Search

Mobile- and web-based psychological research are a valuable addition to the set of tools available for scientific study, reducing logistical barriers for research participation and allowing the recruitment of larger and more diverse participant groups. However, this comes at the cost of reduced control over the technology used by participants, which can introduce new sources of variability into study results. In this study, we examined differences in measured performance on timed and untimed cognitive tests between users of common digital devices in 59,587 (Study 1) and 3818 (Study 2) visitors to TestMyBrain.org , a web-based cognitive testing platform. Controlling for age, gender, educational background, and cognitive performance on an untimed vocabulary test, users of mobile devices, particularly Android smartphones, showed significantly slower performance on tests of reaction time than users of laptop and desktop computers, suggesting that differences in device latency affect measured reaction times. Users of devices that differ in user interface (e.g. screen size, mouse vs. touchscreen) also show significant differences (p

Current display technologies are limited in projecting floating ultra-high definition images on multiple layers, preventing applications in augmented reality for medical education. Computer-generated holography (CGH) with custom algorithms allows for displaying floating 3D images for augmented reality applications. The limitation of existing 3D display technologies is the lack of clearly-defined anatomical structures and models for medical education The custom algorithm was based on microoptical adaptation of the natural superposition compound human eye with the help of a virtual Gabor superlens and a layering technique. High-resolution Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) can enable increasing the field of view and display size in CGH. The 3D holographic projection applications require an enlarged field of view for multi-user purposes and can be implemented to deliver presentations from remote settings and as non-invasive practical education in medicine. This technology targets academic medical centres, hospitals and clinics as well as research laboratories. In this work, a layered holographic projection method was developed to display high-resolution (3840×2160 px) 3D floating images in direct-view mode targeting medical education. A computational algorithm was created based on a phase retrieval algorithm and a virtual Gabor superlens to project a hologram on the Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display panel of an UHD SLM. A code was programmed for generating multilayer 3D in-eye projections by adding multiple retrieved holograms with an independent Gabor zone plate into each single hologram. The reconstructions were obtained with a HeNe laser (633 nm, 5 mW) and the UHD SLM with reflective phase modulation. 3D holograms were directly observed floating as a ghost image at variable focal distances.

While many advanced haptic devices are under development, touchscreens are one of the most readily available platforms. In this paper, we leverage a leap forward in vibration-based haptics, Apple's new CoreHaptics API, and investigate its potential for a multi-finger vibration experience. We present a perceptual user study (N=15) that investigates multi-finger vibration identification and exploration strategies and we conduct a laser doppler vibrometry study, uncovering the challenges of developing consistent, high-quality vibration feedback across hardware platforms that vary in actuation principle, screen size, and external attachments. Repeated-measures ANOVA tests showed no statistically significant results in time, error, or weighted error for vibration identification across all participants based on number of fingers. However, one-way ANOVAs did show significant results within individuals, illustrating benefits of multiple-finger exploration. The most effective strategies for locating vibrations involved multiple fingers grouped together using sweeping motions across the screen. Our LDV study demonstrated that CoreHaptics and the Taptic Engine in the iPhone were capable of more accurately recreating specific frequencies than coin motors in Android devices. This research supports a move to a multi-finger, vibrotactile touchscreen experience, while highlighting the challenges of creating a consistent vibration experience across hardware platforms.

BACKGROUND Preoperative anxiety affects up to 65% of children who undergo anesthesia induction and often results in uncooperative behavior. Electronic devices have been used to distract children to reduce anxiety and create a more enjoyable preoperative experience. Few studies have compared the effects of different video delivery systems on preoperative anxiety. AIMS The primary aim was to determine if a large projection-based video screen mounted to a patient's bed decreased anxiety when compared to a tablet during mask induction of anesthesia in children from 4-10 years of age. METHODS We performed a prospective, randomized trial to determine differences in our primary outcome, preoperative anxiety, between the large Bedside Entertainment and Relaxation Theater (BERT) and a smaller tablet screen. Secondary outcomes included (a) induction compliance; (b) child fear; (c) frequency of emergence delirium; and (d) satisfaction. RESULTS In examining the primary outcome for 52 patients, there was a main effect for time on mYPAS scores, f(2, 51) = 13.18, P

In recent times, smart devices equipped with small touch panels have become very popular. Many such smart devices use a software keyboard for character input. Unfortunately, software keyboards have a limitation: the number of buttons and the input degrees of freedom remain the same, because a button and an input value correspond one-to-one. Thus, if we reduce the screen size while the button size remains the same, the number of buttons must decrease. Alternatively, if we maintain the number of buttons and reduce the screen size, the size of the button decreases, making input increasingly difficult. In this study, we investigate a new character input method that is specifically adapted for use on small screens. The proposed input interface has 4 × 2 operational degrees of freedom and consists of four buttons and two actions. By handling two operations as one input, 64 input options are secured. Additionally, we experimentally evaluate the proposed character input user interface deployed on a smart device. The proposed method enables an input of approximately 25 characters per minute, and it shows robust input performance on a small screen compared to previous software methods. Thus, the proposed method is better suited to small screens than were previous methods.

