control alpha-tocopherol. Both of the oils showed toxicity to Vibrio fischeri in the TLC-bioluminescence assay., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK- TBAG 104T306]; Anadolu University [BAP-060301], This research was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK- TBAG 104T306). Antibacterial activity, Vibrio fischeri toxicity evaluations are supported by Anadolu University Research Funding (Project no: BAP-060301). Authors are grateful to Ms. Gamze Cayirdere for antimicrobial evaluations.

The acaricidal activities of major constituents from the oil of Juniperus chinensis (var. globosa) leaves were compared with those of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) by using impregnated fabric disk bioassay against Dermatophagoides spp. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Toxicity varied with doses as well as chemical composition. The 50% lethal doses (LD50) of J. chinensis oil against Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and T. putrescentiae were 21.60, 19.89, and 38.10 microg/cm2, respectively. The active constituent was purified using silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acaricidal component was identified as bomyl acetate through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-13C shift correlation spectrum-NMR, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer-NMR. The LD50 of bornyl acetate (2.94 microg/cm2) against D. farinae was significantly lower than those of DEET (37.13 microg/cm2) and alpha-eudesmol (29.72 microg/cm2). Similar results were observed when bomyl acetate and alpha-eudesmol were tested against D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae. The lower LD50 of bornyl acetate indicates that it may be responsible for the major acaricidal activity against house dust and stored food mites, even though it constitutes only 19.5% of J. chinensis oil. Overall, these findings indicated that bornyl acetate and c-eudesmol have potential for use as control agents against house dust and stored food mites.

The chemical composition of the essential oil of fresh young needles with twigs of Douglas fir (Pseudosuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ten compounds, accounting for 94.26 % of the oil, were identified. The main compounds found were bornyl acetate (34.65 %), camphene (29.82 %), α-pinene (11.65 %) and santene (5.45 %). The antifungal activity of the essential oil was tested against various fungal species. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Douglas fir essential oil ranged from 1.5 to 4 μg mL-1. The fungi most sensitive to the tested oil were Phomopsis helianthi, while Penicillium species, along with Microsporum canis, were the most resistant. Compared to the commercial fungicidal agent bifonazole, the studied essential oil demonstrated higher antifungal activity. Hemijski sastav etarskog ulja mladih iglica sa grančicama duglazije (Pseudosuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) dobijenog destilacijom vodenom parom, analiziran je gasnom hromatografijom (GC) i kombinacijom gasne hromatografije i masene spektrometrije (GC/MS). Identifikovano je deset jedinjenja ukupne zastupljenosti 94,26 %. Kao glavne komponente su nađeni: bornil-acetat (34,65 %), kamfen (29,82 %), α-pinen (11,65 %) i santen (5,45 %). Pored toga, etarsko ulje je testirano na antifungalnu aktivnost. Etarsko ulje pokazuje mnogo bolju antifugalnu akivnost od komercijalnog fungicidnog agensa bifonazola. Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija etarskog ulja duglazije je u opsegu od 0,6 do 1,4 μL mL-1. Najosetljiviji na testirano ulje je bio soj Phomopsis helianthi, dok sojevi Penicillium i Microsporum canis pokazuju najveću rezistentnost.

Summary Volatile compounds from fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum L. were isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and then analyzed by GC-MS. The predominant volatile compounds were α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene (more than 60% of the oil). The β-pinene, β-myrcene, camphene, β-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, and germacrene D content was also high. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil and some of its components against ten reference strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated by the agar dilution method. The essential oil and the compounds were more active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria.

The essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Himalayan Tanacetum species viz. T. longifolium, T. tibeticum and T. nubigenum were examined by GC, GC-MS and NMR. The essential oil of T. longifolium was characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenoids viz. β-eudesmol (24.8 %), cadina-1,4-diene (15.0 %), α-bisabolol (7.4 %) and (E)-β-farnesene (6.8 %). On the contrary, T. tibeticum was dominated by bornyl acetate (60.7 %), β-caryophyllene (9.1 %), β-eudesmol (5.3 %), methyl thymol (4.3 %). The results show three chemotypes within T. nubigenum; characterized by the presence of bornyl acetate (39.7 %), (3R,6R)-linalool oxide acetate (69.4 %) and (-)-cis-chrysanthenol (37.0 %) as marker constituents, respectively. The raw material and their constituents have commercial utility in incense (dhoop) and fragrant preparations.

