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32 results on '"N. Oyama"'

1. Laser transfer technique using wavefront correction and beam homogenizers in Thomson scattering diagnostics

Author

H. Sasao, Kouji Tsubakimoto, N. Oyama, H. Tojo, and H. Yoshida

Subjects
Wavefront, Physics, business.industry, Thomson scattering, Mechanical Engineering, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Deformable mirror, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Distortion, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Laser beam quality, 010306 general physics, business, Beam homogenizer, Beam (structure), Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

This paper suggests the use of two optical elements for laser transfer in Thomson scattering diagnostics, which are widely used for other laser applications. YAG lasers amplified by flash lamps (repetition frequency of 50–100 Hz having a few Joules output) can sometimes have adverse effects such as peaked beam profiles and wavefront distortion. We used a beam homogenizer, which is a refractive optical element, to change the beam profile from peaked to non-peaked at a designated position. Using a super-Gaussian output profile when amplifying lasers facilitated longer—by a factor of 1.5 (=300 mm/200 mm) compared with top-hat beam profile—sustained distances, i.e. the distance along the laser path having a non-peaked profile. In terms of beam quality, wavefront distortion broke the beam profile in the far field. We used a deformable mirror to correct and flatten the wavefront of the beam. A YAG laser having a wavefront distortion of 0.46λ peak-to-valley was used to test the application of the deformable mirror, the results of which improved wavefront distortion to a wavelength of 0.1λ peak-to-valley.

Published
2019

2. SlimCS—compact low aspect ratio DEMO reactor with reduced-size central solenoid

Author

K Tobita, S Nishio, M Sato, S Sakurai, T Hayashi, Y.K Shibama, T Isono, M Enoeda, H Nakamura, S Sato, K Ezato, T Hirose, S Ide, T Inoue, Y Kamada, Y Kawamura, H Kawashima, N Koizumi, G Kurita, Y Nakamura, K Mouri, T Nishitani, J Ohmori, N Oyama, K Sakamoto, S Suzuki, T Suzuki, H Tanigawa, K Tsuchiya, and D Tsuru

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Solenoid, Blanket, Condensed Matter Physics, Aspect ratio (image), law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Electromagnetic coil, Plasma shaping, Beta (plasma physics), Power density
Abstract

The concept for a compact DEMO reactor named 'SlimCS' is presented. Distinctive features of the concept are low aspect ratio (A = 2.6) and use of a reduced-size centre solenoid (CS) which has the function of plasma shaping rather than poloidal flux supply. The reduced-size CS enables us to introduce a thin toroidal field coil system which contributes to reducing the weight and perhaps lessening the construction cost. Low-A has merits of vertical stability for high elongation (κ) and high normalized beta (βN), which leads to a high power density with reasonable physics requirements. This is because high κ facilitates high nGW (because of an increase in Ip), which allows efficient use of the capacity of high βN. From an engineering aspect, low-A may ensure ease in designing blanket modules robust to electromagnetic forces acting on disruptions. Thus, a superconducting low-A tokamak reactor such as SlimCS can be a promising DEMO concept with physics and engineering advantages.

Published
2007

3. Stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes by electron cyclotron current drive in JT-60U

Author

A Isayama, N Oyama, H Urano, T Suzuki, M Takechi, N Hayashi, K Nagasaki, Y Kamada, S Ide, T Ozeki, and the JT-60 team

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Toroid, Rational surface, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Sawtooth wave, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Bootstrap current, law, Atomic physics, Current density
Abstract

Results of active control of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) by electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) in JT-60U are described. Growth of an NTM with poloidal mode number m = 3 and toroidal mode number n = 2 has been suppressed by ECCD inside the sawtooth inversion radius in the co-direction, showing the possibility of the coexistence of sawtooth oscillations and a small-amplitude m/n = 3/2 NTM without large confinement degradation. Stabilization of an m/n = 2/1 NTM by ECCD at the mode rational surface has been demonstrated with a small ratio of the current density driven by the electron cyclotron (EC) wave to the local bootstrap current density (∼0.5). In addition, dependence of the stabilization effect on ECCD location has been investigated in detail. It has been found that an m/n = 2/1 NTM can be completely stabilized with the misalignment of the ECCD location less than about half of the full island width, and that the m/n = 2/1 NTM is destabilized with the misalignment comparable to the full island width. Time-dependent, self-consistent simulation of magnetic island evolution using the TOPICS code has shown that the stabilization and destabilization of an m/n = 2/1 NTM are well reproduced with the same set of coefficients of the modified Rutherford equation. The TOPICS simulation has also clarified that EC wave power required for complete stabilization can be significantly reduced by narrowing the ECCD deposition width.

Published
2007

4. Characteristics of the H-mode pedestal in improved confinement scenarios in ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D, JET and JT-60U

Author

C.F Maggi, R.J Groebner, N Oyama, R Sartori, L.D Horton, A.C.C Sips, W Suttrop, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, A Leonard, T.C Luce, M.R Wade, the DIII-D Team, Y Kamada, H Urano, the JT-60U Team, Y Andrew, C Giroud, E Joffrin, E. de la Luna, and EFDA-JET Contributors for the Pedes ITPA

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Materials science, DIII-D, Plasma parameters, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal conduction, law.invention, Pedestal, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Atomic physics
Abstract

Pedestal and global plasma parameters are compared in conventional ELMy H-modes and improved confinement discharges from ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), DIII-D, JET and JT-60U with varying net input power. Both electron and ion pedestal pressures are studied. The pedestal top pressure pPED increases moderately with power in all tokamaks, in broad agreement with the power dependence of the IPB98(y, 2) scaling. Higher pedestal pressures are observed in AUG improved H-modes and in JT-60U high βpol discharges at q95 ~ 6.5 and high triangularity. For all machines and all scenarios a robust correlation between the total and the pedestal thermal stored energy is observed, with the ratio of the two varying between ~0.3 and 0.5. However the relative importance of pedestal and core confinement varies from regime to regime. In AUG the confinement improvement with respect to the IPB98(y, 2) scaling is due to improved pedestal confinement in improved H-modes with early heating and to both improved pedestal and core confinement in improved H-modes with late heating. In DIII-D hybrid discharges the increase in confinement factor compared with conventional H-modes is due to improved confinement in the plasma core. JT-60U reversed shear H-modes have strong internal transport barriers and thus improved core performance. In all four tokamaks improved edge stability is correlated with increasing total βpol and H98(y,2) increases with pedestal βpol. The analysed multimachine data set supports a scaling expression for the pedestal stored energy derived under the assumption that the dominant loss term for the pedestal is by thermal conduction in the edge transport barrier region.

Published
2007

5. Edge localized modes: recent experimental findings and related issues

Author

K. Finken, M. E. Fenstermacher, A. Loarte, T. Eich, J.A. Boedo, B. Koch, Eric Nardon, A. Herrmann, N. Oyama, N. Asakura, Rajesh Maingi, R. J. Maqueda, G. Federici, A. Kirk, Kensaku Kamiya, R. Sartori, and J. L. Terry

Subjects
Physics, Convection, Chord (geometry), Tokamak, Toroid, Divertor, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Interferometry, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Edge-localized mode
Abstract

Edge localized mode (ELM) measurements in many tokamaks, including ASDEX-Upgrade, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U and MAST, are reviewed, which includes progress in experimental observations at the plasma edge region by means of fast-time resolved diagnostics with high precision, such as scanning probe, radial interferometer chord, BES and tangentially viewing fast-gated camera at the midplane. ELM dynamics data show that the majority of the ELM particle and energy transport should be dominated by ion convection physics and associated timescales. Furthermore, recent diagnostic upgrades on many tokamaks reveal the ELM filament structure and their complex motion towards radial, poloidal and toroidal directions. Approaches to control the Type-I ELMs, in addition to the alternative scenarios to Type-I ELMy H-mode operation (so-called, small/no ELM regimes) are also a key area of research for current tokamaks, which demonstrated a high confinement (being comparable to that of Type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas at similar parameters) in the absence of large, ELM induced, transient heat/particle fluxes to the divertor targets. Although tolerable ELM regimes are obtained in existing devices, their application to ITER is uncertain. Issues of these regimes towards further experiments and power deposition on divertor targets and main chamber wall are discussed.

Published
2007

6. Pedestal conditions for small ELM regimes in tokamaks

Author

N Oyama, P Gohil, L D Horton, A E Hubbard, J W Hughes, Y Kamada, K Kamiya, A W Leonard, A Loarte, R Maingi, G Saibene, R Sartori, J K Stober, W Suttrop, H Urano, W P West, and the ITPA Pedestal Topical Group

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Materials science, DIII-D, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Magnetohydrodynamics, Atomic physics
Abstract

Several small/no ELM regimes such as EDA, grassy ELM, HRS, QH-mode, type II and V ELMs with good confinement properties have been obtained in Alcator C-Mod, ASDEX-Upgrade, DIII-D, JET, JFT-2M, JT-60U and NSTX. All these regimes show considerable reduction of instantaneous ELM heat load onto divertor target plates in contrast to conventional type I ELM, and ELM energy losses are evaluated as less than 5% of the pedestal stored energy. These small/no ELM regimes are summarized and widely categorized by their pedestal conditions in terms of the operational space in non-dimensional pedestal parameters and requirement of plasma shape/configuration. The characteristics of edge fluctuations and activities of ideal MHD stability leading to small/no ELMs are also summarized.

Published
2006

7. Characterization of Type-I ELMs in tangential co-, balanced- and counter- plus perpendicular NBI heated plasmas on JT-60U

Author

K Kamiya, H Urano, Y Koide, T Takizuka, N Oyama, Y Kamada, and the JT-60 Team

Subjects
Physics, Momentum (technical analysis), Tokamak, Ripple, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Rotation, law.invention, Ion, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Perpendicular, Atomic physics
Abstract

Effects of plasma rotation and losses of fast ions on Type-I ELM characteristics have been systematically studied in the JT-60U tokamak, scanning combinations of NBI (tangential co-, balanced- and counter-NBI plus perpendicular NBI) in the three types of plasma configurations (corresponding toroidal field ripple at the plasma edge, δ r ∼0.4, 1.0 and 2.0%). New findings on the Type-I ELM characteristics are as follows: smaller ELM energy loss normalized by pedestal stored energy, ΔW ELM /W ped , and faster ELM frequency, f ELM , are confirmed in the counter-NBI in comparison with the co-NBI discharges. Nevertheless, the power loss due to ELM, P ELM (= ΔW ELM × f ELM ), normalized by heating power crossing the separatrix, P SEP , is constant regardless of the direction of the momentum injection at each plasma configuration. In contrast, the P ELM /P SEP decreases with increasing δ r . The relationship between ELMs, rotation and the losses of fast ions are discussed.

Published
2006

8. Survey of Type I ELM dynamics measurements

Author

A W Leonard, N Asakura, J A Boedo, M Becoulet, G F Counsell, T Eich, W Fundamenski, A Herrmann, L D Horton, Y Kamada, A Kirk, B Kurzan, A Loarte, J Neuhauser, I Nunes, N Oyama, R A Pitts, G Saibene, C Silva, P B Snyder, H Urano, M R Wade, H R Wilson, and for the Pedestal and Edge Physics I Group

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, DIII-D, Turbulence, Magnetic confinement fusion, Magnetic reconnection, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, Edge-localized mode
Abstract

This report summarizes Type I edge localized mode (ELM) dynamics measurements from a number of tokamaks, including ASDEX-Upgrade, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U and MAST, with the goal of providing guidance and insight for the development of ELM simulation and modelling. Several transport mechanisms are conjectured to be responsible for ELM transport, including convective transport due to filamentary structures ejected from the pedestal, parallel transport due to edge ergodization or magnetic reconnection and turbulent transport driven by the high edge gradients when the radial electric field shear is suppressed. The experimental observations are assessed for their validation, or conflict, with these ELM transport conjectures.