Touchscreen interfaces have attracted attention in recent years because their flexibility, functionality, and usability for design have become better known. They have been used in public-use terminals such as automated teller machines, ticket machines, and information kiosks. Recently, they are used for small, mobile device interfaces such as Apple’s iPhone and iPod touch (Apple Inc., 2006). Furthermore, they are employed as large tabletop interfaces such as Microsoft Surface (Microsoft Corp., 2007) and MERL DiamondTouch (Dietz & Leigh, 2001). For touchscreen interfaces, touchscreen keyboards are a fundamental function because text entry is a primary and frequently used task in several applications. Physical screen size affects the touchscreen keyboard design. A keyboard might include a different type of keyboard, display fewer keys on a small screen, or enable selection of an appropriate typing device such as a finger or stylus. Fundamentally, the touchscreen keyboard is created by software. It therefore has flexibility in visual presentation and software-based technique. In this chapter, we specifically examine touchscreen software keyboards for finger typing. We first examine criteria for analyzing and discussing touchscreen keyboards. Then the chapter presents a description of our ongoing efforts at designing a Customizable and Adaptable Touchscreen Keyboard with bubble cursor-like visual feedback (CATKey). We are particularly interested in addressing the needs of a wide range of user classes by improving its perceived usability without decreasing the text entry rate. Many touchscreen systems are targeted at the public-use market. For that reason, users’ skills and experiences are expected to vary widely. Users would refuse to use a touchscreen keyboard if the text entry method were to provide low perceived usability.

Modern Pepper's ghost—“floating hologram”—systems generally use transparent screens called half mirrors or foils. this system must have the same screen size as the image size in order to display a large-sized image. Further, depth of the image can only be obtained from the distance between the screen and the display panel. These limitations can be overcome using holographic optical elements (HOE). HOE is made by recording as a refractive force of the lens with holographic material. In this study, the numerical values of the reconstructed images were theoretically analyzed through optical ray tracing, and the theoretical design of the reconstructed image size and depth plane was numerically measured and experimentally verified.

Background To evaluate the change of accommodation and ocular discomfort according to the display size, using quantitative measurements of accommodation and ocular discomfort through subjective and objective metrics. Methods Forty six subjects without any ophthalmic disease history were asked to watch the documentary movie, using two different sizes of smart devices; smartphones and tablets. Before and after using devices, the near point accommodation (NPA) and the near point convergence (NPC) were measured, and objective accommodation was measured using an auto refractometer/keratometer. The subjective ocular discomfort was assessed through a survey. Results Both devices showed a decrease in post-use NPA and NPC, and the change after use of the smartphone was significantly severe, 1.8 and 2.5 folds respectively, compared to tablet (p = 0.044, p = 0.033, respectively). Neither smartphone nor tablet showed significant changes in the accommodative response induced by dynamic accommodative stimulus of auto refractometer/keratometer (p = 0.240 and p = 0.199, respectively). Subjects showed a more severe increase in ocular discomfort after using smartphones (p = 0.035) and reported feeling tired even with shorter use times (p = 0.012). Conclusions Both devices showed significant decreases in NPA and NPC, and the larger changes were seen when using the small display smartphone. Even within 20minutes of using, subjects start to feel ocular discomfort, and it was more severe and faster after smartphones than tablets. Therefore, the smaller the display size, the greater the adverse impact on eyes, and thus, appropriate display size will need to be selected depending on the time and purpose of use.

People have their individual preference of which hand they preferentially use to do certain things. It is not unusual to see them use mobile devices with a touchscreen one-handedly. Depending on where they are and what they do, people may use one hand over the other to hold and interact with mobile devices. Few studies have looked into the implication of using a preferred hand versus a non-preferred in touchscreen interaction on mobile devices. As the screen size increases, the difference between using a preferred hand and a non-preferred hand on the touchscreen becomes more significant. In this paper, we show how to extract features from 3 different interaction gestures on touchscreen, tap, swipe, and drag to learn if a user is using the dominant hand or the non-dominant hand. We compare the performance of using different sets of features in prediction by considering the constraints of handheld devices. A random forest-based prediction system is also created and enhanced to recognize if the user is using a preferred hand or a non-preferred hand. This technique enables the user interface of a touchscreen to adapt to which hand the user hold and interact with mobile devices.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) examination was performed to investigate the effectiveness of high-luminance monitors in digital X-ray mammography. For this purpose, an original breast phantom consisting of adipose and fibroglandular equivalent tissues with an identical X-ray absorption characteristic over the entire mammographic photon energy range was developed. Furthermore, the phantom’s fibroglandular density and distribution could be changed arbitrarily. Three types of lesions, microcalcification, mass, and spiculated, were inserted into the breast phantom, and the ROC examination was performed by five radiological technologists certified in screening mammography, to obtain the area under the curve. A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with 5 megapixels in a 21-inch display size calibrated to a grayscale standard display function curve was used for the observation. The monitor was set to 600, 900, and 1200 cd/m2 in maximum luminance. The experimental details were fibroglandular density of 25%, respective 50 positive and negative images, and free observation time and distance. As a result, the dependence on monitor luminance differed according to the lesion type. The detectability of microcalcification increased with the increase in the luminance of the monitor. Spiculated lesions were similar for all luminance changes. The detectability of mass lesions was significantly higher at 900 cd/m2 than at 600 cd/m2 . There was no significant difference between those at 900 cd/m2 and 1200 cd/m2 . In conclusion, the maximum luminance of the diagnostic LCD monitor for mammography should be at least 900 cd/m2 to guarantee stable detectability.

