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In this work, a heterogeneous integration strategy of 3D NAND based compute-in-memory (CIM) architecture is proposed for large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs). While most of the reported CIM architectures today have focused on the image classification models with MB-level parameters, we aim at huge language translation models with GB-scale parameters. Our 3D NAND CIM architecture design exploits two fabrication techniques, wafer bonding scheme and CMOS under array (CUA), to integrate CMOS circuits, 3D NAND cells, and high voltage (HV) transistors at different tiers without thermal budget issue during the fabrication process. The bonding pads between two wafers are designed to transfer the input and output vectors while ensuring $\sim 1~\mu \text{m}$ pitch that is feasible by hybrid bonding. The chip size of the 512 Gb 128-layer 3D NAND CIM architecture is estimated to be 166 mm2 with 7 nm FinFET logic transistors. Using the physical and electrical parameters of standard 3D NAND cells, the 1.15-19.01 tera operations per second per watt (TOPS/W) of energy efficiency is achieved.

Performance of biomedical analog circuits vitiates due to non-linear V-R characteristics of Pseudo-resistor (PR) structure, their excess dependency over Process Voltage Temperature (PVT) and common mode variations. In this paper, Incremental Resistance (IR) expressions, V-R curves and statistical results for wider PVT variations for diverse categories of non-tunable and tunable PR structures have been presented. The results obtained using 0.18 μm standard CMOS process with BSIM3V3 device models show that Dynamic Threshold Metal Oxide Semiconductor (DTMOS) technique involving symmetrical biasing for bulk and gate voltages for MOS devices is capable to emulate high nominal value (RYX, N) of IR of the order of 1.95 TΩ over a wider voltage swing of −1 V to 1 V with an area consumption of 60 μm2. Statistical results obtained after performing Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) with 100 runs for the verification of robustness against PVT variations for this structure shows the value of mean (μ), standard deviation (σ) and Coefficient of variance (CV = σ/μ) as 1.918 TΩ, 100.6 GΩ and 0.052 respectively. Results for a variety of other PR structures reported in this paper can be useful for their possible deployment in circuit applications like neural signal recording and low current sensing etc.

The paper describes design and analysis of Tera Hertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) switch using quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QDSOA) and all- optical digital to analog converter (DAC). The QDSOA based TOAD or QDSTOAD and the DAC performance optimization for control power variations shows that 1.5 mW pump or control power gives the optimized performance as far as the extinction ratio is concerned for the TOAD. At the same power absolute error (e) and dynamic range for DAC also shows maximum. The present paper investigates relative output, absolute error and dynamic range for the performance analysis of the DAC. An absolute error as low as 0.25% and dynamic range (11.765 dB) very close to the ideal value (11.761 dB) ensures effectiveness of these devices. These devices show immunity to the amplified spontaneous emission noise.

This work presents the design of a constant, programmable and extremely high (Tera ohm) MOS pseudo-resistor over a wide dynamic range of ± 0.6 V based on MOS transistors operating in the weak inversion region. The major challenge faced by the circuit designers in designing high resistance pseudo-resistor is the linearity problem and it is resolved in this work. The proposed pseudo-resistor is utilized as a feedback resistor in the second stage of the two-stages bio-medical amplifiers in the portable bio-detection system. By controlling the resistance of this pseudo-resistor, the lower cut-off frequency of the amplifier is automatically adjusted and thus allowing the detection of the small frequency range. Simulations in LT-spice using 130 nm CMOS technology under ± 0.6 V supply voltage are performed to validate the realization of the extremely high resistance and its application.