Published
2006

9. Comparisons of small ELM H-Mode regimes on the Alcator C-Mod and JFT-2M tokamaks

Author

Miklos Porkolab, N Oyama, J.L. Terry, T. M. Biewer, Amanda Hubbard, William L. Rowan, Kensaku Kamiya, Jerry Hughes, E.M. Edlund, S.M. Wolfe, J.A. Snipes, Nils T. Basse, and L. Lin

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Alcator C-Mod, Aspect ratio, law, Mode (statistics), Collisionality, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention
Abstract

Comparisons of H-mode regimes were carried out on the Alcator C-Mod and JFT-2M tokamaks. Shapes were matched apart from aspect ratio, which is lower on C-Mod. The high recycling steady H-mode on JFT-2M and enhanced D-alpha (EDA) regime on C-Mod, both of which feature very small or no ELMs, are found to have similar access conditions in q 95 - v* space, occurring for pedestal collisionality v* ? 1. Differences in edge fluctuations were found, with lower frequencies but higher mode numbers on C-Mod. In both tokamaks an attractive regime with small ELMs on top of an enhanced D α baseline was obtained at moderate v* and higher pressure. The JFT-2M shape favoured the appearance of ELMs on C-Mod and also resulted in the appearance of a lower frequency component of the quasicoherent mode during EDA.

Published
2006

10. Design study of fusion DEMO plant at JAERI

Author

K. Tobita, S. Nishio, M. Enoeda, M. Sato, T. Isono, S. Sakurai, H. Nakamura, S. Sato, S. Suzuki, M. Ando, K. Ezato, T. Hayashi, T. Hirose, T. Inoue, Y. Kawamura, N. Koizumi, Y. Kudo, R. Kurihara, T. Kuroda, M. Matsukawa, K. Mouri, Y. Nakamura, M. Nishi, Y. Nomoto, J. Ohmori, N. Oyama, K. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, M. Takechi, H. Tanigawa, K. Tsuchiya, and D. Tsuru

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Solenoid, Fusion power, Blanket, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Electromagnetic coil, law, Plasma shaping, Beta (plasma physics), General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Three options of fusion DEMO plant are proposed characterized by functions of the center solenoid (CS). The prime option uses a downsized CS, which does not provide sufficient V-s for plasma current ramp-up but supplies enough coil current for plasma shaping. This option produces a fusion output of 3 GW with a major radius of 5.5 m, aspect ratio of 2.6, normalized beta of 4.3 and maximum field of 16.4 T. The estimated reactor weight is lighter than that of other conventional tokamak reactors, suggesting an economic advantage. The plant uses rather conservative technologies such as Nb3Al superconductor, water-cooled solid breeder blanket, low activation ferritic steel as the structural material and tungsten monoblock divertor plate. The design philosophy and key issues related to the constituent technologies of the plant are described in the present paper.

Published
2006

11. Stabilization of neoclassical tearing mode by ECCD and its evolution simulation on JT-60U tokamak

Author

K Nagasaki, A Isayama, N Hayashi, T Ozeki, M Takechi, N Oyama, S Ide, S Yamamoto, and the JT-60 Team

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, Phase (waves), Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Beta (plasma physics), Excitation
Abstract

Stabilization of an m = 3/n = 2 neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) by a local electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been studied in high βp ELMy H-mode plasmas in the JT-60U tokamak. In the stabilization experiment, the electron cyclotron (EC) injection timing is scanned from the 'before mode onset' phase (preemptive ECCD) to the mode saturation phase (late ECCD). It has been demonstrated that the ECCD is more effective when it is applied before the mode onset and the critical timing for effective ECCD is related to the mode excitation phase. The EC power to prevent the 3/2 NTM excitation by preemptive ECCD is lower by about 20% compared with complete stabilization by late ECCD. Even when the 3/2 NTM is excited, the stabilization effect is stronger than for late ECCD. For a high performance plasma of the normalized beta, βN = 3.0, the H-factor H89PL improves from 1.9 to 2.1 when the 3/2 NTM is suppressed. A numerical study has been made based on the modified Rutherford equation coupled with a 1.5D transport code and an EC code. The simulation reproduces well the time evolution of the magnetic island both at the growing and stabilizing phases. The simulation results show that it is important to adjust not only the EC current position but also its width to stabilize the NTM effectively. The reduction of EC power for NTM prevention in experiments for preemptive ECCD can be explained by the increase of the minimum seed island size for NTM excitation.

Published
2005

12. Compatibility of advanced tokamak plasma with high density and high radiation loss operation in JT-60U

Author

H Takenaga, N Asakura, H Kubo, S Higashijima, S Konoshima, T Nakano, N Oyama, G.D Porter, T.D Rognlien, M.E Rensink, S Ide, T Fujita, T Takizuka, Y Kamada, Y Miura, and the JT-60 team

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron density, Tokamak, Materials science, Density gradient, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Neon, chemistry, law, Atomic physics
Abstract

Compatibility of advanced tokamak plasmas with high density and high radiation loss has been investigated in both reversed shear (RS) plasmas and high βp H-mode plasmas with a weak positive shear on JT-60U. In the RS plasmas, the operating regime is extended to high density above the Greenwald density (nGW) with high confinement (HHy2 > 1) and high radiation loss fraction (frad > 0.9) by tailoring the internal transport barriers (ITBs). With a small plasma-wall gap, the radiation loss in the main plasma (inside the magnetic separatrix) reaches 80% of the heating power due to metal impurity accumulation. However, high confinement of HHy2 = 1.2 is sustained even with such a large radiation loss in the main plasma. By neon seeding, the divertor radiation loss is enhanced from 20% to 40% of the total radiation loss. In the high βp H-mode plasmas, high confinement (HHy2 = 0.96) is maintained at high density ( ) with high radiation loss fraction (frad ~ 1) by utilizing high-field-side pellets and argon (Ar) injection. The high is attributed to the formation of strong density ITB. Strong core-edge parameter linkage for confinement improvement is observed, where the pedestal pressure and the core plasma confinement increase together. The measured radiation profile including contributions from all impurities in the main plasma is peaked, and the central radiation is ascribed to the contribution from Ar accumulated inside the ITB. Impurity transport analyses indicate that the Ar density profile, twice as peaked as the electron density profile, which is the same level as that observed in the high βp H-mode plasma, can yield an acceptable radiation profile even with a peaked density profile in a fusion reactor.

Published
2005

13. Stationary high confinement plasmas with large bootstrap current fraction in JT-60U

Author

Y Sakamoto, T Fujita, S Ide, A Isayama, M Takechi, T Suzuki, H Takenaga, N Oyama, Y Kamada, and the JT-60 Team

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Pulse duration, Magnetic confinement fusion, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, Bootstrap current, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Current (fluid), Atomic physics
Abstract

This paper reports the results of the progress in stationary discharges with a large bootstrap current fraction in JT-60U towards steady-state tokamak operation. In the weak shear plasma regime, high-βp ELMy H-mode discharges have been optimized under nearly full non-inductive current drive conditions by the large bootstrap current fraction (fBS ~ 45%) and the beam driven current fraction (fBD ~ 50%), which was sustained for 5.8 s in the stationary condition. This duration corresponds to ~26τE and ~2.8τR, which was limited by the pulse length of negative-ion-based neutral beams. The high confinement enhancement factor H89 ~ 2.2 (HH98y2 ~ 1.0) was obtained and the profiles of current and pressure reached the stationary condition. In the reversed shear plasma regime, a large bootstrap current fraction (fBS ~ 75%) has been sustained for 7.4 s under nearly full non-inductive current drive conditions. This duration corresponds to ~16τE and ~2.7τR. The high confinement enhancement factor H89 ~ 3.0 (HH98y2 ~ 1.7) was also sustained, and the profiles of current and pressure reached the stationary condition. The large bootstrap current and the off-axis beam driven current sustained this reversed q profile. This duration was limited only by the duration of the neutral beam injection.

Published
2005

14. Pedestal characteristics in JFT-2M HRS H-mode plasma

Author

Kensaku Kamiya, N Oyama, Amanda Hubbard, and Y.M. Miura

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, Magnetic confinement fusion, Flux, Plasma, Edge (geometry), Collisionality, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Pedestal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Magnetohydrodynamics, Atomic physics
Abstract

Recent experiments in the JFT-2M tokamak have concentrated on studies of the access conditions for H-mode operation without any large ELMs, namely the 'high recycling steady' (HRS) H-mode regime, in terms of the pedestal parameters. The HRS regime is more likely to occur at higher edge density and lower edge temperature, while the ELMy H-mode having large ELMs appears at lower edge density and higher edge temperature. It is found that the ELMy/HRS operational boundary occurs at the normalized electron collisionality of in the plasma edge region, depending slightly on the safety factor at 95% flux surface q95. A key feature of the HRS H-mode is the presence of coherent magnetic fluctuations in the frequency range of the order of 10?100?kHz. It is suggested that the edge MHD activities may keep the edge pressure below a certain level needed to induce a large ELM.

Published
2004

15. High recycling steady H-mode regime in the JFT-2M tokamak

Author

K Kamiya, M Bakhtiari, S Kasai, H Kawashima, Y Kusama, Y Miura, H Ogawa, N Oyama, M Sato, K Shinohara, K Tsuzuki, K Uehara, and JFT-2M Group

Subjects
Core (optical fiber), Range (particle radiation), Materials science, Tokamak, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Radiation loss, Atomic physics, Transport barrier, Condensed Matter Physics, Beam (structure), law.invention
Abstract

A new operating regime, 'high recycling steady' (HRS) H-mode regime, has been discovered in the JFT-2M tokamak. It is easily reproduced with neutral beam heating of any co-, balanced-, or counter-injection under wall fuelling from the boronized first wall. The HRS is characterized by good energy confinement (H89P ~ 1.6) at a high density (ne/nGW ~ 0.7; nGW is the Greenwald density), low radiation loss power fraction ( , typically), and the complete disappearance of large ELMs. Accompanying the HRS H-mode transition, the coherent magnetic fluctuations in the frequency range of the order of 10–100 kHz with significant variation are seen on magnetic probes at the vessel wall. In addition, the HRS H-mode edge condition is compatible with an improved core confinement. We have demonstrated that an internal transport barrier can be produced under a HRS H-mode edge condition, achieving βNH89P ~ 6 at ne/nGW ~ 0.7–1.0, transiently.