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the interactive effects of display curvature radius and display size on visual search accuracy, visual search speed, and visual fatigue. Background Although the advantages of curved displays have been reported, little is known about the interactive effects of display curvature radius and size. Method Twenty-seven individuals performed visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm using eight configurations involving four display curvature radii (400R, 600R, 1200R, and flat) and two display sizes (33″ and 50″). To simulate curved screens, five flat display panels were horizontally arranged with their centers concentrically repositioned following each display curvature radius. Results For accuracy, speed, and fatigue, 33″–600R and 50″–600R provided the best or comparable-to-best results, whereas 50″–flat provided the worst results. For accuracy and fatigue, 33″–flat was the second worst. The changes in the horizontal field of view and viewing angle due to display curvature as well as the association between effective display curvature radii and empirical horopter (loci of perceived equidistance) can explain these results. Conclusion The interactive effects of display curvature radius and size were evident for visual search performance and fatigue. Beneficial effects of curved displays were maintained across 33″ and 50″, whereas increasing flat display size from 33″ to 50″ was detrimental. Application For visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm, 33″–600R and 50″ 600R displays are recommended, as opposed to 33″ and 50″ flat displays. Wide flat displays must be carefully considered for visual display terminal tasks.

The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP29) announced their policy to admit the replacement of side mirrors by cameras and LCD monitors. It is expected that the replacement enhances the fuel efficiency of automotives, and such a policy should be welcome in a sense. However, at present, few data on the safety and the efficiency of the replacement system are reported. The aim of this study was to examine whether the replacement of side mirrors by LCDs is effective from the viewpoints of the safety and the efficiency. The participants were required to simultaneously carry out a main simulated driving task and a secondary discrimination task of a pre-specified vehicle displayed on a side mirror or in-vehicle LCD. The safety and the efficiency evaluation measures were: tracking error in a simulated driving task, the percentage of overlook and false recognition of a target vehicle, the state of looking aside judged by the horizontal neck movement, the distance between own and the proceeding vehicles, the time until the appearance of the pre-specified vehicle on the side mirror or LCD to its discrimination and reaction, and the subjective rating on visibility. The experimental factors were the size (6-inch or 8-inch) and placement location of display (side mirror, around the center of driver, around a steering wheel, and around a side mirror), and the side of a driver (left or right). As a result of comparing the safety and efficiency measures between the side mirror and the replacement system, LCD was found to be more effective from the viewpoint of the reaction time to the pre-specified vehicle and the subjective rating on visibility.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are applied to various electronic devices such as smartphones and televisions in our society, replacing liquid–crystal display (LCD) due to many advantages: self-emitting property, high contrast, slimness, and flexibility. Although OLED consists mostly of organic substances, because it was developed to reduce the consumptions of rare and precious metals, OLED display has a possibility to contain more metal-based components than LCD; for instance, a pixel circuit for OLED needs two thin-film transistors (TFTs), whereas that for LCD does one. Thus, this study was intended to assess and compare possible environmental impacts due to metals in an OLED display and an LCD on a same screen size basis, to examine environmental effects of the technology transition. Hazardous waste potentials at end-of-life were examined based on metal leachability tests, and resource depletion and toxicity potentials were evaluated based on life cycle impact assessment methods. The leachability test results showed that the OLED display has higher hazardous potential than an LCD due to excessive levels of leachability for many metals under California state regulation. The OLED display had 1000–2300 times higher resource depletion potentials than the LCD due primarily to the high concentrations of gold, selenium, silver, palladium, and tin. The OLED display also had 2–600 times higher toxicity potentials due primarily to the high concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and antimony. This study can be used to motivate waste recyclers and managers to actively collect waste OLED displays for circular economy and to direct manufactures to develop more environmental-friendly OLED displays for sustainable society. This study evaluates and compares hazardous, resource depletion, and toxic potentials from metals in a Liquid–Crystal Display (LCD) and an Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Display to examine the effect of the technology transition on environmental impacts.

The viewing-zone scanning holographic display, which can enlarge both screen size and viewing zone, is modified to enable color image generation by using the time-multiplexing technique; R, G, and B lasers sequentially illuminate a single microelectromechanical systems spatial light modulator with a high frame rate. The viewing-zone scanning system enlarges screen size by using a magnifying imaging system and generates a large number of reduced viewing zones that are aligned in the horizontal direction by a horizontal scanner to enlarge the viewing zone. The interval of the reduced viewing zones is set to be one-third of the width of the reduced viewing zones or less so that three sets of reduced viewing zones are generated corresponding to the three colors. Color image generation was demonstrated for a screen size of 2.0 in. and a viewing zone angle of 40.0°.