The essential oils of the fruits and the leaves of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fresh unripe pistachio fruits were richer in essential oil (0.5 %, w/w) than the leaves (0.1 %, w/w). Twenty one compounds were identified in the essential oil of the fruits and the major components were (+)-α-pinene (54.6 %) and terpinolene (31.2 %). The enantiomeric ratio of the major constituents of the essential oil of the fruits was determined using chiral GC/MS and it was found that the (+)/(-)-α-pinene ratio was 99.5:0.5, (+)/(-)-limonene 80:20, (+)/(-)-β-pinene 96:4, and (+)/(-)-α-terpineol 0:100. Thirty three compounds were identified in the essential oil of the leaves and the major components were found to be α-pinene (30.0 %), terpinolene (17.6 %) and bornyl acetate (11.3 %).

The essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. growing spontaneously in In-Amenas in southern Algeria (desert region) was investigated by GC and GC–MS. Essential oil was isolated from the aerial parts by hydrodistillation in 0.70% yield. Sixty-two components were identified, amounting to 95.1% of the oil. The main components were piperitone (61.9%), terpinen-4-ol (4.6%) and bornyl acetate (3.0%). The geographical variation of the chemical composition of the volatile oil of Artemisia judaica between several sites in the world is discussed briefly. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The enantiomeric differentiation of bornyl acetate was carried out by 13C-NMR spectroscopy using a chiral lanthanide shift reagent. The technique was successfully applied to the determination of the enantiomer of bornyl acetate present in the essential oil of Inula graveolens. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this study the chemical characterizations of 10 sicilian biotypes of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils are reported. The main goal was to analyze the relationship between the essential oils yield and the geographical distribution of the species plants. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The statistical methods Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were used to cluster biotypes according to the chemical composition of the essential oils. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.8 - 2.3 (v/w). 82 compounds have been identified, these represent 96.7-99.9% of the essential oil. The compounds mostly represented in the essential oils were: 1.8- Cineole, Linalool, α-Terpineol, verbenone, α-Pinene, Limonene, Bornyl acetate and Terpinolene. The results shown that the essential oil yield of the 10 biotypes tested, is affected by the environmental characteristics of the sampling sites, while the chemical composition is linked to the genetic characteristics of different biotypes.

The essential oils obtained from air-dried subterranean parts of Valeriana officinalis ssp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman (Valerianaceae), ‘Shipka,’ was analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 62 components were identified. The oil yield, collected in plants grown in 1995 and 1998, was 0.42% (v/m) and 0.40% (v/m) respectively, related to the air-dried roots. Two new sesquiterpenes, (–)-pacifigorgia-l(6),10-diene and (–)-valerena-4,7(11)-diene were identified for the first time in both oils. Some major constituents were bornyl acetate (6.0%-7.3%), spathulenol (5.2%-4.1%), valeranone (12.0%-6.8%), valerenal (9.1%-8.5%), α-kessyl acetate (2.1%-6.2%) and (–)-valerena-4,7(11)-diene (7.2%-4.6%).

The GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Eupatorium adenophorum collected from different localities of Kumaun and Garhwal revealed the dominant presence of amorph-4-en-7-ol (5.8–17.7%), bornyl acetate (7.6–15.9%), p-cymene (0.1–16.6%), 3-acetoxyamorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (0.3–16.3%), α-phellandrene (1.5–9.6%), camphene (≶0.1–8.9%), α-bisabolol (1.7–7.8%), α-cadinol (0.6–6.2%) and amorph-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (3.2–5.7%). Amorphene derivatives (19.8–41.4%) may be considered as characteristic constituents of E. adenophorum.

The compositions of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Aster ageratoides var. ovatus (Compositae), have been investigated by GC and GC/MS. The volatile components were also isolated by headspace techniques and analyzed. As a result, the oil was revealed the presence of 106 components, representing 97.5% of the total oil. The main components of the oil were bornyl acetate (13.0%), terpinolene (9.7%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (9.5%), (E)-β-ocimene (9.1%) and (Z)—β-ocimene (7.6%). Twenty-one components accounting for 99.6% of the headspace constituents were identified.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia leucantha Cav. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; β-caryophyllene (13.9%), α-guaiene (12.6%), cis-muurola-3,5-diene (10.8%), germacrene D (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.7%). Bornyl acetate constituted 23.9% of the oil. This is the first detailed report on the essential oil composition based on capillary GC and GC/MS analyses.

Essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tanacetum polycephalum Schultz-Bip. subsp. argyrophyllum (K. Koch.) Podlech before flowering and at full flowering stage, were analyzed by a combination of capillary GC and GC/MS. Twenty-five components were identified that approximately constitute 92.8% and 97.9% of the oils, before flowering and full flowering stage, respectively. The main constituents of the oils were camphor (36.1% and 18.5%), pinocarvone (20.1% and 31.4%), α-pinene (8.6% and 9.5%), p-cymene (9.2% and 0.5%) and bornyl acetate (8.8% and 5.9%) before flowering and full flowering stage, respectively. 1,8-cineole (18.5%) was found only in the oil of full flowering. There were some other differences between the minor components of the oils in two harvesting time.

Quantitative data relating to 20 components identified in a wide sampling of Sardinian rosemary oils are reported. Eleven oil samples were isolated by water and steam distillation of fresh branches and leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from different areas in Sardinia, analyzed by gas chromatography, and the volatile components identified with a mass selective detector. The chemical composition of the Sardinian samples is quite homogeneous and rather different from that of the oils produced in other parts of Italy and other Mediterranean countries.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the stems and leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. and the aerial parts of Centaurea solstitialis L. (two Compositae species of Iran) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds representing 86.4% of the stem oil of Xanthium strumarium were identified, among which bornyl acetate (19.5%), limonene (15.0%) and β-selinene (10.1%) were the major ones. The leaf oil of the plant was characterized by higher amount of limonene (24.7%) and borneol (10.6%) among the 28 components comprising 85.2% of the total oil detected. Eighteen components were identified in the oil of Centaurea solstitialis representing 86.6% of the total oil with hexadecanoic acid (30.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (25.2%) as major constituents.

The oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Tanacetum sorbifolium (Boiss.) Grierson from Turkey was analysed by GC-MS. Twenty-nine components were characterized, representing 91.0% of the total components detected. The major constituents were identified as camphor (54.3%), pinocarvone (5.1%), chrysanthenone (4.7%), bornyl acetate (3.9%) and camphene (3.4%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of Astrodaucus persicus (Boiss.) Drude were obtained by hydrodistillation of root and aerial parts and examined by GC and GC–MS. The composition of oil samples was compared; 22, 20 and 14 compounds were identified in the essential oils of the root, stem/leaves and flowers/fruits, representing 94.4%, 99.7% and 99.9%, respectively, of the total oils. The major components were bornyl acetate (26.5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (25.9%) and exo-fenchyl acetate (25.1%) for the root oil, α-pinene (56.4%) and exo-fenchyl acetate (37.7%) for the stem/leaves oil and β-pinene (46.1%), α-pinene (26.1%) and α-thujene (14.4%) for the flowers/fruits oil. The highest amount of sesquiterpenes was found in the root oil (30.7%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Anthemis pignattiorum Guarino, Raimondo & Domina and A. ismelia Lojac. and the aerial parts and flowers of Anthemis cupaniana Tod. ex Nyman , three endemic Sicilian species belonging to the section Hiorthia, was determined by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. (Z)-Muurola-4(14),5-diene (27.3%) was recognized as the main constituent of the A. pignattiorum essential oil, together with isospathulenol (10.6%), sabinene (7.7%), and artemisyl acetate (6.8%), while in the oil obtained from the aerial parts of A. ismelia , geranyl propionate (8.8%), bornyl acetate (7.9%), β-thujone (7.8%), neryl propionate (6.5%), and t-muurolol (6.5%) prevailed. α-Pinene was the main compound of both the aerial part and flower oils of A. cupaniana (18.4 and 13.2%, resp.). Also noteworthy are the considerable amounts of artemisyl acetate (12.7%) and β-thujone (11.8%) found in the oil from the aerial parts and those of tricosane (9.8%) and sabinene (7.6%) evidenced in the flower oil. Furthermore, an update on the main compounds identified in the essential oils of all the Anthemis taxa studied so far was presented, and cluster analyses were carried out, to compare the essential oils of these taxa.

The components of the essential oil from Abies sachalinensis cones were studied by GC and GC/MS. The oil was characterized by a high content of monoterpenoids (85.4%) and low content of sesquiterpenoids (2.2%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons (40.4%) were the main components, followed by alcohols (27.1%). Ketones, aldehydes and an acetate (4.9%, 3.5% and 8.0%, respectively) were minor components. The main components of the oil were β-pinene (13.3%), β-phellandrene (8.5%), bornyl acetate (8.0%), pinocarveol (7.8%) and α-pinene (6.9%).