Published
2004

16. Studies of the influence of electron heating on ITB subject to advanced tokamak operation in JT-60U

Author

S Ide, T Suzuki, Y Sakamoto, H Takenaga, T Fujita, N Oyama, A Isayama, Y Koide, Y Kamada, and the JT-60 Team

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Electron, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Shear (sheet metal), Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, Scaling
Abstract

The influence of dominant electron heating on internal transport barriers (ITBs) was investigated in JT-60U. The electron cyclotron waves were mainly utilized in order to extend the experimental space into a dominant electron heating regime. The experiments were carried out on both reversed magnetic shear (RS) and positive magnetic shear (PS) plasmas. It was found that in RS plasmas clear ITBs in Te, Ti and ne profiles remained even under dominant electron heating. Energy confinement in excess of twice the H-mode scaling has been obtained in the regime. On the other hand, it was found that in PS plasmas the Ti ITB was degraded by dominant electron heating.

Published
2003

17. Recent progress of Alfvén eigenmode experiments using N-NB in JT-60U tokamak

Author

K. Shinohara, M. Takechi, M. Ishikawa, Y. Kusama, A. Morioka, N. Oyama, K. Tobita, T. Ozeki, the JT-60 Team, N.N. Gorelenkov, C.Z. Cheng, G.J. Kramer, and R. Nazikian

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Neutron emission, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Bursting, Amplitude, law, Normal mode, Growth rate, Atomic physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Bursting modes in the frequency range of the toroidicity induced Alfv?n eigenmode are observed in the plasma to which the negative-ion-based neutral beam (N-NB) is injected. A bursting mode changes its frequency by 10-20?kHz in 1-5?ms and is called fast frequency sweeping (fast FS) mode. Another bursting mode evolves explosively in ?400??s and is called an abrupt large-amplitude event. The dependence of their saturation level was compared?with the experimentally observed growth rate and damping rate. The mode amplitude increases with the observed growth rate for fast FS modes. The modes with large amplitude and a large enhanced transport were observed when a large neutron emission rate was observed. The burst period increases as the drop ratio of the neutron emission increases.

Published
2002

18. Heterodyne O-mode reflectometer on the JT-60U tokamak

Author

N. Oyama and K. Shinohara

Subjects
Physics, Heterodyne, Tokamak, business.industry, Plasma, Radiation, law.invention, Amplitude, Optics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Coherence (signal processing), Plasma diagnostics, Heterodyne detection, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A three-channel heterodyne O-mode reflectometer system has been developed for density fluctuation measurements on the JT-60U tokamak. The system consists of one fixed channel with a frequency of 34 GHz and two selectable frequency channels with frequencies in the range of 34–40 and 48–50 GHz in order to measure the change of fluctuation amplitude, fluctuation coherence, and movement of the cutoff layer during the discharge. The reflectometer system has now become a standard diagnostic for density fluctuation measurements on JT-60U covering both core and edge plasma regions. The capabilities of the system are illustrated for three experimental cases: edge transport barriers in H-mode plasmas, internal transport barriers in reversed shear plasmas, and fast turbulence burst at the onset of multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge.

Published
2002

19. Axi-symmetrization of radiation pattern and two wave heating of fundamental ECRH in GAMMA 10

Author

K. Kajiwara, Teruo Saito, H. Koyama, Atsushi Mase, Kameo Ishii, Kiyoshi Yatsu, Teruji Cho, H. Abe, Makoto Ichimura, N Oyama, Akiyosi Itakura, A. Suzuki, M. Ishikawa, Yoshinori Tatematsu, and Yasuhito Kiwamoto

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Resonance, Fusion power, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Radiation pattern, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Antenna (radio), business, Axial symmetry, Pulse-width modulation, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

In GAMMA 10, the radiation pattern of a heating wave of fundamental ECRH for potential formation was not axi-symmetric but vertically elongated on the resonance surface. The non-axisymmetric radiation pattern caused a non-axisymmetric potential profile and likely induced a radial loss. Then, the radiation pattern has been axi-symmetrized. Accordingly, an almost axi-symmetric potential profile has been obtained and a large density increase during ECRH has been observed in the central cell. This implies that radial losses associated with ECRH have been substantially reduced. A new antenna has recently been installed for additional plug electron heating (second ECRH). With this antenna, a larger power and/or a longer pulse width have become available. In a most recent experiment, we have succeeded in axial plugging with a duration up to 0.15 s by sequential use of the usual ECRH and the second ECRH. Moreover, there is an indication that the second ECRH is more desirable for further reduction of the radial loss.

Published
2001

20. Density Profile and Fluctuation Measurements with Microwave Reflectometry on Gamma 10

Author

H. Negishi, Hitoshi Hojo, Y. Kogi, Leonid G. Bruskin, Kiyoshi Yatsu, Tsuyoshi Onuma, Yoriko Shima, Shigeyuki Kubota, Akiyosi Itakura, Atsushi Mase, N Oyama, Makoto Ichimura, Teruo Tamano, T. Tokuzawa, and N. Goto

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Scattering, General Engineering, Spectral line, law.invention, Microwave reflectometry, Wavelet, Optics, Path length, law, Demodulation, Radio frequency, Radar, business
Abstract

The microwave reflectometry using FM and ultrashortpulse radar techniques have been applied to GAMMA 10 in order to diagnose plasma density profile and fluctuations. The reliability of profile measurement using the FM reflectometer is investigated for various sweep times and local path length. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed density profiles seem to be improved when the sweep time is faster than 50-100 μs. The several reconstruction algorithms are introduced to analyze the fast time-varying data, such as, the maximum-entropy method and wavelet analysis as well as zero-cross fringe counting and digital complex demodulation method. The reflectometers are applied to the measurement of density/magnetic fluctuations. The space- and time-resolving spectra of rf waves as well as low-frequency waves are obtained The density and magnetic-field fluctuations are evaluated from both the reflectometer and cross-polarization scattering diagnostic method.

Published
1999

21. Reflectometric density profile measurement using an ultrafast sweep oscillator

Author

Akiyosi Itakura, Teruo Tamano, T Uchiyama, N Oyama, Atsushi Mase, and T Tokuzamia

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Materials science, business.industry, Frequency band, Mechanical Engineering, Cyclotron, Plasma, Ion, law.invention, Interferometry, Optics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, business, Frequency modulation, Ultrashort pulse, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A broad band frequency modulation reflectometer system has been installed and operated on the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. A fast sweep hyperabrupt varactor-tuned oscillator (HTO) is used as a source, which can be swept over the full frequency band (12–18 GHz) in less than 5 μs. The high frequency fringes due to the change in the cut-off layer can be distinguished from those due to the existence of density fluctuations, since the fluctuation level with frequency components larger than the ion cyclotron range of frequency (10 MHz) is much smaller than the average density (10−4 or less). The reliability of density profile measurement is investigated for various sweep times of HTO from 5 μs to 5 ms. It is observed that the reliability is greatly improved and the reconstructed density profiles agree well with that obtained from an interferometer when the sweep time is faster than 10 μs. The present reflectometer is routinely applied to determine the density profiles of the central cell plasma in GAMMA 10.

Published
1997

22. Reflectometric measurement of density and magnetic fluctuations in CRF-driven waves

Author

Hitoshi Hojo, Atsushi Mase, Makoto Ichimura, Leonid G. Bruskin, Akiyosi Itakura, H. Inutake, N Oyama, M. Yokoi, T. Tokuzawa, M. Kobayashi, and Teruo Tamano

Subjects
Physics, Range (particle radiation), Scattering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Detector, Cyclotron, Plasma, Ion, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Deposition (phase transition), General Materials Science, business, Excitation, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Reflectometric techniques have been applied to the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror to measure density and magnetic fluctuations associated with electromagnetic plasma waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF). The excitation and propagation of ICRF-driven waves are studied by reflectometers in order to achieve efficient heating of plasmas. The radial profile of the fluctuation level is expected to give the deposition profile of the heating power. A cross-polarization scattering diagnostic system is also installed in the central cell of GAMMA 10. An incident ordinary (extraordinary) wave is converted to an extraordinary (ordinary) wave by magnetic fluctuations. The converted wave can propagate through a cut-off layer and reach the detector. The level of magnetic fluctuation (about 10 −4 ) is evaluated for the ICRF-driven waves.

Published
1997

23. A fiber lens with a long working distance for integrated coupling between laser diodes and single-mode fibers

Author

I. Ohishi, Kazuo Shiraishi, K. Matsumura, S. Suga, and N. Oyama

Subjects
Coupling, Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Single-mode optical fiber, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, Lens (optics), Optics, law, Optoelectronics, Fiber, business, Diode
Abstract

A new scheme is proposed for lensed fibers with a long working distance, as used in the coupling between laser diodes and single-mode fibers. The scheme consists of the combination of a hemispherically-ended coreless-fiber tip and an expanded-core fiber. The working distance is measured as 169 /spl mu/m with a relatively low coupling-loss of 4.2 dB at a wavelength of 1.49 /spl mu/m. Tolerances for a 1-dB loss increment for axial-, lateral-, and angular-misalignment are 35, 2.6 /spl mu/m, and 0.8 degrees, respectively. The new configuration is suitable for alignment-free coupling between arrayed laser diodes and an array of single-mode fibers. >

Published
1995

24. New packaging of a chip on a board by a unique printing method

Author

K. Nakahira, Y. Tsukasaki, K. Ikeda, N. Oyama, K. Nagai, T. Hashimoto, and A. Okuno

Subjects
Surface-mount technology, Liquid-crystal display, Materials science, Transfer molding, General Engineering, Electronic packaging, Mechanical engineering, Epoxy, Integrated circuit, engineering.material, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Coating, law, visual_art, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Electronic engineering, Integrated circuit packaging, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract

Transfer molding is a typical method for packaging integrated circuits (ICs). Transfer molding is very difficult to do at heights less than 1 mm, and has a limited surface mounting area. Recent research of high density surface mounting for thinner and lighter weight packaging has progressed for both IC cards and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, the dispensing method has many problems, such as the height variations of the coating, difficulties of uniform spreading on large size ICs, and one-by-one encapsulation. A unique printing method is developed to solve such problems. Through this method it is possible to achieve a height less than 1 mm and a uniform thickness on an integrated system. On reaching these parameters, the surface mount ICs replace molded packaged devices that are manufactured using expensive equipment and molding dies. The method requires only a small amount of epoxy resin and is, therefore, more economical than the conventional transfer molding process. A one-component epoxy resin NPR-150 suitable for printing is developed. >

Published
1992

25. Rotation Drive and Momentum Transport with Electron Cyclotron Heating in Tokamak Plasmas

Author

Shunsuke Ide, N. Oyama, Takayuki Kobayashi, Maiko Yoshida, Yutaka Kamada, Yoshiteru Sakamoto, and Hidenobu Takenaga

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, General Physics and Astronomy, Radius, Electron, Rotation, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Momentum diffusion, Momentum, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Atomic physics
Abstract

The role of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) on the toroidal rotation velocity profile has been investigated in the JT-60U tokamak device by separating the effects of the change in momentum transport, the intrinsic rotation by pressure gradient, and the intrinsic rotation by ECRH. It is found that ECRH increases the toroidal momentum diffusivity and the convection velocity. It is also found that ECRH drives the codirection (co) intrinsic rotation inside the EC deposition radius and the counterdirection (ctr) intrinsic rotation outside the EC deposition radius. This ctr rotation starts from the EC deposition radius and propagates to the edge region.