A reciprocal 360-deg three-dimensional light-field image acquisition and display system was designed using a common catadioptric optical configuration and a lens array. Proof-of-concept experimental setups were constructed with a full capturing part and a truncated display section to demonstrate that the proposed design works without loss of generality. Unlike conventional setups, which record and display rectangular volumes, the proposed configuration records 3D images from its surrounding spherical volume in the capture mode and projects 3D images to the same spherical volume in the display mode. This is particularly advantageous in comparison to other 360-deg multi-camera and multiple projector display systems that require extensive image and physical calibration. We analyzed the system and showed quality measures such as angular resolution and space bandwidth product based on design parameters. The issue due to pixel size difference between the available imaging sensor and the display was also addressed. A diffractive microlens array matching the sensor size was used in the acquisition part, whereas a vacuum cast lens array matching the display size was used in the display part with scaled optics. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed system design works well and is in good agreement with the simulation results.

The effects of different touchscreen interface designs on operators' task performance and cervical spine biomechanics were investigated in the current study. Fifteen male participants performed “Whac-a-Mole” type of visual target pinpointing tasks on a touchscreen monitor with different display sizes, icon sizes, icon colors and task difficulties. Participants' task performance, cervical spine biomechanics and upper extremity muscle activities were recorded and compared. Results demonstrated that an oversized desktop touchscreen monitor and small icons generated negative impacts on participants’ task performance and biomechanical measurements. Lighter icon color and more difficult task requirement generated worse task performance but had limited impact on cervical spine biomechanics. In addition, when using an oversized touchscreen monitor, the impacts of icon size and task difficulty seem to be magnified. Our results demonstrated that a more human-oriented interface design could help improve task performance and reduce neck and upper extremity injuries while operating touchscreen monitors. Relevance to industry In this study we investigated how a number of different design factors could influence task performance as well as cervical spine biomechanics when using touchscreen monitors. Knowledge gained from the current study could help the design of future applications that involve finger touching operations on touchscreen monitors.

Wearable motion capture systems using Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) based Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are considered a promising low-cost technology that evolves rapidly over the last few years. A wearable pointing system that consists of a pair of IMUs with acceleration and angular velocity sensors is presented in this work. Each IMU is equipped with Bluetooth connectivity and both are mounted on the user’s arm. The system provides automatic pointing on the presentation screen by capturing the arm’s rotational movement and by exploiting the speaker’s relative to the screen position. In this paper, we present the system’s design and its evaluation along with a training method for estimating the user-screen distance and relative position. Experimental results show promising pointing accuracy and precision in a variety of different display sizes and distances making the system an effective solution for automatic on-screen pointing.

We have successfully developed 27inch 8K4K Liquid Crystal display by utilizing BCE IGZO (Back Channel Etched InGaZnO) transistor. Its pixel density is 326ppi like smartphone, but the screen size is 27inch, middle class desktop monitor size. And its LCD panel supports 120Hz driving. BCE IGZO-TFT realizes low resistance wiring material because of its low process temperature. Above reason, we can enlarge the screen size to desktop monitor class, remaining smartphone class fine resolution. Also this system contains HDR (High Dynamic Range) driving system, and wide color gamut, by IGZO transistor and Negative LC FFS pixel structure.

This study investigated the relationship between the movement coverage on smartphone touchscreens and the factors (age, thumb length and screen size) affecting this. By referring to the thumb movement in the adduction-abduction orientation with a right-hand phone-holding posture, the thumb-coverage area that represents how far the thumb can reach and the centre of gravity in this coverage area were determined. The assessment focused on a comparison of these indices between ages, thumb lengths and screen sizes. The results showed that elderly users and those with longer thumbs are likely to leave more unreachable space at the right side and bottom of touchscreens. Moreover, the thumb-coverage area actually increased when the touchscreen size was increased; however, increasing the size of a smartphone touchscreen does not necessarily increase the thumb-coverage area at the same ratio as the touchscreen size increases.

Current three-dimensional displays cannot fully reproduce all depth cues used by a human observer in the real world. Instead, they create only an illusion of looking at a three-dimensional scene. This leads to a number of challenges during the content creation process. To assure correct depth reproduction and visual comfort, either the acquisition setup has to be carefully controlled or additional postprocessing techniques have to be applied. Furthermore, these manipulations need to account for a particular setup that is used to present the content, for example, viewing distance or screen size. This creates additional challenges in the context of personal use when stereoscopic content is shown on TV sets, desktop monitors, or mobile devices. We address this problem by presenting a new system for streaming stereoscopic content. Its key feature is a computationally efficient depth adjustment technique which can automatically optimize viewing experience for videos of field sports such as soccer, football, and tennis. Additionally, the method enables depth personalization to allow users to adjust the amount of depth according to their preferences. Our stereoscopic video streaming system was implemented, deployed, and tested with real users.