This work presents throughput-enhanced readout ASIC (TERA), an integrated multichannel analog pulse processor (APP), suitable for processing signals generated from solid-state detectors, such as silicon drift detectors (SDDs) coupled to pulsed reset-type charge-sensitive amplifiers (CSAs). In particular, this development targets applications at high count rates (≈Mcps) in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The demonstrator chip is composed of four parallel readout channels. Each channel includes a seventh-order semi-Gaussian shaping amplifier with controllable shaping times and full-scale ranges, followed by a peak stretcher and switched-capacitor analog memory. Each channel is also equipped with a dedicated peak detector and a novel pile-up rejection (PUR) logic. Each pair of channels can be optionally digitized by a 12-bit on-chip successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC), providing a digital output at a maximum sampling rate of 2.5 Msps. The architecture achieves high throughput and satisfactory energy resolution. In fact, in 55Fe spectroscopy measurements, when using the shortest shaping pulsewidth of 200 ns, a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) Mn $\text{K}\alpha $ line of 159.4 eV (12.5 $\text{e}^{-}_{\text {rms}}$ ) was obtained at low rates (10 kcps). This energy resolution can be achieved, thanks to the minimization of the effect of the ballistic deficit, achieved by optimizing the SDD detector in terms of optimum biasing, low operating temperature (−37 °C), and small size (1-mm diameter). At 1.61 Mcps/channel input rate, an output count rate of 1.09 Mcps/channel and a resolution of 205.1 eV (19.7 $\text{e}^{-}_{\text {rms}}$ ) were achieved with a 4-mm-diameter SDD and optimum PUR settings. Simultaneous multichannel acquisition has been successfully performed. Such high-rate performances are, to our knowledge, the best ones reported so far for an APP, based on a spectroscopy-grade application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and very close to those achievable by a standard digital pulse processor (DPP). Therefore, TERA can represent an attractive, compact, and scalable pulse processing solution for high-rate multichannel energy-dispersive X-ray detection systems.

Radon measurements were carried out in four kindergartens in Slovakia. RSKS detectors (Radosys Ltd., Hungary) and RamaRn (SUJCHBO, Czech Republic) were used for integral measurement in indoor air. AlphaGUARD (Saphymo, Germany) and TERA system (Tesla, Czech Republic) were used for continual measurement in indoor air. An annual variation with a maximum during the summer holidays was observed. Daily variation strongly depended on the ventilation of rooms. The average radon activity concentration per unit of time calculated from integral measurements was higher than that calculated for working time only.

In this study, we are aiming to achieve using an external signal to create a programmable biomedical front-end system (FEA), Fig. 2. Designing modern active filters and amplifiers, mega to tera ohms resistors and minimized capacitors are required. Therefore, the use of CMOS pseudo resistor will have an advantage of minimizing the layout area used compare to the passive resistor. UMC_0.25 and TSMC_0.18 are used in our FEA design and find the best fit between the technology and the pseudo resistor structure. This paper presents a voltage control programmable pseudo resistor to directly control the whole FEA system.

In this study, a laser beat system based on two DBR tunable lasers was bulid. The laser output wavelength is calibrated by the wavelength calibration device, in order to get the precise beat frequency. Finaly, we demonstrated a Tera-Hertz spectrometer using this two laser beat light source. This beat laser system has the advantages of low-cost, easy access, and fast wavelength tuning.

This paper describes a measurement approach for massive parallel testing enabling characterization of Mega-Ohm resistor and Giga-Ohm isolation structures for process characterization using low power test conditions with Advantest V93000 AVI64 equipment. Moreover, it exhibits the technique how to accomplish resistance readings up to single digit Tera-Ohms. Compared to a parametric benchmark tool, we are approx. 5x faster with sufficient accuracy and high repeatability. The new measurement methodology was applied for interconnect process characterization of an advanced CMOS technology.

A collective scattering method using the sub-THz gyrotron radiation is planned to apply to the direct detection of the electron Bernstein wave in the QUEST where the electron Bernstein wave plays one of the main heating/current drive roles in sustaining steady state spherical tokamak configuration.

The development of the next generation of accelerators for charged particle radiotherapy aims to reduce dimensions and operational complexity of the machines by engineering pulsed beams accelerators. The drawback is the increased difficulty to monitor the beam delivery. Within each pulse, instantaneous currents larger by two to three orders of magnitude than present applications are expected, which would saturate the readout of the monitor chambers. In this paper, we report of a simple method to increase by almost two orders of magnitude the current range of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit chip previously developed by our group to read out monitor ionization chambers.