Published
2009

26. Transition between internal transport barriers with different temperature-profile curvatures in JT-60U Tokamak plasmas

Author

K., Ida, Y., Sakamoto, H., Takenaga, N., Oyama, K., Itoh, M., Yoshinuma, S., Inagaki, T., Kobuchi, A., Isayama, T., Suzuki, T., Fujita, G., Matsunaga, Y., Koide, M., Yoshida, S., Ide, Y., Kamada, and team, JT-60

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Spontaneous transition, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Turbulence, General Physics and Astronomy, Radial derivative, Ion temperature, Plasma, Atomic physics, Transport barrier, law.invention
Abstract

A spontaneous transition phenomena between two states of a plasma with an internal transport barrier (ITB) is observed in the steady-state phase of the magnetic shear in the negative magnetic shear plasma in the JT-60U tokamak. These two ITB states are characterized by different profiles of the second radial derivative of the ion temperature inside the ITB region (one has a weak concave shape and the other has a strong convex shape) and by different degrees of sharpness of the interfaces between the L mode and the ITB region, which is determined by the turbulence penetration into the ITB region.

Published
2007

27. A fiber lens for integrated coupling from arrayed lasers to single-mode fibers

Author

N. Oyama, K. Mastumura, K. Suga, Kazuo Shiraishi, and I. Oishi

Subjects
Optical fiber, Materials science, business.industry, Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, Graded-index fiber, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, law.invention, Optics, law, Fiber optic sensor, Fiber laser, Optoelectronics, business, Plastic optical fiber, Photonic-crystal fiber
Abstract

The integrated light coupling scheme from laser diode arrays to single-mode fiber arrays is one of important technologies in constructing practical fiber networks. Hemispherical end fibers for this use have desirable features such as simplicity, stability and the potential for attaining high coupling efficiency. In this paper we have proposed a new lensed-fiber coupling scheme which enables a long working distance, relatively high coupling efficiency, and large tolerance against misalignment.

Published
2002

28. An aramid/epoxy substrates increased the facility of rigid-flexible substrates for high performance use

Author

E. Tsunashima, A. Okuno, K. Nishimura, T. Hirakawa, and N. Oyama

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Surface-mount technology, Absorption (acoustics), Materials science, Polymer, Epoxy, law.invention, Aramid, Printed circuit board, chemistry, law, visual_art, Lamination, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Composite material, Polyimide
Abstract

A material has been developed for fabricating rigid-flexible printed boards. The material includes copper-clad laminates (TL-01) and prepregs (ET-100) consisting of a recently developed aramid paper made of an aramid fiber from poly-paraphenylene 3,4' diphenilether terephthalamid (PPDETA) as a reinforcement, and a sophisticated epoxy resin system having high affinity to an aramid fiber as an impregnant. The dimensional stability of the multilayer system has been shown to surpass that of the conventional lamination system of FR-4, polyimide films, and acrylic adhesives. A flexural fatigue test on the flexible printed wiring has been carried out, and the flexible material revealed a higher flexibility than FR-4. Copper migration has been observed after full absorption of moisture by a pressure cooker test (PCT). TL-01 has shown an excellent resistance to migration for more than 50 h, while polyimide film with an acrylic adhesive has shown a heavy migration. It is concluded that this material may be useful for advanced rigid-flex multilayer printed boards suitable for surface mount technologies. >

Published
2002

29. ICRF Physics Measurements by Reflectometry

Author

Hitoshi Hojo, T. Tokuzawa, Leonid G. Bruskin, N Oyama, Akiyosi Itakura, Atsushi Mase, M. Kobayashi, Teruo Tamano, E. J. Doyle, and Makoto Ichimura

Subjects
Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Cyclotron, Plasma, Computational physics, law.invention, Ion, Alfvén wave, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Radio frequency, Reflectometry, Excitation
Abstract

In magnetically confined plasmas, the applicaton of radio frequency (RF) waves is considered to be one of the most promising methods for additional heating in present and future thermonuclear fusion experiments such as ITER. The physics of wave excitation and propagation in the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) is under intensive experimental and theoretical investigation for efficient heating. The ICRF-wave studies have also been performed for understanding mechanisms associated with a variety of processes such as Alfven wave current drive,1 RF-induced radial transport,2 RF stabilization of plasmas,3 as well as plasma heating.

Published
1996

30. Development of fuel failure detection system for a high temperature gas cooled reactor. II

Author

Kousaku Fukuda, F. Kobayashi, M. Obata, Hiroshi Yoshida, I. Yokouchi, K. Suzuki, T. Ogawa, S. Asami, K. Sakuraba, H. Terada, N. Oyama, and N. Wakayama

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fission products, Nuclear fission product, Materials science, Nuclear fuel, Nuclear engineering, Radioactive waste, chemistry.chemical_element, Nuclear reactor, Fuel element failure, Coolant, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Helium
Abstract

Part II reference unavailable. A precision-type precipitator has been developed for high-sensitivity detection of fuel failure in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. The fuel failure detection (FFD) method is based on selective detection of short-life fission products to eliminate the background effect caused by long-life fission products in the primary circuit. Although this precipitator has a limited length of wire in the body equal to that of the conventional type, it can control the movement of the wire precisely, preventing the collection of fission products on the same part of the wire in each round. Unlike the conventional type, the precision precipitator can greatly reduce the background counts of the precipitation wire. This is very effective for selective detection of short-life fission products in the primary coolant helium gas. Tests showed background counts from 10% to below 0.4%. Therefore, an extremely slight change in the amount of fission products released from coated particles can be detected by the FFD system at a failure rate of 10/sup -5/. >