We clarified the relationship between the display size of MRI images and observer performance using a digital contrast‐detail (d‐CD) phantom. The d‐CD phantom was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Express. It had a 512×512 matrix in size and a total of 100 holes, whose diameter increased stepwise from 4 to 40 pixels with a 4‐pixel interval in the vertical direction; the contrast varied stepwise in the horizontal direction. The digital driving level (DDL) of the background, the width of the DDL, and the contrast were adjustable. These parameters were determined on the basis of the actual T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. In this study, the DDL, width, and contrast were set to 85, 20, and 1, respectively. The observer performance study was performed for three different display sizes (30 cm×30 cm as the enlarged size, 16 cm×16 cm as the original size, and 10 cm×10 cm as the reduced size) using a 2‐megapixel color liquid crystal display monitor, and it was analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon statistical tests. The observer performances for the original display (p

We studied the stereoscopic effect obtained from a two-dimensional image without using binocular parallax, which we call “natural3D” (n3D). Unlike a parallax-based three-dimensional (3D) display system, n3D causes less tiredness and is free from a decrease of the resolution by half because of image division and viewing position dependence. To make the display with these effects comfortable to use, we conducted statistical tests with sensory evaluation experiments and a quantitative evaluation based on physiological responses. These examinations revealed that the n3D effect can be effectively obtained by using, for example, the characteristics of an organic light-emitting diode display, such as high contrast and easy bendability. This study discusses optimal display curvatures for displays of different sizes that enhance n3D and reduce tiredness, which are revealed through statistical tests. In addition, we performed an experiment with a frame called an n3D window (n3Dw) that is placed before the display such that a subject views the display through the opening of the frame. We found that the combination of a curve and the n3Dw causes n3D more effectively.

Frontal projection autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display is a kind of excellent 3D display technique with large display size and efficient space utilization, especially suitable for the future glasses-free 3D cinema. In this paper, we propose a frontal projection autostereoscopic 3D display using a liquid crystal lens array (LCLA) and a quarter-wave retarding film. The LCLA acts as two roles, refraction and transparency, for different polarized light. The forward projected polarized light can pass through the LCLA as a transparency, and then pass through the quarter-wave retarding film. After reflecting from a polarization-preserving screen, the returned light will pass through the quarter-wave retarding film again and turn to an orthogonal polarization. This polarized light will be refracted by the LCLA and reconstruct the 3D image. The demonstrated LCLA has the merits of no driving voltage, simple fabrication, and cost-effective. Optical experiment verifies the proposed method, which is promising for its potential application in the future glasses-free 3D cinema.

Bandwidth is still a limiting factor for the Quality of Service (QoS) of mobile communication applications. In particular, for Voice over IP the QoS is not yet as good as for common, well-engineered, public-switched telephone networks. Multisensory communication has been identified as a possibility to moderate this limitation. One of the strengths of mobile video technology lies in its combination of visual and auditory modalities. However, one of the most salient features of mobile video applications is its small screen size. To test the potential of multimodal synergy for mobile devices, we assessed to what extent small screens affect multimodal synergy. This potential was assessed in an experiment with 54 participants, who conducted a standardised video-listening test for three talking-heads videos with a signal-to-noise ratio of –9 dB. The videos were presented on three different screen sizes, whilst keeping the video and auditory signals equal. Compared to a ground truth based on 359 participants, intelligibility was found to be significantly higher when using a large screen than when using a small screen. This indicates that mobile video technology has the potential for a significant multimodal synergy to which screen size is a substantial constraint. To optimally benefit from their multimodal potential, we offer suggestions on how to increase the effective screen size for small screen (e.g. mobile) devices and applications through elaborating the most relevant (visual) features. We conclude that knowledge about human sensory processing can alleviate the identified constraint and maximise the potential QoS of mobile video technology.

As smartwatch functions expand, target selection among many items will probably become a common task. List search interfaces (LSIs) for a smartwatch use a prefix matching query to search for items, and need two modes because of the small screen size: query input mode and list navigation mode. Despite the modes, LSIs may be more efficient than list interfaces (LIs), which involve no text querying, for large pools. Actually, we could show that the LSI outperformed the LI for pool sizes over 60. However, we also found that the LSI users experience overhead when deciding whether to switch the modes or not. To reduce the overhead, we designed two auto-switching LSIs: input-length-based auto-switching LSI (IA-LSI) and list-size-based auto-switching LSI (LA-LSI). We could show both auto-switching LSIs outperformed the conventional LSI for pool sizes over 60. We also conducted experiments with the auto-switching LSIs for various pool sizes, and provided their results and guidelines for the optimal switching criteria for the LSIs.