In this paper, AC analysis of a novel Junctionless Double Surrounding Gate MOSFET for TeraHertz applications has been investigated and the results so obtained have been compared with the performance of Junctionless Transistor (JLT). AC performance parameters such as scattering parameters (S11, S12, S21, S22), cut off frequency, Gate Capacitance, Stern Stability Factor (K) and drain currents have been analyzed. The performance has also been analyzed for different channel lengths ( L= 18nm, 24nm, 30nm). JLDSG MOSFET is found to be suitable for Tera Hertz applications.

The scientific community and the medical industries are putting a considerable effort into the design of compact, reliable and cheap accelerators for hadrontherapy. Up to now only circular accelerators are used to deliver beams with energies suitable for the treatment of deep seated tumors. The TERA Foundation has proposed and designed a hadrontherapy facility based on the cyclinac concept: a high gradient linear accelerator placed downstream of a cyclotron used as an injector. The overall length of the linac, and therefore its final cost, is almost inversely proportional to the average accelerating gradient achieved in the linac.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an imaging process method for automatically extracting assessment target regions in images of crystallization wells.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed method detects the target by image processing based on saturation variance in images of crystallization wells.FindingsThe proposed method shows high accurate detection performance in a short time.Practical implicationsThe method is applicable to automatic crystallization machine. Especially, it is expected to implement to TERA system of RIKEN.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates target area detection from microscope images based on saturation variance in images of crystallization wells.

This paper describes both a near term and a long term optical interconnect solution, the first based on a packaging architecture and the second based on a monolithic photonic CMOS architecture. The packaging-based optical I/O architecture implemented with 90 nm CMOS transceiver circuits, 1 × 12 VCSEL/detector arrays and polymer waveguides achieves 10 Gb/s/channel at 11 pJ/b. A simple TX pre-emphasis technique enables a potential 18 Gb/s at 9.6 pJ/b link efficiency. Analysis predicts this architecture to reach less than 1 pJ/b at the 16 nm CMOS technology node. A photonic CMOS process enables higher bandwidth and lower energy-per-bit for chip-to-chip optical I/O through integration of electro-optical polymer based modulators, silicon nitride waveguides and polycrystalline germanium (Ge) detectors into a CMOS logic process. Experimental results for the photonic CMOS ring resonator modulators and Ge detectors demonstrate performance above 20 Gb/s and analysis predicts that photonic CMOS will eventually enable energy efficiency better than 0.3 pJ/b with 16 nm CMOS. Optical interconnect technologies such as these using multi-lane communication or wavelength division multiplexing have the potential to achieve TB/s interconnect and enable platforms suitable for the tera-scale computing era.

Femtosecond lasers had an unpredictable success in optical sciences ever since they were introduced. Today physicists are still pushing the limits of ultrafast lasers, e.g. the pulse duration down to a single optical cycle and the peak power up to tera or even peta watts. On the other hand, many promising applications have emerged outside the laser laboratories. Mainly the combination of high peak power and low average power make ultrafast lasers very attractive for life sciences. The high peak power enables scientists to take advantage of nonlinear effects while the low average power keeps the cell samples vital/alive. Therefore, it is now possible to gather new information about dynamic life processes that was not accessible before. The studies cover scales reaching from interaction of subcellular compartments up to the physiological reaction of an entire living organism. Some keywords of these applications are “non-invasive”, “high 3D-resolution”, “time-resolved”, “marker-free”, “contact-free” and “high penetration depth” among many others.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a state discrimination for crystallization samples (droplets), the purpose of which is to discriminate between diffractable extracts (crystal) and other objects.Design/methodology/approach – The line feature from the image of the protein droplet was extracted and the state discriminated using a classifier based on line features. A support vector machine is used as the classifier.Findings – In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, the growth state was discriminated experimentally using the images taken by TERA, an automated crystallization system. The correction ratio was determined to exceed 80 percent.Originality/value – Contribution to automated evaluation process of the growth state of protein crystallization samples.