Published
1988

31. Overview of JET results

Author

F. Romanelli, F. Laxaback, I. Abel, V. Afanesyev, G. Agarici, K. M. Aggarwal, M. Airila, R. Akers, T.h. Alarcon, A. Alexeev, A. Alfier, P. Allan, S. Almaviva, A. Alonso, M. Alonso, B. Alper, H. Altmann, D. Alves, V. Amosov, G. Anda, F. Andersson, E. Andersson Sund́en, V. Andreev, Y. Andrew, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, A. Anghel, C. Angioni, G. Apruzzese, N. Arcis, P. Arena, A. Argouarch, M. Ariola, A. Armitano, R. Armstrong, G. Arnoux, S. Arshad, G. Artaserse, J. F. Artaud, A. Ash, E. Asp, O. Asunta, C. V. Atanasiu, G. Atkins, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, A. Baciero, V. Bailescu, B. Baiocchi, R. A. Baker, I. Balboa, C. Balorin, N. Balshaw, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, D. Barbier, I. L. Barlow, M. A. Barnard, R. Barnsley, L. Barrena, L. Barrera, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, G. Bateman, P. Batistoni, N. Baumgarten, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, P. S. Beaumont, K. Beausang, M. B́ecoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, A. C. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, P. S. A. Belo, ́.E. Belonohy, P. E. Bennett, N. A. Benterman, G. Berger By, H. Bergsåker, H. Berk, J. Bernardo, B. Bertrand, M. N. A. Beurskens, B. Bieg, B. Bienkowska, T. Biewer, T. M. Biewer, M. Bigi, R. Bilato, J. Bird, J. Bizarro, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, E. Blanco, J. Blum, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, D. Boilson, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, L. Boncagni, G. Bonheure, X. Bonnin, D. Borba, A. Borthwick, A. Botrugno, C. Boulbe, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, K. v. Bovert, M. Bowden, T. Boyce, H. J. Boyer, A. Bozhenkov, R. J. Brade, J. M. A. Bradshaw, J. Braet, V. Braic, G. C. Braithwaite, C. Brault, H. Braune, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, A. Brett, J. Breue, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, F. Briscoe, M. Brix, M. Brombin, B. C. Brown, D. P. D. Brown, A. Bruschi, J. Brzozowski, J. Bucalossi, M. A. Buckley, T. Budd, R. Budny, R. V. Budny, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, G. Burcea, P. R. Butcher, R. J. Buttery, R. Caç̃ao, G. Calabr`o, C. P. Callaghan, J. P. Caminade, P. G. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Canik, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, T. Carlstrom, P. Carman, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, T. Carter, B. B. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, A. Casati, C. Castaldo, J. Caughman, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, F. E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, C. Centioli, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, C. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, D. J. Child, P. Chiru, G. Chitarin, I. Chugonov, I. Chugunov, D. Ciric, F. Clairet, R. H. Clarke, R. Clay, M. Clever, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, M. Cole, S. Collins, S. Combs, J. Compan, J. E. Conboy, S. Conroy, N. Cook, S. P. Cook, D. Coombs, S. R. Cooper, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, G. F. Counsell, X. Courtois, M. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, F. Crisanti, O. Croft, K. Crombe, B. J. Crowley, N. Cruz, L. Cupido, M. Curuia, R. A. Cusack, A. Czarnecka, S. Dalley, E. T. Daly, A. Dalziel, D. Darrow, O. David, N. Davies, J. J. Davis, I. E. Day, C. Day, R. De Angelis, G. deArcas, M. R. de Baar, E. delaCal, E. de la Luna, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, P. C. de Vries, F. Degli Agostini, E. Delabie, D. del Castillo Negrete, L. Delpech, G. Denisov, A. J. Denyer, R. F. Denyer, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, L. Di Matteo, L. DiPace, P. J. Dirken, A. Dnestrovskiy, D. Dodt, K. Dominiczak, S. E. Dorling, D. Douai, A. P. Down, P. T. Doyle, J. R. Drake, T. Dreischuh, V. Drozdov, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, I. Duran, F. Durodíe, K. Dylst, R. Eaton, T. Edlington, A. M. Edwards, D. T. Edwards, P. K. Edwards, T.h. Eich, A. Ekedahl, T. Elevant, A. Elfimov, B. Ellingboe, C. G. Elsmore, B. Emmoth, G. Ericsson, L. G. Eriksson, A. Eriksson, B. Esposito, H. G. Esser, T. Estrada, E. A. Evangelidis, G. E. Evans, G. D. Ewart, D. T. Ewers, G. Falchetto, D. Falie, J. G. A. Fanthome, D. Farina, J. W. Farthing, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, C. Fenzi, H. Fernandes, J. A. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, J. Ferron, J. A. Fessey, L. Figini, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, P. Finburg, K. H. Finken, U. Fischer, N. Fitzgerald, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, A. Fonseca, A. D. Forbes, O. Ford, A. Formisano, D. Fraboulet, R. J. Francis, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, J. P. Friconneau, D. Frigione, J. C. Fuchs, K. Fullard, W. Fundamenski, M. Furno Palumbo, J. Gafert, K. Ǵal, R. Galṽao, S. Garavaglia, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, M. Gar cia Munoz, W. Gardner, P. Garibaldi, D. Garnier, L. Garzotti, M. Gatu Johnson, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, J. W. Gaze, D. F. Gear, J. Gedney, S. J. Gee, M. Gelfusa, E. Genangeli, S. Gerasimov, A. Geraud, T. Gerbaud, M. Gherendi, N. Ghirelli, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, C. Gil, S. J. Gilligan, C. G. Gimblett, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glowacz, J. Godwin, J. K. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod’ko, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, S. Gonzales, S. M. Gonźalezde Vicente, A. Goodyear, N. Gorelenkov, G. Gorini, R. Goulding, B. Graham, D. Graham, M. E. Graham, G. Granucci, J. Graves, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, G. Grossetti, M. Groth, S. Gr̈unhagen, M. P. Gryaznevich, R. Guirlet, B. Gulejova, J. Gunn, A. Gupta, P. Guzdar, P. Hacek, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, B. Haist, A. Hakola, S. J. Hall, S. P. HallworthCook, D. T. Hamilton, H. Han, R. C. Handley, S. Harding, J. D. W. Harling, D. Harting, M. J. Harvey, T. D. V. Haupt, E. Havlickova, N. C. Hawkes, R. Hawryluk, J. H. Hay, N. Hayashi, P. W. Haydon, I. R. Hayward, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, W. Heidbrink, J. Heikkinen, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, C. Hennig, V. Hennion, C. Hidalgo, S. Higashijima, J. W. Hill, M. Hill, K. Hill, J. Hillairet, D. Hillis, T. Hirai, M. Hitchin, J. Hobirk, C. Hogan, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, I. C. Hollingham, R. Holyaka, D. A. Homfray, G. Honeyands, S. H. Hong, C. Hopf, B. A. Horn, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, W. Houlberg, D. F. Howell, M. Hron, A. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, Z. Hudson, M. Hughes, M. Ḧuhnerbein, C. C. Hume, A. J. Hunt, C. L. Hunter, T. S. Hutchinson, S. Huygen, G. Huysmans, V. Hyn̈onen, S. Ide, R. Igreja, C. Illescas, F. Imbeaux, D. Ivanova, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, G. Jackson, P. Jacquet, K. Jakubowska, M. Jakubowski, P. V. James, R. J. E. Jaspers, S. Jednorog, I. Jenkins, M. A. C. Jennison, C. Jeskins, O. Jin Kwon, E. Joffrin, M. F. Johnson, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, D. Jolovic, V. Jonauskas, E. M. Jones, G. Jones, H. D. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, M. Jouvet, C. Juṕen, I. Kachtchouk, J. Kaczmarczyk, A. Kallenbach, J. K̈allne, D. Kalupin, S. Ḱalvin, G. Kamelander, R. Kamendje, A. Kappatou, S. Karttunen, W. Kasparek, I. Katramados, M. Kaufmann, G. Kaveney, A. S. Kaye, M. J. Kear, D. L. Keeling, D. Kelliher, M. Kempenaars, P. Khilar, N. G. Kidd, M. Kiisk, K. M. Kim, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, G. Kirnev, N. Kirneva, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, R. Kisielius, D. Kislov, G. Kiss, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, A. Klein, A. Klix, M. Knaup, K. Kneuper, H. Kneupner, P. J. Knight, S. J. Knipe, M. Kocan, F. K̈ochl, G. Kocsis, C. Konz, T. Koppitz, A. Korotkov, H. R. Koslowski, V. Kotov, M. D. Kovari, K. Kovarik, G. Kramer, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, S. Kraus, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Kritz, Y. Krivchenkov, U. Kruezi, M. Krychowiak, S. Krylov, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubic, S. Kuhn, W. K̈uhnlein, T. Kurki Suonio, A. Kurowski, B. Kuteev, A. Kuyanov, R. La Haye, M. Laan, C. Labate, A. Lachichi, N. Lam, P. Lang, M. T. Large, I. Lassiwe, J. R. Last, K. D. Lawson, M. Laxåback, R. A. Layne, E. Lazzaro, F. LeGuern, B. LeBlanc, H. J. Leggate, M. Lehnen, M. Leigheb, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, C. N. Lescure, Y. Li, A. Li Puma, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, Y. Lin, J. Linke, S. A. Linstead, B. Lipshultz, X. Litaudon, A. G. Litvak, Y. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, P. J. Lomas, F. D. Long, J. L̈onnroth, D. J. Looker, J. Lopez, P.h. Lotte, M. J. Loughlin, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukanitsa, A. M. Lungu, C. P. Lungu, A. Lyssoivan, P. Macheta, A. S. Mackenzie, M. Macrae, G. Maddaluno, G. P. Maddison, J. Madsen, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, M. Makowski, C. J. Manning, M. Mansfield, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. A. Marchitti, M. Mardenfeld, J. L. Marechal, M. Marinelli, A. Marinoni, M. Marinucci, J. M̈arki, D. Marocco, C. A. Marren, D. Martin, D. L. Martin, G. Martin, Y. Martin, J. R. Mart́ın Soĺıs, K. Masaki, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, C. Maszl, A. Matilal, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, C. R. May, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, E. Mazzucato, P. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, K. McCormick, P. A. McCullen, D. McCune, D. C. McDonald, R. Mcgregor, J. P. Mckivitt, A. Meakins, F. Medina, A. G. Meigs, M. Menard, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, I. R. Merrigan, P.h. Mertens, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, M. Miele, P. Migliucci, A. G. Miller, S. F. Mills, J. J. Milnes, K. Min Kim, T. Mindham, F. Mirizzi, E. Mirones, M. Mironov, R. Mitteau, J. Mlynar, P. Mollard, I. Monakhov, P. Monier Garbet, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, D. Moreau, P.h. Moreau, L. Moreira, A. Morgan, P. D. Morgan, C. Morlock, A. Moro, A. W. Morris, G. L. Mort, C. Mrozek, A. Mueck, H. W. M̈uller, M. Murakami, A. Murari, I. Mustata, F. Nabais, E. Nardon, G. Nash, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, R. Nazikian, I. Nedzelski, C. R. Negus, J. D. Neilson, A. Neto, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, G. J. Newbert, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, A. Nicolai, L. Nicolas, P. Nieckchen, P. Nielsen, A. H. Nielsen, S. K. Nielsen, G. Nielson, J. Nieto, M. P. S. Nightingale, C. Noble, M. Nocente, M. Nora, H. Nordman, M. Norman, J. M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, I. Nunes, F. Ognissanto, T. O’Gorman, S. Olariu, A. Oleynikov, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, O. I. Oswuigwe, M. Ottaviani, N. Oyama, D. Pacella, K. Paget, S. Palazzo, J. Pamela, S. Pamela, R. Panek, L. Pangione, A. Panin, T.h. Panis, A. Pankin, A. Pantea, V. Parail, T.h. Parisot, A. Parkin, A. Parsloe, B. T. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, P. Pastor, R. Paterson, M. K. Paul, D. Peach, R. J. H. Pearce, B. J. Pearson, I. J. Pearson, L. C. Pedrick, M. A. Pedrosa, B. Pegourie, R. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, G. Pereverzev, A. Perevezentsev, C.h. PerezvonThun, V. Pericoli Ridolfini, A. Perona, Y. Perrot, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyy, G. Petravich, L. Petrizzi, V. Petrov, V. Petrzilka, V. Philipps, G. Piazza, F. Piccolo, A. Pietropaolo, M. Pillon, S. D. Pinches, T. Pinna, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, B. Plaum, V. Plyusnin, M. Polasik, F. M. Poli, N. Pomaro, O. Pompilian, L. Poncet, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, F. Porcelli, M. T. Porfiri, C. Portafaix, A. Pospieszczyk, G. Possnert, G. Prestopino, P. Prior, R. Prokopowicz, I. Proverbio, R. Pugno, M. E. Puiatti, K. Purahoo, V. Pustovitov, T.h. P̈utterich, D. P̈uttmann Kneupner, E. Rachlew, R. Rademaker, T. Rafiq, M. S. J. Rainford, G. Ramogida, K. Rantam̈aki, J. Rapp, J. J. Rasmussen, G. Ratt́a, G. Ravera, M. Reich, R. Reichle, D. Reiser, R. Reiss, D. Reiter, D. Rendell, C. Reux, G. Rewoldt, T. T. Ribeiro, V. Riccardo, D. Richards, F. Rigollet, F. G. Rimini, L. Rios, M. Riva, J. E. C. Roberts, R. J. Robins, D. S. Robinson, S. A. Robinson, D. W. Robson, H. Roche, M. R̈odig, N. Rodionov, V. Rohde, A. Rolfe, M. Romanelli, A. Romano, J. Romero, E. Ronchi, S. Rosanvallon, C.h. Roux, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, M. Russell, A. Ruth, L. Ryc, A. Rydzy, F. Ryter, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, F. Sabathier, R. Sabot, S. Sadakov, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, A. Saille, F. Saint Laurent, A. Salmi, R. Salomaa, F. Salzedas, U. Samm, P. Sanchez, S. Sanders, S. G. Sanders, G. Sandford, K. Sandland, P. Sandquist, D. E. G. Sands, M. I. K. Santala, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, A. Savelyev, A. Savtchkov, S. C. Scales, A. Scarabosio, N. Schaefer, C.h. Schlatter, V. Schmidt, A. Schmidt, O. Schmitz, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, M. Scholz, K. Scḧopf, B. Schweer, J. Schweinzer, B. Scott, M. Seki, L. Semeraro, A. Semerok, G. Sergienko, F. Serra, M. Sertoli, M. M. J. Shannon, S. E. Sharapov, S. R. Shaw, A. Shevelev, R. Sievering, C. A. Silva, P. A. Simmons, A. Simonetto, D. Simpson, S. Sipila, A. C. C. Sips, A. Sirinelli, H. Sj̈ostrand, D. Skopintsev, K. S.l.a.b.k.o.w.s.k.a., P. G. Smith, J. Snipes, L. Snoj, S. Snyder, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, S. Soldatov, A. Soleto, W. Solomon, C. Soltane, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, A. Sorrentino, J. Sousa, C. B. C. Sowden, C. Sozzi, P. Sp̈ah, T. Spelzini, J. Spence, F. Spineanu, P. Spuig, A. Sẗabler, R. D. Stagg, M. F. Stamp, V. Stancalie, P. Stangeby, C. Stan Sion, D. E. Starkey, M. J. Stead, A. V. Stephen, A. L. Stevens, J. Stober, R. B. Stokes, D. Stork, D. Stoyanov, J. Strachan, P. Strand, M. Stransky, D. Strauss, D. Strintzi, W. Studholme, Y. SuNa, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, Y. Sun, C. Surdu Bob, E. Surrey, D. J. Sutton, J. Svensson, D. Swain, B. D. Syme, I. D. Symonds, T. Szepesi, A. Szydlowski, F. Tabares, V. Takalo, H. Takenaga, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, C. Taliercio, C. Tame, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, G. Telesca, A. Terra, A. O. Terrington, D. Testa, J. M. Theis, J. D. Thomas, P. D. Thomas, P. R. Thomas, V. K. Thompson, H. Thomsen, C. Thomser, A. Thyagaraja, P. A. Tigwell, I. Tiseanu, R. Tivey, J. M. Todd, T. N. Todd, M. Z. Tokar, S. Tosti, P. Trabuc, J. M. Travere, W. Treutterer, P. Trimble, A. Trkov, E. Trukhina, M. Tsalas, H. Tsige Tamirat, E. Tsitrone, D. Tskhakaya jun, O. Tudisco, S. Tugarinov, M. M. Turner, G. Turri, S. G. J. Tyrrell, N. Umeda, B. Unterberg, H. Urano, A. J. Urquhart, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. Vaccaro, A. P. Vadgama, G. Vagliasindi, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, J. Vallory, M. Valovic, D. Van Eester, B. van Milligen, G. J. van Rooij, C. A. F. Varandas, S. Vartanian, V. Vdovin, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, J. M. Verger, L. Vermare, C. Verona, T.h. Versloot, M. Vervier, J. Vicente, S. Villari, E. Villedieu, F. Villone, J. E. Vince, G. J. Vine, B. Viola, E. Vitale, R. Vitelli, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Vrancken, K. Vulliez, C. W. F. Waldon, M. Walker, M. J. Walsh, J. Waterhouse, M. L. Watkins, M. J. Watson, T. Wauters, M. W. Way, C. R. Webb, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, R. Wenninger, A. T. West, J. M. Weulersse, B. Weyssow, M. R. Wheatley, A. D. Whiteford, A. M. Whitehead, A. G. Whitehurst, A. M. Widdowson, R. C. Wieggers, C. Wiegmann, S. Wiesen, A. Wilson, D. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, D. M. Witts, R. C. Wolf, J. Wolowski, P. Woscov, G. M. Wright, J. Wright, G. S. Xu, V. Yavorskij, V. Yerashok, J. Yorkshades, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, X. Yuhong, L. Zabeo, A. Zabolotsky, L. Zaccarian, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, S. Zajac, L. Zakharov, R. Zanino, V. Zaroschi, K. D. Zastrow, I. Zatz, B. Zefran, W. Zeidner, M. Zerbini, T. Zhang, Y. Zhu, E. Zilli, O. Zimmermann, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, W. Zwingman, JET EFDA Contributors, ALBANESE, Raffaele, AMBROSINO, GIUSEPPE, BELLIZIO, TERESA, CARANNANTE, GIUSEPPE, COCCORESE, VINCENZO, DE TOMMASI, GIANMARIA, MIANO, GIOVANNI, PIRONTI, ALFREDO, QUERCIA, ANTONIO, RUBINACCI, GUGLIELMO, J., Pamela, EMILIA R., Solano, AND JET EFDA, Contributor, J. M., Adam, G., Agarici, M., Agarici, H., Akhter, Albanese, Raffaele, Romanelli, F., Laxaback, F., Abel, I., Afanesyev, V., Agarici, G., Aggarwal, K. M., Airila, M., Akers, R., Alarcon, T. h., Alexeev, A., Alfier, A., Allan, P., Almaviva, S., Alonso, A., Alonso, M., Alper, B., Altmann, H., Alves, D., Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Amosov, V., Anda, G., Andersson, F., Andersson Sund́en, E., Andreev, V., Andrew, Y., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Anghel, A., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Arcis, N., Arena, P., Argouarch, A., Ariola, M., Armitano, A., Armstrong, R., Arnoux, G., Arshad, S., Artaserse, G., Artaud, J. F., Ash, A., Asp, E., Asunta, O., Atanasiu, C. V., Atkins, G., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Bailescu, V., Baiocchi, B., Baker, R. A., Balboa, I., Balorin, C., Balshaw, N., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barbier, D., Barlow, I. L., Barnard, M. A., Barnsley, R., Barrena, L., Barrera, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bateman, G., Batistoni, P., Baumgarten, N., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beaumont, P. S., Beausang, K., B́ecoulet, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, A. C., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Bellizio, Teresa, Belo, P. S. A., Belonohy, ́. E., Bennett, P. E., Benterman, N. A., Berger By, G., Bergsåker, H., Berk, H., Bernardo, J., Bertrand, B., Beurskens, M. N. A., Bieg, B., Bienkowska, B., Biewer, T., Biewer, T. M., Bigi, M., Bilato, R., Bird, J., Bizarro, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blanco, E., Blum, J., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Boilson, D., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonheure, G., Bonnin, X., Borba, D., Borthwick, A., Botrugno, A., Boulbe, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bovert, K. v., Bowden, M., Boyce, T., Boyer, H. J., Bozhenkov, A., Brade, R. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braet, J., Braic, V., Braithwaite, G. C., Brault, C., Braune, H., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Brett, A., Breue, J., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Briscoe, F., Brix, M., Brombin, M., Brown, B. C., Brown, D. P. D., Bruschi, A., Brzozowski, J., Bucalossi, J., Buckley, M. A., Budd, T., Budny, R., Budny, R. V., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burcea, G., Butcher, P. R., Buttery, R. J., Caç̃ao, R., Calabr`o, G., Callaghan, C. P., Caminade, J. P., Camp, P. G., Campling, D. C., Canik, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Carannante, Giuseppe, Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carlstrom, T., Carman, P., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carter, T., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, P., Casati, A., Castaldo, C., Caughman, J., Cavazzana, R., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Cecil, F. E., Cenedese, A., Centioli, C., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chang, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Child, D. J., Chiru, P., Chitarin, G., Chugonov, I., Chugunov, I., Ciric, D., Clairet, F., Clarke, R. H., Clay, R., Clever, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Coccorese, Vincenzo, Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Cole, M., Collins, S., Combs, S., Compan, J., Conboy, J. E., Conroy, S., Cook, N., Cook, S. P., Coombs, D., Cooper, S. R., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Counsell, G. F., Courtois, X., Cox, M., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crisanti, F., Croft, O., Crombe, K., Crowley, B. J., Cruz, N., Cupido, L., Curuia, M., Cusack, R. A., Czarnecka, A., Dalley, S., Daly, E. T., Dalziel, A., Darrow, D., David, O., Davies, N., Davis, J. J., Day, I. E., Day, C., De Angelis, R., Dearcas, G., de Baar, M. R., Delacal, E., de la Luna, E., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, de Vries, P. C., Degli Agostini, F., Delabie, E., del Castillo Negrete, D., Delpech, L., Denisov, G., Denyer, A. J., Denyer, R. F., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Matteo, L., Dipace, L., Dirken, P. J., Dnestrovskiy, A., Dodt, D., Dominiczak, K., Dorling, S. E., Douai, D., Down, A. P., Doyle, P. T., Drake, J. R., Dreischuh, T., Drozdov, V., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Duran, I., Durodíe, F., Dylst, K., Eaton, R., Edlington, T., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, D. T., Edwards, P. K., Eich, T. h., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Elfimov, A., Ellingboe, B., Elsmore, C. G., Emmoth, B., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, L. G., Eriksson, A., Esposito, B., Esser, H. G., Estrada, T., Evangelidis, E. A., Evans, G. E., Ewart, G. D., Ewers, D. T., Falchetto, G., Falie, D., Fanthome, J. G. A., Farina, D., Farthing, J. W., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenzi, C., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J. A., Ferreira, J., Ferron, J., Fessey, J. A., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Finburg, P., Finken, K. H., Fischer, U., Fitzgerald, N., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Fonseca, A., Forbes, A. D., Ford, O., Formisano, A., Fraboulet, D., Francis, R. J., Frassinetti, L., Fresa, R., Friconneau, J. P., Frigione, D., Fuchs, J. C., Fullard, K., Fundamenski, W., Furno Palumbo, M., Gafert, J., Ǵal, K., Galṽao, R., Garavaglia, S., Garbet, X., Garcia, J., Gar cia Munoz, M., Gardner, W., Garibaldi, P., Garnier, D., Garzotti, L., Gatu Johnson, M., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gaze, J. W., Gear, D. F., Gedney, J., Gee, S. J., Gelfusa, M., Genangeli, E., Gerasimov, S., Geraud, A., Gerbaud, T., Gherendi, M., Ghirelli, N., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Gil, C., Gilligan, S. J., Gimblett, C. G., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glowacz, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J. K., Gohil, P., Goloborod’Ko, V., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Gonzales, S., Gonźalezde Vicente, S. M., Goodyear, A., Gorelenkov, N., Gorini, G., Goulding, R., Graham, B., Graham, D., Graham, M. E., Granucci, G., Graves, J., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Gros, G., Grossetti, G., Groth, M., Gr̈unhagen, S., Gryaznevich, M. P., Guirlet, R., Gulejova, B., Gunn, J., Gupta, A., Guzdar, P., Hacek, P., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Haist, B., Hakola, A., Hall, S. J., Hallworthcook, S. P., Hamilton, D. T., Han, H., Handley, R. C., Harding, S., Harling, J. D. W., Harting, D., Harvey, M. J., Haupt, T. D. V., Havlickova, E., Hawkes, N. C., Hawryluk, R., Hay, J. H., Hayashi, N., Haydon, P. W., Hayward, I. R., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heidbrink, W., Heikkinen, J., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Hennig, C., Hennion, V., Hidalgo, C., Higashijima, S., Hill, J. W., Hill, M., Hill, K., Hillairet, J., Hillis, D., Hirai, T., Hitchin, M., Hobirk, J., Hogan, C., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingham, I. C., Holyaka, R., Homfray, D. A., Honeyands, G., Hong, S. H., Hopf, C., Horn, B. A., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Houlberg, W., Howell, D. F., Hron, M., Huber, A., Huddleston, T. M., Hudson, Z., Hughes, M., Ḧuhnerbein, M., Hume, C. C., Hunt, A. J., Hunter, C. L., Hutchinson, T. S., Huygen, S., Huysmans, G., Hyn̈onen, V., Ide, S., Igreja, R., Illescas, C., Imbeaux, F., Ivanova, D., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, G., Jacquet, P., Jakubowska, K., Jakubowski, M., James, P. V., Jaspers, R. J. E., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I., Jennison, M. A. C., Jeskins, C., Jin Kwon, O., Joffrin, E., Johnson, M. F., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Jolovic, D., Jonauskas, V., Jones, E. M., Jones, G., Jones, H. D., Jones, T. T. C., Jouvet, M., Juṕen, C., Kachtchouk, I., Kaczmarczyk, J., Kallenbach, A., K̈allne, J., Kalupin, D., Ḱalvin, S., Kamelander, G., Kamendje, R., Kappatou, A., Karttunen, S., Kasparek, W., Katramados, I., Kaufmann, M., Kaveney, G., Kaye, A. S., Kear, M. J., Keeling, D. L., Kelliher, D., Kempenaars, M., Khilar, P., Kidd, N. G., Kiisk, M., Kim, K. M., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirnev, G., Kirneva, N., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kisielius, R., Kislov, D., Kiss, G., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klein, A., Klix, A., Knaup, M., Kneuper, K., Kneupner, H., Knight, P. J., Knipe, S. J., Kocan, M., K̈ochl, F., Kocsis, G., Konz, C., Koppitz, T., Korotkov, A., Koslowski, H. R., Kotov, V., Kovari, M. D., Kovarik, K., Kramer, G., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kraus, S., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Kritz, A., Krivchenkov, Y., Kruezi, U., Krychowiak, M., Krylov, S., Ksiazek, I., Kubic, M., Kuhn, S., K̈uhnlein, W., Kurki Suonio, T., Kurowski, A., Kuteev, B., Kuyanov, A., La Haye, R., Laan, M., Labate, C., Lachichi, A., Lam, N., Lang, P., Large, M. T., Lassiwe, I., Last, J. R., Lawson, K. D., Laxåback, M., Layne, R. A., Lazzaro, E., Leguern, F., Leblanc, B., Leggate, H. J., Lehnen, M., Leigheb, M., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescure, C. N., Li, Y., Li Puma, A., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Lin, Y., Linke, J., Linstead, S. A., Lipshultz, B., Litaudon, X., Litvak, A. G., Liu, Y., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomas, P. J., Long, F. D., L̈onnroth, J., Looker, D. J., Lopez, J., Lotte, P. h., Loughlin, M. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukanitsa, A., Lungu, A. M., Lungu, C. P., Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Mackenzie, A. S., Macrae, M., Maddaluno, G., Maddison, G. P., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makowski, M., Manning, C. J., Mansfield, M., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchetto, C., Marchitti, M. A., Mardenfeld, M., Marechal, J. L., Marinelli, M., Marinoni, A., Marinucci, M., M̈arki, J., Marocco, D., Marren, C. A., Martin, D., Martin, D. L., Martin, G., Martin, Y., Mart́ın Soĺıs, J. R., Masaki, K., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Maszl, C., Matilal, A., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., May, C. R., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mazzucato, E., Mccarthy, P., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormick, K., Mccullen, P. A., Mccune, D., Mcdonald, D. C., Mcgregor, R., Mckivitt, J. P., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Meigs, A. G., Menard, M., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, P. h., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Miano, Giovanni, Miele, M., Migliucci, P., Miller, A. G., Mills, S. F., Milnes, J. J., Min Kim, K., Mindham, T., Mirizzi, F., Mirones, E., Mironov, M., Mitteau, R., Mlynar, J., Mollard, P., Monakhov, I., Monier Garbet, P., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Moreau, D., Moreau, P. h., Moreira, L., Morgan, A., Morgan, P. D., Morlock, C., Moro, A., Morris, A. W., Mort, G. L., Mrozek, C., Mueck, A., M̈uller, H. W., Murakami, M., Murari, A., Mustata, I., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Nash, G., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nazikian, R., Nedzelski, I., Negus, C. R., Neilson, J. D., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Newbert, G. J., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolai, A., Nicolas, L., Nieckchen, P., Nielsen, P., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nielson, G., Nieto, J., Nightingale, M. P. S., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nora, M., Nordman, H., Norman, M., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I., Ognissanto, F., O’Gorman, T., Olariu, S., Oleynikov, A., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Oswuigwe, O. I., Ottaviani, M., Oyama, N., Pacella, D., Paget, K., Palazzo, S., Pamela, J., Pamela, S., Panek, R., Pangione, L., Panin, A., Panis, T. h., Pankin, A., Pantea, A., Parail, V., Parisot, T. h., Parkin, A., Parsloe, A., Parsons, B. T., Pasqualotto, R., Pastor, P., Paterson, R., Paul, M. K., Peach, D., Pearce, R. J. H., Pearson, B. J., Pearson, I. J., Pedrick, L. C., Pedrosa, M. A., Pegourie, B., Pereira, R., Perelli Cippo, E., Pereverzev, G., Perevezentsev, A., Perezvonthun, C. h., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Perona, A., Perrot, Y., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyy, S., Petravich, G., Petrizzi, L., Petrov, V., Petrzilka, V., Philipps, V., Piazza, G., Piccolo, F., Pietropaolo, A., Pillon, M., Pinches, S. D., Pinna, T., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pironti, Alfredo, Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plaum, B., Plyusnin, V., Polasik, M., Poli, F. M., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O., Poncet, L., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porcelli, F., Porfiri, M. T., Portafaix, C., Pospieszczyk, A., Possnert, G., Prestopino, G., Prior, P., Prokopowicz, R., Proverbio, I., Pugno, R., Puiatti, M. E., Purahoo, K., Pustovitov, V., P̈utterich, T. h., P̈uttmann