Touchscreen-based, multimodal graphics represent an area of increasing research in digital access for individuals with blindness or visual impairments; yet, little empirical research on the effects of screen size on graphical exploration exists. This work probes if and when more screen area is necessary in supporting a pattern-matching task. PURPOSE Larger touchscreens are thought to have distinct benefit over smaller touchscreens for the amount of space available to convey graphical information nonvisually. The current study investigates two questions: (1) Do screen size and grid density impact a user's accuracy on pattern-matching tasks? (2) Do screen size and grid density impact a user's time on task? METHODS Fourteen blind and visually impaired individuals were given a pattern-matching task to complete on either a 10.5-in tablet or a 5.1-in phone. The patterns consisted of five vibrating targets imposed on sonified grids that varied in density (higher density = more grid squares). At test, participants compared the touchscreen pattern with a group of physical, embossed patterns and selected the matching pattern. Participants were evaluated on time exploring the pattern on the device and their pattern-matching accuracy. Multiple and logistic regressions were performed on the data. RESULTS Device size, grid density, and age had no statistically significant effects on the model of pattern-matching accuracy. However, device size, grid density, and age had significant effects on the model for grid exploration. Using the phone, exploring low-density grids, and being older were indicative of faster exploration time. CONCLUSIONS A trade-off of time and accuracy exists between devices that seems to be task dependent. Users may find a tablet most useful in situations where the accuracy of graphic interpretation is important and is not limited by time. Smaller screen sizes afforded comparable accuracy performance to tablets and were faster to explore overall.

In our previous work, we proposed a user interface in which a user wears a projector and a depth camera on his or her head and performs touch operations on an image projected on a flat surface. By using the head-mounted projector, images are always projected in front of the user in the direction of the user&rsquo, s gaze. The image to be projected is changed according to the user&rsquo, s head pose so as to fix the superimposed image on the surface, which realizes a large effective screen size. In this paper, we conducted an experiment for evaluating the accuracy of registration by measuring the positional and rotational errors between the real world and the superimposed image using our experimental system. As a result, the mean absolute errors of translation were about 10 mm when the user stopped his head, and the delay was estimated to be about 0.2 s. We also discuss the limitations of our prototype and show the direction of future development.

This study aimed at investigating natural thumb zone of the user in smartphone touchscreen with one-handed grip. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their thumb lengths: small, medium, large. Experiments were carried out using three smartphones of different sizes: 4.7 in., 5.1 in., 5.2 in. The natural thumb zone of each group was analyzed using heat-map method. In large group, the thumb zone occupied more than 50% of the touch screen, while small and medium groups occupied only about 30% in all smartphones of different sizes. Compare to other groups, the thumb zone ratio of the small group in 5.2 in. smartphone was found greatly reduced. The lowermost region and the upper-left region of the smartphone touchscreen are not commonly included in natural thumb zone, regardless of the thumb-length groups. The results of this study could be used for designing new mobile device to enhance the usability of one-handed interaction; small devices with a touch screen as well.

The conventional holographic displays using SLMs require approximately 1 micron pixel pitch and tremendous number of pixels to obtain practical screen size and viewing zone. The horizontal scanning holography employing MEMS-SLMs have been developed to solve the above issue using the time-multiplexing technique. The 360-degree display system, the multi-channel system, and the color display system have been developed.

Smartphone onboard sensors, such as the accelerometer and gyroscope, have greatly facilitated people's life, but these sensors may bring potential security and privacy risk. This paper presents an empirical study of analyzing the characteristics of accelerometer and magnetometer data to infer users' input on Android smartphones. The rationale behind is that the touch input actions in different positions would cause different levels of posture and motion change of the smartphone. In this work, an Android application was run as a background process to monitor data of motion sensors. Accelerometer data were analyzed to detect the occurrence of input actions on touchscreen. Then the magnetometer data were fused with accelerometer data for inferring the positions of user inputs on touchscreen. Through the mapping relationship from input positions and common layouts of keyboard or number pad, one can easily obtain the inputs. Analyses were conducted using data from three types of smartphones and across various operational scenarios. The results indicated that users' inputs can be accurately inferred from the sensor data, with the accuracies of 100% for input-action detection and 80% for input inference in some cases. Additional experiments on the effect of smartphone screen size, sampling rate, and training data size were provided to further examine the reliability and practicability of our approach. These findings suggest that readings from accelerometer and magnetometer data could be a powerful side channel for inferring user inputs.

Background and objective The paper analyzes behavioral patterns of mentors while using different mentoring devices to demonstrate the feasibility of multi-platform mentoring. The fundamental differences of devices supporting telementoring create threats for the perception and interpretation of the transmitted video, highlighting the necessity of exploring hardware usability aspects in a safety critical surgical mentoring scenario. Materials and methods Three types of devices, based on the screen size, formed the arms for the randomized controlled trial. Streaming video recordings of a laparoscopic procedure to the mentors imitated the mentoring scenario. User preferences and response times were recorded while participating in a session performed on all devices. Results Median response to a mentoring request times were similar for mobile platforms; expected durations were considerably longer for stationary computer. Ability to perceive and identify anatomical structures was insignificantly lower on small sized devices. Stationary and tablet platforms were nearly equally preferred by the most of participants as default telementoring hardware. Discussion As a side effect, incompatibility of daily duties of the surgeons in the hospital and telementoring responsibilities while implementing systems locally was identified. Scaling up the use of the service in combination with the organizational changes of clinical staff looks like a promising solution. Conclusion The trial demonstrated the feasibility of using all three types of devices for the purpose of mentoring, allowing users to choose the preferred platform. The paper provided initial results on the quality assurance of telementoring systems imposed by the regulatory documents.