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Precursor. The telescope is located at the Murchison Radio--astronomy Observatory (MRO) in Western Australia (WA). The MWA consists of 4096 dipoles arranged into 128 dual polarisation aperture arrays forming a connected element interferometer that cross-correlates signals from all 256 inputs. A hybrid approach to the correlation task is employed, with some processing stages being performed by bespoke hardware, based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and others by Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) housed in general purpose rack mounted servers. The correlation capability required is approximately 8 TFLOPS (Tera FLoating point Operations Per Second). The MWA has commenced operations and the correlator is generating 8.3 TB/day of correlation products, that are subsequently transferred 700 km from the MRO to Perth (WA) in real-time for storage and offline processing. In this paper we outline the correlator design, signal path, and processing elements and present the data format for the internal and external interfaces., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in PASA. Some figures altered to meet astro-ph submission requirements

Encoding of information in DNA-, RNA- and other biomolecules is an important area of research in fields such as DNA computing, bioinformatics, and, conceivably, microbiology and genetics. This survey focuses on two fundamental problems, the codeword design problem and the representation problem of abiotic information, for massively parallel processing with DNA molecules. The first problem requires libraries of DNA sequences to be designed so that specific duplexes are formed during annealing while simultaneously preventing other undesirable hybridizations from occurring in the course of a computation in the tube. The second involves a search for efficient and cost-effective methods of representing non-biological information in DNA sequences for storage and retrieval of large amouns of data (tera- and peta-byte scales). Two approaches are treated, namely thermodynamic and combinatoric-computational. Both experimental and theoretical results are described. A reference list of major works in the area is given. Finally, some open problems deemed important for their possible impact on encoding of abiotic information representation and processing are discussed.

A brief review is presented of the state of the art of fibre optic communication based on materials of the conferences held in 1999. The main attention is paid to fibre optic systems with the spectral multiplexing of channels and the bit rate of ~Tbit s-1.

As we move towards the Tera era it is important to understand how to make measurements in this frequency domain. Over the past 20 years measurement techniques in this area have been developing. The main technique has been electro-optic sampling and probing. When measuring the response of photodiodes a simpler alternative, electrical auto-correlation, is available. In this case the non-linear current response is measured as a function of the overlap of the two trains of optical pulses focused onto a photodiode. As the electrical auto-correlation technique is based on the non-linearities in the device it is possible to study these non-linearities using the technique. In fact complex non-linear behaviour can lead to misinterpretation of the auto-correlation signal making it essential to understand the non-linear behaviour of a device when using the technique. In this work we concentrate on the non-linear behaviour. We observe both sub- and super-linear behaviour corresponding to field screening and impact ionization, respectively.

A high performance quantum interference transistor (QUIT) realized using high mobility 1-D MODFET channels is presented. The operation of this 1-D QUIT is based on electrostatic Aharonov-Bohm quantum interference effect. The channel length of the device is smaller than the inelastic coherence length of the electrons in the quantum well wire channel, otherwise scattering will randomize electron's phase and destroy the quantum interference effect. Transport characteristics of the 0.2 μm channel 1-D QUIT are calculated at 4.2 °K and compared with a two-dimensional QUIT device reported in literature. Our calculations show a significant improvement of the transconductance in one-dimensional transistors compared with its two-dimensional counterpart. The maximum frequency of operation of the 1-D QUIT is in the Tera Hertz regime, which makes it very attractive device for high frequency applications.

Refined conditions for the development of a self-sustaining thermonuclear burning wave in spherical plasma with radial temperature inhomogeneity (i.e., the temperature of the central region of initiation of thermonuclear burning is higher than the temperature of the surrounding fuel) are obtained. These conditions take into account the influence of energy transfer by thermonuclear particles and thermal radiation from surrounding fuel on burning-wave initiation and dynamics. The results are based on numerical Monte Carlo simulations by the TERA computer program describing transfer by bot thermonuclear particles and radiation.

Three turbulent intermittency methods, namely the u , TERA (turbulent energy recognition algorithm), and M-TERA (modified turbulent energy recognition algorithm) methods, for identifying the intermittent flow characteristics associated with boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent were considered and compared. The data used were obtained from hot-wire measurements in transitional boundary layer flows on a concave surface with a 2-m radius of curvature and on a flat plate. Comparisons show that the u and TERA methods are more sensitive to the choice of threshold constants than the M-TERA method. In terms of the intermittency distribution across the boundary layer, the values obtained by the u and TERA methods are unrealistically high in the near-wall region, while those obtained by the M-TERA method are more realistic. In the outer boundary layer region and outside the boundary layer, the u and M-TERA methods give reasonable intermittency values, whereas the TERA method produces unrealistically high values in the region outside the boundary layer. In addition, the M-TERA method provides a sharper definition of theend of transition.