Kneupner, D., Quercia, Antonio, Rachlew, E., Rademaker, R., Rafiq, T., Rainford, M. S. J., Ramogida, G., Rantam̈aki, K., Rapp, J., Rasmussen, J. J., Ratt́a, G., Ravera, G., Reich, M., Reichle, R., Reiser, D., Reiss, R., Reiter, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Rewoldt, G., Ribeiro, T. T., Riccardo, V., Richards, D., Rigollet, F., Rimini, F. G., Rios, L., Riva, M., Roberts, J. E. C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, D. S., Robinson, S. A., Robson, D. W., Roche, H., R̈odig, M., Rodionov, N., Rohde, V., Rolfe, A., Romanelli, M., Romano, A., Romero, J., Ronchi, E., Rosanvallon, S., Roux, C. h., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Russell, M., Ruth, A., Ryc, L., Rydzy, A., Ryter, F., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabathier, F., Sabot, R., Sadakov, S., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saille, A., Saint Laurent, F., Salmi, A., Salomaa, R., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., Sanchez, P., Sanders, S., Sanders, S. G., Sandford, G., Sandland, K., Sandquist, P., Sands, D. E. G., Santala, M. I. K., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Savelyev, A., Savtchkov, A., Scales, S. C., Scarabosio, A., Schaefer, N., Schlatter, C. h., Schmidt, V., Schmidt, A., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Scholz, M., Scḧopf, K., Schweer, B., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Seki, M., Semeraro, L., Semerok, A., Sergienko, G., Serra, F., Sertoli, M., Shannon, M. M. J., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, S. R., Shevelev, A., Sievering, R., Silva, C. A., Simmons, P. A., Simonetto, A., Simpson, D., Sipila, S., Sips, A. C. C., Sirinelli, A., Sj̈ostrand, H., Skopintsev, D., K. S. l. a. b. k. o. w. s. k. a., Smith, P. G., Snipes, J., Snoj, L., Snyder, S., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Soldatov, S., Soleto, A., Solomon, W., Soltane, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sorrentino, A., Sousa, J., Sowden, C. B. C., Sozzi, C., Sp̈ah, P., Spelzini, T., Spence, J., Spineanu, F., Spuig, P., Sẗabler, A., Stagg, R. D., Stamp, M. F., Stancalie, V., Stangeby, P., Stan Sion, C., Starkey, D. E., Stead, M. J., Stephen, A. V., Stevens, A. L., Stober, J., Stokes, R. B., Stork, D., Stoyanov, D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Stransky, M., Strauss, D., Strintzi, D., Studholme, W., Suna, Y., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Sun, Y., Surdu Bob, C., Surrey, E., Sutton, D. J., Svensson, J., Swain, D., Syme, B. D., Symonds, I. D., Szepesi, T., Szydlowski, A., Tabares, F., Takalo, V., Takenaga, H., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Taliercio, C., Tame, C., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Telesca, G., Terra, A., Terrington, A. O., Testa, D., Theis, J. M., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P. D., Thomas, P. R., Thompson, V. K., Thomsen, H., Thomser, C., Thyagaraja, A., Tigwell, P. A., Tiseanu, I., Tivey, R., Todd, J. M., Todd, T. N., Tokar, M. Z., Tosti, S., Trabuc, P., Travere, J. M., Treutterer, W., Trimble, P., Trkov, A., Trukhina, E., Tsalas, M., Tsige Tamirat, H., Tsitrone, E., Tskhakaya jun, D., Tudisco, O., Tugarinov, S., Turner, M. M., Turri, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Umeda, N., Unterberg, B., Urano, H., Urquhart, A. J., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vaccaro, A., Vadgama, A. P., Vagliasindi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Vallory, J., Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., van Milligen, B., van Rooij, G. J., Varandas, C. A. F., Vartanian, S., Vdovin, V., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verger, J. M., Vermare, L., Verona, C., Versloot, T. h., Vervier, M., Vicente, J., Villari, S., Villedieu, E., Villone, F., Vince, J. E., Vine, G. J., Viola, B., Vitale, E., Vitelli, R., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vrancken, M., Vulliez, K., Waldon, C. W. F., Walker, M., Walsh, M. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, M. L., Watson, M. J., Wauters, T., Way, M. W., Webb, C. R., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wenninger, R., West, A. T., Weulersse, J. M., Weyssow, B., Wheatley, M. R., Whiteford, A. D., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehurst, A. G., Widdowson, A. M., Wieggers, R. C., Wiegmann, C., Wiesen, S., Wilson, A., Wilson, D., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wischmeier, M., Witts, D. M., Wolf, R. C., Wolowski, J., Woscov, P., Wright, G. M., Wright, J., G. S., Xu, Yavorskij, V., Yerashok, V., Yorkshades, J., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Yuhong, X., Zabeo, L., Zabolotsky, A., Zaccarian, L., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zajac, S., Zakharov, L., Zanino, R., Zaroschi, V., Zastrow, K. D., Zatz, I., Zefran, B., Zeidner, W., Zerbini, M., Zhang, T., Zhu, Y., Zilli, E., Zimmermann, O., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zwingman, W., JET EFDA Contributors, Romanelli, F, Laxaback, M, Abel, I, Afanesyev, V, Agarici, G, Aggarwal, K, Airila, M, Akers, R, Alarcon, T, Albanese, R, Alexeev, A, Alfier, A, Allan, P, Almaviva, S, Alonso, A, Alonso, M, Alper, B, Altmann, H, Alves, D, Ambrosino, G, Amosov, V, Anda, G, Andersson, F, Andersson Sunden, E, Andreev, V, Andrew, Y, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Anghel, A, Angioni, C, Apruzzese, G, Arcis, N, Arena, P, Argouarch, A, Ariola, M, Armitano, A, Armstrong, R, Arnoux, G, Arshad, S, Artaserse, G, Artaud, J, Ash, A, Asp, E, Asunta, O, Atanasiu, C, Atkins, G, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Baciero, A, Bailescu, V, Baiocchi, B, Baker, R, Balboa, I, Balorin, C, Balshaw, N, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barbier, D, Barlow, I, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barrena, L, Barrera, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bateman, G, Batiston, P, Baumgarten, N, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beaumont, P, Beausang, K, Becoulet, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, A, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Bellizio, T, Belo, P, Belonohy, E, Bennett, P, Benterman, N, Berger By, G, Bergsaker, H, Berk, H, Bernardo, J, Bertrand, B, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bienkowska, B, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bilato, R, Bird, J, Bizarro, J, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blanco, E, Blum, J, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Boilson, D, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Boncagni, L, Bonheure, G, Bonnin, X, Borba, D, Borthwick, A, Botrugno, A, Boulbe, C, Bouquey, F, Bourdelle, C, Bovert, K, Bowden, M, Boyce, T, Boyer, H, Bozhenkov, A, Brade, R, Bradshaw, J, Braet, J, Braic, V, Braithwaite, G, Brault, C, Braune, H, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Brett, A, Breue, J, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Briscoe, F, Brix, M, Brombin, M, Brown, B, Brown, D, Bruschi, A, Brzozowski, J, Bucalossi, J, Buckley, M, Budd, T, Budny, R, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burcea, G, Butcher, P, Buttery, R, Cacao, R, Calabro, G, Callaghan, C, Caminade, J, Camp, P, Campling, D, Canik, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Carannante, G, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carlstrom, T, Carman, P, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carter, T, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, P, Casati, A, Castaldo, C, Caughman, J, Cavazzana, R, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Cecil, F, Cenedese, A, Centioli, C, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Child, D, Chiru, P, Chitarin, G, Chugonov, I, Ciric, D, Clairet, F, Clarke, R, Clay, R, Clever, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Cole, M, Collins, S, Combs, S, Compan, J, Conboy, J, Conroy, S, Cook, N, Cook, S, Coombs, D, Cooper, S, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Counsell, G, Courtois, X, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crisanti, F, Croft, O, Crombe, K, Crowley, B, Cruz, N, Cupido, L, Curuia, M, Cusack, R, Czarnecka, A, Dalley, S, Daly, E, Dalziel, A, Darrow, D, David, O, Davies, N, Davis, J, Day, I, Day, C, De Angelis, R, de Arcas, G, de Baar, M, de la Cal, E, de la Luna, E, de Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, de Vries, P, Degli Agostini, F, Delabie, E, del Castillo Negrete, D, Delpech, L, Denisov, G, Denyer, A, Denyer, R, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Matteo, L, Di Pace, L, Dirken, P, Dnestrovskiy, A, Dodt, D, Dominiczak, K, Dorling, S, Douai, D, Down, A, Doyle, P, Drake, J, Dreischuh, T, Drozdov, V, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Duran, I, Durodie, F, Dylst, K, Eaton, R, Edlington, T, Edwards, A, Edwards, D, Edwards, P, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, Elevant, T, Elfimov, A, Ellingboe, B, Elsmore, C, Emmoth, B, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, L, Eriksson, A, Esposito, B, Esser, H, Estrada, T, Evangelidis, E, Evans, G, Ewart, G, Ewers, D, Falchetto, G, Falie, D, Fanthome, J, Farina, D, Farthing, J, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenzi, C, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Ferron, J, Fessey, J, Figini, L, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Finburg, P, Finken, K, Fischer, U, Fitzgerald, N, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Fonseca, A, Forbes, A, Ford, O, Formisano, A, Fraboulet, D, Francis, R, Frassinetti, L, Fresa, R, Friconneau, J, Frigione, D, Fuchs, J, Fullard, K, Fundamenski, W, Furno Palumbo, M, Gafert, J, Gal, K, Galvao, R, Garavaglia, S, Garbet, X, Garcia, J, Garcia Munoz, M, Gardner, W, Garibaldi, P, Garnier, D, Garzotti, L, Gatu Johnson, M, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gaze, J, Gear, D, Gedney, J, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, Genangeli, E, Gerasimov, S, Geraud, A, Gerbaud, T, Gherendi, M, Ghirelli, N, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Gil, C, Gilligan, S, Gimblett, C, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glowacz, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Gonzales, S, Gonzales de Vicente, S, Goodyear, A, Gorelenkov, N, Gorini, G, Goulding, R, Graham, B, Graham, D, Graham, M, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grigore, E, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Gros, G, Grossetti, G, Groth, M, Gruenhagen, S, Gryaznevich, M, Guirlet, R, Gulejova, B, Gunn, J, Gupta, A, Guzdar, P, Hacek, P, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Haist, B, Hakola, A, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamilton, D, Han, H, Handley, R, Harding, S, Harling, J, Harting, D, Harvey, M, Haupt, T, Havlickova, E, Hawkes, N, Hawryluk, R, Hay, J, Hayashi, N, Haydon, P, Hayward, I, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, W, Heikkinen, J, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Hennig, C, Hennion, V, Hidalgo, C, Higashijima, S, Hill, J, Hill, M, Hill, K, Hillairet, J, Hillis, D, Hirai, T, Hitchin, M, Hobirk, J, Hogan, C, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingham, I, Holyaka, R, Homfray, D, Honeyands, G, Hong, S, Hopf, C, Horn, B, Horton, A, Horton, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Houlberg, W, Howell, D, Hron, M, Huber, A, Huddleston, T, Hudson, Z, Hughes, M, Huehnerbein, M, Hume, C, Hunt, A, Hunter, C, Hutchinson, T, Huygen, S, Huysmans, G, Hynoenen, V, Ide, S, Igreja, R, Illescas, C, Imbeaux, F, Ivanova, D, Ivings, E, Jachmich, S, Jackson, G, Jacquet, P, Jakubowska, K, Jakubowski, M, James, P, Jaspers, R, Jednorog, S, Jenkins, I, Jennison, M, Jeskins, C, Jin Kwon, O, Joffrin, E, Johnson, M, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Jolovic, D, Jonauskas, V, Jones, E, Jones, G, Jones, H, Jones, T, Jouvet, M, Jupen, C, Kachtchouk, I, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallenbach, A, Kaellne, J, Kalupin, D, Kalvin, S, Kamelander, G, Kamendje, R, Kappatou, A, Karttunen, S, Kasparek, W, Katramados, I, Kaufmann, M, Kaveney, G, Kaye, A, Kear, M, Keeling, D, Kelliher, D, Kempenaars, M, Khilar, P, Kidd, N, Kiisk, M, Kim, K, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirnev, G, Kirneva, N, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kisielius, R, Kislov, D, Kiss, G, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klein, A, Klix, A, Knaup, M, Kneuper, K, Kneupner, H, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Kocan, M, Koechl, F, Kocsis, G, Konz, C, Koppitz, T, Korotkov, A, Koslowski, H, Kotov, V, Kovari, M, Kovarik, K, Kramer, G, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kraus, S, Kreter, A, Krieger, K, Kritz, A, Krivchenkov, Y, Kruezi, U, Krychowiak, M, Krylov, S, Ksiazek, I, Kubic, M, Kuhn, S, Kuehnlein, W, Kurki Suonio, T, Kurowski, A, Kuteev, B, Kuyanov, A, La Haye, R, Laan, M, Labate, C, Lachichi, A, Lam, N, Lang, P, Large, M, Lassiwe, I, Last, J, Lawson, K, Layne, R, Lazzaro, E, Le Guern, F, Leblanc, B, Leggate, H, Lehnen, M, Leigheb, M, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescure, C, Li, Y, Li Puma, A, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Lin, Y, Linke, J, Linstead, S, Lipshultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litvak, A, Liu, Y, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomas, P, Long, F, Loennroth, J, Looker, D, Lopez, J, Lotte, P, Loughlin, M, Loving, A, Lowry, C, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukanitsa, A, Lungu, A, Lungu, C, Lyssoivan, A, Macheta, P, Mackenzie, A, Macrae, M, Maddaluno, G, Maddison, G, Madsen, J, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Makowski, M, Manning, C, Mansfield, M, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maraschek, M, Marchetto, C, Marchitti, M, Mardenfeld, M, Marechal, J, Marinelli, M, Marinoni, A, Marinucci, M, Maerki, J, Marocco, D, Marren, C, Martin, D, Martin, G, Martin, Y, Martin Solis, J, Masaki, K, Masiello, A, Maslov, M, Maszl, C, 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Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamak, Materials science, Tokamak, Physics and Astronomy (all), Condensed Matter Physics, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Cyclotron, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], law, Physics::Plasma Physics, ITER, divertor, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Jet (fluid), Safety factor, Divertor, 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency field, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, magnetic confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, Física, 52.55.Rk Power exhaust, JET, overview, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Computational physics, Physical sciences, ICR, ICP, helicons, ___, JET, Beta (plasma physics), Atomic physics, tokamaks
Abstract