As the rise of tablets and smartphones move the dominant interface for digital content from mouse or trackpad to direct touchscreen interaction, work is needed to explore the role of interfaces in shaping psychological reactions to online content. This research explores the role of direct-touch interfaces in product search and choice, and isolates the touch element from other form factor changes such as screen size. Results from an experimental study using a travel recommendation Web site show that a direct-touch interface (vs. a more traditional mouse interface) increases the number of alternatives searched, and biases evaluations toward tangible attributes such as décor and furniture over intangible attributes such as WiFi and employee demeanor. Direct-touch interfaces also elevate the importance of internal and subjective satisfaction metrics such as instinct over external and objective metrics such as reviews, which in turn increases anticipated satisfaction metrics. Findings suggest that interfaces can strongly affect how online content is explored, perceived, remembered, and acted on, and further work in interface psychology could be as fruitful as research exploring the content itself.

An intriguing aspect of picture perception is the viewer’s tolerance to variation in viewing position, perspective, and display size. These factors are also present in stereoscopic media, where there are additional parameters associated with the camera arrangement (e.g., separation, orientation). The predicted amount of depth from disparity can be obtained trigonometrically; however, perceived depth in complex scenes often differs from geometric predictions based on binocular disparity alone. To evaluate the extent and the cause of deviations from geometric predictions of depth from disparity in naturalistic scenes, we recorded stereoscopic footage of an indoor scene with a range of camera separations (camera interaxial (IA) ranged from 3 to 95 mm) and displayed them on a range of screen sizes. In a series of experiments participants estimated 3D distances in the scene relative to a reference scene, compared depth between shots with different parameters, or reproduced the depth between pairs of objects in the scene using reaching or blind walking. The effects of IA and screen size were consistently and markedly smaller than predicted from the binocular viewing geometry, suggesting that observers are able to compensate for the predicted distortions. We conclude that the presence of multiple realistic monocular depth cues drives normalization of perceived depth from binocular disparity. It is not clear to what extent these differences are due to cognitive as opposed to perceptual factors. However, it is notable that these normalization processes are not task specific; they are evident in both perception- and action-oriented tasks.

Viewers of stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) imagery can perceive the absolute size of objects within a scene. On larger screens, the perceptual size of objects commonly appears bigger than reality, which matches viewers’ expectations for big-screen, larger-than-life theatrical experiences. In contrast, the geometry involved in stereoscopic imaging can cause the perceptual size of objects to appear smaller than reality (miniaturization). Miniaturization can be distracting for viewers and is more extreme on smaller screens like 3D television and handheld 3D devices. A common misconception is that miniaturization occurs only when the stereo camera separation (interaxial) is larger than the human eye separation (interocular), or larger than 2.5 in. In this paper, counter examples of this misconception are provided, as well as an analytical framework that allows stereo camera operators to accurately predict what the miniaturization effect will be on any screen size. Example stereoscopic 3D images are shown to illustrate control of perceptual size.

The charge sharing technique is well known and widely used for low-power consumption in TFT-LCDs. However, it does not work so well as the screen size becomes larger and the frame frequency and display format become higher. The theoretical power saving efficiency can reach 50%, but, for a 55-in diagonal Full-HD format LCD TV, it drops below 30%. In order to address the degraded power saving efficiency of the conventional charge sharing technique for large-screen high-format LCD TVs, we propose a novel charge sharing technique with a panel design and a driving method. The proposed charge sharing technique enhances the power saving efficiency up to 43% from the previous 28% even for a large-screen LCD TV such as the 55-in diagonal Full-HD format. In particular, the proposed technique is found to be well suited for the oxide-TFT technology, which is very promising for next-generation large-screen LCD TVs.

Holographic displays and super multi-view (SMV) displays have been developed to solve the accommodation–vergence conflict that is responsible for visual fatigue caused by the 3D images that are generated by conventional three-dimensional (3D) displays upon which the eye cannot focus. However, holographic and SMV displays provide 3D images upon which the eye can readily focus so that the accommodation–vergence conflict does not occur. Because these two display techniques require the generation of a very large amount of image data, the high data bandwidth of microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices is effectively utilized. The present article describes the holographic display system that employs a MEMS spatial light modulator (SLM), which increases the screen size and viewing zone angle. Two SMV displays are also described, where one employs MEMS SLMs and the other an array of MEMS projectors. The resolution and the number of viewpoints of the SMV displays have increased. Moreover, the technique using a MEMS SLM to eliminate speckles from holographic reconstructed images is also described.

Television is one of the information and entertainment provider tools that is enthused by the people. With the development of technology, television with various shapes and excellence has been created. One of the examples is Flat Screen TV with a variety of brands, price, type, screen size, resolution, weight, and some features such as HDMI and USB ports. With so many choices offered, costumers need some times in choosing the right television which suits their wants and needs. To assist and facilitate the costumers in choosing the right television, a Decision Support System (DSS) is designed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Programming Languages Delphi 7 and Microsoft Access 2007 as Database to assist costumer in choosing a TV. The system results are a system which can give recommendations about television purchasing accordance with customer needs.