This paper describes the possibility of atom/molecule switching devices, which are candidates to supersede the present metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices and to establish the new era of Atom Electronics. They are Atom Relay Transistors (ART) and Molecular Single Electron Switching (MOSES) devices, with total dimensions of a few nm and an operation speed of more than Tera (1012) Hz. Using these devices, it is estimated that a supercomputer, with 107 gates of logic circuit and 109 bits of memory, would be integrated in an area 200 μm square and operating at more than Tera (1012) Hz. ART and MOSES devices are evaluated on the basis of the characteristics necessary for information processing integrated circuit devices, together with other nano scale devices, and are found to be the most promising candidates that supersede the present metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices for information processing in the next decade. This paper also describes several technologies which could contribute to the establishment of Atom Electronics, including beam assisted scanning tunneling microscope (BASTM) which makes it possible to observe insulator surfaces, micromachine scanning tunneling microscope (μ-STM) by which the vacuum tunneling gap is successfully observed and the Needle Formation and Tip Imaging (NFTI) method which makes possible the in-situ evaluation of the tip apex of an STM.

It is shown that there is a principal possibility of effective burning with gain G > 200 of ecologically clean DHe3 fuel in reactor-type targets without increase of driver energy. The proper target consists of DHe3 fuel and a D-T ignitor with a central hot spark. Under proper conditions, the D-T burning wave reaches the DHe3 range with the temperature sufficient for ignition of DHe3 plasma. The simulation was carried out by means of TERA code based upon self-consistent solution of a kinetic equations system for products of primary and secondary thermonuclear reactions by the Monte Carlo method and a hydrodynamic equations system.

As a consequence of increased stringent engine emission regulations, in a highly competitive market, it has become necessary to explore innovative, economic and environmentally friendly cycles to sustain competitive advantages. Among these innovative cycles, both the geared and the direct drive counter-rotating open rotors, due to their relatively higher propulsive efficiency, have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional high bypass ratio turbofans. A detailed TERA (Technoeconomic Environmental Risk Analysis), multidisciplinary optimisation framework, can be used to optimise both engines and thereby assess their potential as well as quantify their risks on a formal and consistent basis. This technique is based on detailed and rigorous engine performance, aircraft performance, engine geometry, engine weight, noise, gaseous emissions and environmental impact simulation models. No specific performance simulation methodology for counter rotating open rotors is available in the public domain. An innovative technique is introduced, comprising novel models of: • Counter-rotating propellers (including their interaction); • Counter-rotating turbines; • Planetary differential gearboxes. A thorough description of the modelling methodology (with a justification of the main assumptions) of each of these three components is presented and an indication of work in progress is provided. These components are then used to develop direct drive and geared open rotor performance models. The results of steady state design point and off design performance simulations of these two engine models are subsequently presented via two case studies. Some of the differences in the performance of the low pressure system of geared and direct drive open rotors are highlighted. It was observed that the impact of the key OR performance DP parameters is different for the two engines. Consequently the optimal design and control strategies of theses two configurations will differ. The flexibility of the new simulation technique makes it a suitable candidate to perform multi-disciplinary TERA design space exploration and optimisation studies assess and optimise open rotor designs and control strategies in a multidisciplinary framework.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

The generation of coherent, high power TERA-MIR radiation with compact steady state sources operating at room temperature is one of the main technological challenges of the early 21st century. In this talk, I will review the most recent results on different types of sources and than focus on predictive simulations of Quantum Cascade Lasers, which are the best candidate sources for this spectral range.