Since the last IAEA conference, the scientific programme of JET has focused on the qualification of the integrated operating scenarios for ITER and on physics issues essential for the consolidation of design choices and the efficient exploitation of ITER. Particular attention has been given to the characterization of the edge plasma, pedestal energy and edge localized modes (ELMs), and their impact on plasma facing components (PFCs). Various ELM mitigation techniques have been assessed for all ITER operating scenarios using active methods such as resonant magnetic field perturbation, rapid variation of the radial field and pellet pacing. In particular, the amplitude and frequency of type I ELMs have been actively controlled over a wide parameter range (q(95) = 3-4.8, beta(N)

32. Experimental studies of ITER demonstration discharges

Author

F. Köchl, Massimiliano Mattei, T. A. Casper, V.V. Parail, R. Sartori, E. J. Doyle, Shunsuke Ide, G.L. Jackson, T. Suzuki, Diii-D Team, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. J. Lomas, Frederic Imbeaux, Ian H. Hutchinson, J. Hobirk, Charles Kessel, Jet-Efda Contributors, G. Giruzzi, J. Stober, Alfredo Portone, A. C. C. Sips, S.M. Wolfe, Naoyuki Oyama, Earl Marmar, C-Mod Team, Yutaka Kamada, G. Saibene, Amanda Hubbard, L. D. Horton, T.C. Luce, I. Nunes, Akihiko Isayama, X. Litaudon, Y. Gribov, Sips, A., Casper, T., Doyle, E., Giruzzi, G., Gribov, Y., Hobirk, J., Hogeweij, G., Horton, L., Hubbard, A., Hutchinson, I., Ide, S., Isayama, A., Imbeaux, F., Jackson, G., Kamada, Y., Kessel, C., Kochl, F., Lomas, P., Litaudon, X., Luce, T., Marmar, E., Mattei, Massimiliano, Nunes, I., Oyama, N., Parail, V., Portone, A., Saibene, G., Sartori, R., Stober, J., Suzuki, T., Wolfe, S., A. C. C., Sip, T. A., Casper, E. J., Doyle, G., Giruzzi, Y., Gribov, J., Hobirk, G. M. D., Hogewej, L. D., Horton, A. E., Hubbard, I., Hutchinson, S., Ide, A., Isayama, F., Imbeaux, G. L., Jackson, Y., Kamada, C., Kessel, F., Kochl, P. J., Loma, X., Litaudon, T. C., Luce, E., Marmar, I., Nune, N., Oyama, V., Parail, A., Portone, G., Saibene, R., Sartori, T., Suzuki, G., Tardini, S., Wolfe, THE C., MOD TEAM, THE ASDEX UPGRADE, Team, THE DIII D., TEAM AND JET EFDA CONTRIBUTORS, Sips, A. C. C., Casper, T. A., Doyle, E. J., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Horton, L. D., Hubbard, A. E., Jackson, G. L., Luce, T. C., Mattei, M., Stober, J. K., and Wolfe, S. M.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Plasma breakdown, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Inductance, ASDEX Upgrade, Electromagnetic coil, law, Fusione Termonucleare, Tokamak, Modellistica e Controllo di plasmi, Atomic physics, Transformer, Ohmic contact, Voltage
Abstract

Key parts of the ITER scenarios are determined by the capability of the proposed poloidal field (PF) coil set. They include the plasma breakdown at low loop voltage, the current rise phase, the performance during the flat top (FT) phase and a ramp down of the plasma. The ITER discharge evolution has been verified in dedicated experiments. New data are obtained from C-Mod, ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D, JT-60U and JET. Results show that breakdown for E axis < 0.23–0.33 V m−1 is possible unassisted (ohmic) for large devices like JET and attainable in devices with a capability of using ECRH assist. For the current ramp up, good control of the plasma inductance is obtained using a full bore plasma shape with early X-point formation. This allows optimization of the flux usage from the PF set. Additional heating keeps l i(3) < 0.85 during the ramp up to q 95 = 3. A rise phase with an H-mode transition is capable of achieving l i(3) < 0.7 at the start of the FT. Operation of the H-mode reference scenario at q 95 ∼ 3 and the hybrid scenario at q 95 = 4–4.5 during the FT phase is documented, providing data for the l i (3) evolution after the H-mode transition and the l i (3) evolution after a back-transition to L-mode. During the ITER ramp down it is important to remain diverted and to reduce the elongation. The inductance could be kept ⩽1.2 during the first half of the current decay, using a slow I p ramp down, but still consuming flux from the transformer. Alternatively, the discharges can be kept in H-mode during most of the ramp down, requiring significant amounts of additional heating.

Published
2009

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