This paper describes the development of a framework for thermoeconomic optimization of combined cycle power plants. The thermoeconomic optimization has been performed using Technoeconomical Environmental Risk Analysis Programme (TERA) developed at Cranfleld University. The TERA optimization code includes tools for design and performance analysis of industrial gas turbines and combined cycle power plants. It also features an optimization framework for minimizing the operational costs with environmental and operational constraints of designed thermal power plant. In this particular work, a design-type thermoeconomic optimization of a combined gas turbine-steam cycle using classical and non-classical optimization methods are discussed. The paper reviews the equations used to quantify the operational costs in the context of gas and steam cycle parameters.

A Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for the Large Hadron Electron Collider, the LHeC, is being prepared, to which an introduction was given for the plenary panel discussion on the future of deep inelastic scattering held at DIS09. This is briefly summarised here. The CDR will comprise designs of the ep/eA collider, based on ring and linear electron accelerators, of the interaction region, designed for simultaneous $ep$ and $pp$ operation, of a new, modular detector, and it will present basics on the physics motivation for a high luminous Tera scale electron-nucleon collider as a complement to the LHC., DIS09 Conference Contribution

Due to introduction of various wide-band applications in wired and wireless network demand of bandwidth is growing exponential. The existing network is not capable to meet the requirement of vast bandwidth. These requirement can be meet by all optical network which is capable of transmitting enormous data at very high speed, around 50 Tera bits per seconds (Tbps) A wavelength conversion technique is addressed in this paper to reduced the blocking probability in wavelength routed networks. It is seen that the blocking probability of traffic requests decreases as the wavelength conversion factor increases. We explode the possibility for network with different size comprising of 25, 50 and 100 nodes with variation in wavelength per link In this work the effects of varying number of wavelength converters, different traffic types on fiber link utilization and network blocking probability are evaluated and results are shown that the blocking probability is minimum with wavelength conversion factor of 0.5. Thus we propose a network with 32 and 64 wavelengths and 50 % wavelength convertible nodes.

Shock wave propagation and the spallation within materials induced by laser shock have been investigated for roughly two decades. With the latest laser technologies evolution, one can access to shorter regimes in durations, going below the picosecond range. Shots performed with the LULI 100 TW facility evidence the possibility to obtain spallation in a few microns thick metallic target. Such conditions provide an experimental data layout which may be directly comparable with molecular dynamic simulations reachable to these scales. Molecular dynamic simulations on a single crystal of Tantalum have been performed with the CEA TERA 10 computer. First, the Hugoniot calculated by the equilibrium molecular dynamics has been compared with experimental data to check the potential (EAM) relevance to reproduce the shock wave propagation. Then, large scale simulations on a micrometric target have been performed. We have observed the microscopic ductile damage process, the pore apparition and their time and space evolution. The results are compared with experimental results and classical one‐dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

We describe the development of the image‐stabilized telescope for project “Tera‐GATE.” This telescope can move the secondary mirror and cancel the image motion that arises from the gondola attitude error. We also report on the feedback system for the image stabilization and give an image quality estimation for the telescope.

In this paper, we present the estimation of storage capacity in reflection-type holographic memory by using scalar diffraction theory. Signal to noise ratio in speckle shift multiplexing is derived numerically. The maximum storage capacity is presented by using signal to noise ratio and then a few tera byte is possible in a 5-inch disk.

We describe the balloon-borne telescope (69cm aperture) for the project Tera-GATE (THz observation with GaAs photoconductors and a balloon-borne TElescope) aiming at the THz astronomical observations. THz region is the last frontier left not well explored and we are planning to have multiband photometric observations covering the wavelength from 50 to 300 microns and get completed SED data for some Young Stellar Objects in this band. The telescope, we are constructing, has image stabilizing system which cancels out pointing error (up to about 0.3 degrees) of the balloon gondola, and enables us to take a long exposure needed for highly sensitive observations. We will show the structure of the telescope, cold stop design, and characteristics of the image stabilizing system.

A family of Application Specific Integrated Circuits ( ASICs ) called TERA have been developed for the readout of pixel and strip gas detectors used in radiotherapy applications. The TERA ASICs are based on the charge balancing integration technique in order to obtain a good linearity over a dynamic range of five order of magnitude.

Recently, optically reconfigurable gate arrays (ORGAs) consisting of a gate array VLSI, a holographic memory, and a laser array have been developed to achieve huge virtual gate counts that is much larger than those of currently available VLSIs. Using ORGA architecture, greater than 1 tera gate count VLSIs are possible by exploiting the storage capacity of a holographic memory. Conventional ORGAs have only one shortcoming compared with current field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs): they are not reprogrammable after their fabrication because, to reprogram ORGAs, a holographic memory must be disassembled from its ORGA package, reprogrammed outside of the ORGA package using a holographic memory writer, and implemented into the ORGA package with high precision beyond that available by manual assembly. To improve that shortcoming, this paper presents the world's first programmable ORGA architecture and experimental results. Furthermore, in light of those experimental results, this paper presents discussion of the availability of this architecture and future plans.

It was essential for the structural genomics of Thermus thermophilus HB8 to efficiently crystallize a number of proteins. To this end, three conventional robots, an HTS-80 (sitting-drop vapour diffusion), a Crystal Finder (hanging-drop vapour diffusion) and a TERA (modified microbatch) robot, were subjected to a crystallization condition screening test involving 18 proteins from T. thermophilus HB8. In addition, a TOPAZ (microfluidic free-interface diffusion) designed specifically for initial screening was also briefly examined. The number of diffraction-quality crystals and the time of appearance of crystals increased in the order HTS-80, Crystal Finder, TERA. With the HTS-80 and Crystal Finder, the time of appearance was short and the rate of salt crystallization was low. With the TERA, the number of diffraction-quality crystals was high, while the time of appearance was long and the rate of salt crystallization was relatively high. For the protein samples exhibiting low crystallization success rates, there were few crystallization conditions that were common to the robots used. In some cases, the success rate depended greatly on the robot used. The TOPAZ showed the shortest time of appearance and the highest success rate, although the crystals obtained were too small for diffraction studies. These results showed that the combined use of different robots significantly increases the chance of obtaining crystals, especially for proteins exhibiting low crystallization success rates. The structures of 360 of 944 purified proteins have been successfully determined through the combined use of an HTS-80 and a TERA.

Summary form only given. Moore's Law will continue to increase the number of transistors on die for a couple of decades, as silicon technology moves from 65nm today to 45nm, 32 nm and 22nm in the future. Since the power and thermal constraints increase with frequency, multi-core or many-core will be the way of the future microprocessor. In the near future, HW platforms will have many-cores (>16 cores) on die to achieve >1 TIPs computation power, which will communicate each other through an on-die interconnect fabric with >1 TB/s on-die bandwidth and

There is a great interest worldwide in plasma accelerators driven by ultra‐intense lasers which make it possible to generate ultra‐high gradient acceleration and high quality particle beams in a much more compact size compared with conventional accelerators. A frontier research on laser and plasma accelerators is focused on high energy electron acceleration and ultra‐short X‐ray and Tera Hertz radiations as their applications. These achievements will provide not only a wide range of sciences with benefits of a table‐top accelerator but also a basic science with a tool of ultrahigh energy accelerators probing an unknown extremely microscopic world.Harnessing the recent advance of ultra‐intense ultra‐short pulse lasers, the worldwide research has made a tremendous breakthrough in demonstrating high‐energy high‐quality particle beams in a compact scale, so called “dream beams on a table top”, which represents monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield accelerators and GeV acceleration by capillary pla...

Tera Hertz (THz) technology has become an increasingly active area of research bothfor its myriad applications and due to the recent advances in component technology. THz may beenvisioned as very long wavelength infrared or very short wavelength radar depending on one'sviewpoint. It has the advantage of probing the spectral region where many molecules have rotationalstructure, and due to its relatively long wavelength, can penetrate many soft materials which areopaque to infrared radiation. THz imagers using antenna-coupled bolometer arrays of large scale arestill expensive, being constructed largely on a custom basis. This makes array-based imagingexpensive and largely custom made. Single element THz receivers are readily available as laboratorydetectors and can be integrated into imaging devices in a much more inexpensive manner. In this paper we discuss the design and construction of a scanning THz imager. Itsdesign employs folded optical elements which may be easily constructed from numericallycontrolled machining equipment. The imager is compact and relatively rugged. Its design is based onexisting infrared scanners and the initial prototype is constructed around such a device. The currentprototype operates around 3 THz however designs for a dedicated scanner will allow operation downto 1 THz. Scan speed is variable but current operation is from 4-30 Hz with a scan converterproducing conventional RS170 video. Prior to describing the construction details of the scanner we present some motivationfor its design. Figure 1 shows typical transmission of some common fabrics in the THz regime [1].Notice that 3 THz is able to penetrate some of the fabrics, while a system at 1 THz penetrates allthose presented. This must be considered with typical atmospheric transmission as shown in figure 2

International audience; We report on the magnetic properties of two-dimensional Co nanoparticles arranged in macroscopically phase-coherent superlattices created by self-assembly on Au(788). Our particles have a density of 26 Tera/in(2) (1 Tera=10(12)), are monodomain, and have uniaxial out-of-plane anisotropy. The distribution of the magnetic anisotropy energies has a half width at half maximum of 17%, a factor of 2 more narrow than the best results reported for superlattices of three-dimensional nanoparticles. Our data show the absence of magnetic interactions between the particles. Co/Au(788) thus constitutes an ideal model system to explore the ultimate density limit of magnetic recording.

Using THz parametric oscillation of a LiNbO3 crystal pumped by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, we have realized widely tunable coherent THz-wave sources. Continuous-wave THz-wave generation using DFM with periodically poled LiNbO3 is also discussed.

Summary form only given. The multi-beam klystron (MBK) enjoys high efficiency, a consequence of the low perveance of the individual beamlets, while operating at a low beam voltage due to the high total perveance. The plasma wavelength is less than that of a conventional single beam klystron, allowing a significant reduction in the length of the device. MBKs are, therefore, especially attractive in lower frequency accelerator applications. Described in this paper is the L6102-50 MBK, currently being developed at L-3 Communications Electron Devices, which is designed to the DESY TESLA (Tera electron volt energy superconducting linear accelerator) specification, which calls for a 10 MW peak, 150 kW average power MBK at 1300 MHz.

A new turbulent intermittency detector method, based on the Turbulent Energy Recognition Algorithm (TERA), has been proposed. Its performance was compared with two other available methods using the data obtained from hot-wire measurements in a developing boundary layer flow on a concave surface with constant radius of curvature of 2 m. Comparisons show that this new method is better than the other two as a turbulent detector under the same flow conditions, especially in the near-wall and in the outer and outside regions of the boundary layer.

We have already developed a lensless optical floppy disk system. In this paper an ultra high density optical memory disk system of T bits/inch/sup 2/ with G bits/s data transfer rate is newly proposed using near field optics, of which tracks are electric controlled. The optical heads in this system use 100/spl times/100 microcavity VCSEL arrays. One track width on the disk is 20 nm which is fine controlled by an electrical method using a 150/spl times/150 photo-diode array and the whole head is controlled by a conventional optical and electric-mechanical method in seeking tracks.

The Tera MTA (Multi-Threaded Architecture) computer system is a scalable shared memory multiprocessor implemented in semi-custom GaAs ICs. This paper gives an overview of attributes of the Tera MTA architecture that influenced the chip design. It then describes the IC technology selection, design methodology, and yield enhancements.

Summary form only given. We are reaching one of the most important aspects of the tera era is the need for high-speed interconnections between computers and peripherals. The use of optical interconnects using low-cost optoelectronic components will be key to the development of computer networks of the future. A very important technology which will enable high-speed optical interconnects is the vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology. These lasers can be made and tested in a fashion similar to light emitting diodes, allowing low-cost manufacturing, and can be made into two-dimensional arrays, allowing unique signal processing capabilities. Many R&D groups are busy developing VCSEL technology. The state-of-the-art of VCSEL technology has reached a very impressive level with threshold currents of the order of 100 μA and internal efficiencies greater than 50%. VCSELs have been developed over a wide wavelength range from 650nm to 1550 nm using conventional epitaxial growth techniques or more sophisticated techniques such as wafer fusing and bonding.