The appropriate visual search techniques and visual display methods lead to the most effective and quickest way of extracting information during visual search tasks. Visual search time and performance in visual display terminals can be influenced by various parameters, such as an amount of the clutter objects and the screen size. This paper investigated the visual search techniques and performance using radar interface with different symbols that vary in color and features. Thirty-six subjects participated in the study and experiments were performed on separate monitors whose screen size is 7, 15 and 21 in. , the visual angles are experimentally set to be 45; 55; 65; 75 and 85 min of arc. This article took into considerations various performance variables such as completion time, fixation duration etc. to complete the visual search investigation. It was confirmed that the accuracy is highly affected by many clutter objects in the region surrounding a target.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to its wide prevalence, effective screening tools are necessary. The purpose of this project is to design and evaluate a system that enables portable, cost effective, smartphone based visual field screening based on frequency doubling technology. The system is comprised of an Android smartphone to display frequency doubling stimuli and handle processing, a Bluetooth remote for user input, and a virtual reality headset to simulate the exam. The LG Nexus 5 smartphone and BoboVR Z3 virtual reality headset were used for their screen size and lens configuration, respectively. The system is capable of running the C-20, N-30, 24-2, and 30-2 testing patterns. Unlike the existing system, the smartphone FDT tests both eyes concurrently by showing the same background to both eyes but only displaying the stimulus to one eye at a time. Both the Humphrey Zeiss FDT and the smartphone FDT were tested on five subjects without a history of ocular disease with the C-20 testing pattern. The smartphone FDT successfully produced frequency doubling stimuli at the correct spatial and temporal frequency. Subjects could not tell which eye was being tested. All five subjects preferred the smartphone FDT to the Humphrey Zeiss FDT due to comfort and ease of use. The smartphone FDT is a low-cost, portable visual field screening device that can be used as a screening tool for glaucoma.

Date of Conference: 28 January - 2 February 2017 Conference Name: SPIE OPTO, 2017 Even barely acceptable quality holographic 3D video displays require hundreds of mega pixels with a pixel size in the order of a fraction of a micrometer, when conventional flat panel SLM arrangement is used. Smaller pixel sizes are essential to get larger diffraction angles. Common flat display panels, however, have pixel sizes in the order of tens of micrometers, and this results in diffraction angles in the order of one degree. Here in this design, an array of commonly available (similar to high-end mobile phone display panels) flat display panels, is used. Each flat panel, as an element of the array, directs its outgoing low-diffraction angle light beam to corresponding small portion of a large size paraboloid mirror; the mirror then reflects the slowly-expanding, information carrying beam to direct it at a certain exit angle; this beam constitutes a portion of the final real ghost-like 3D holographic image. The collection of those components from all such flat display panels cover the entire 360-degrees and thus constitute the final real 3D table-top holographic display with a 360-degrees viewing angle. The size of the resultant display is smaller compared to the physical size of the paraboloid mirror, or the overall size of the display panel array; however, an acceptable size table top display can be easily constructed for living-room viewing. A matching camera can also be designed by reversing the optical paths and by replacing the flat display panels by flat wavefront capture devices.

Magnification is a key accessibility feature used by low-vision smartphone users. However, small screen size can lead to loss of context and make interaction with magnified displays challenging. We hypothesize that controlling the viewport with head motion can be natural and help in gaining access to magnified displays. We implement this idea using a Google Glass that displays the magnified smartphone screenshots received in real time via Bluetooth. Instead of navigating with touch gestures on the magnified smartphone display, the users can view different screen locations by rotating their head, and remotely interacting with the smartphone. It is equivalent to looking at a large virtual image through a head contingent viewing port, in this case, the Glass display with ~ 15 ° field of view. The system can transfer seven screenshots per second at 8 × magnification, sufficient for tasks where the display content does not change rapidly. A pilot evaluation of this approach was conducted with eight normally sighted and four visually impaired subjects performing assigned tasks using calculator and music player apps. Results showed that performance in the calculation task was faster with the Glass than with the phone's built-in screen zoom. We conclude that head contingent scanning control can be beneficial in navigating magnified small smartphone displays, at least for tasks involving familiar content layout.

A new modular multi-projection multi-user multiview autostereoscopic display structure based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) laser projectors is presented. The system contains an array of MEMS laser projectors, a vertical diffuser, and the driving electronics. Each projector provides a slit of the whole image observed through the vertical diffuser. The structure does not require super position of the content among the projectors. Unlike similar type of displays, the size of the projection display hardware decreased dramatically. The structure has the capability to provide horizontal expansion in the screen size, and in number of different perspectives shown. Mentioned capabilities can be enhanced by using more projectors, by increasing the distance between projectors and the screen, and by changing the diffusion angle of the vertical diffuser in the minor axis. The inhouse built prototype with 18 projectors displays an image with a resolution of 234times848, and 36 different perspectives. The size of the image at the screen is 16 cm x 72 cm

Passive matrix organic light emitting display is restricted to its passive driving method, so it is hard to make the screen size and resolution larger because the brightness is reduced with the row numbers and it needs a driver Integrated Circuit (IC) with high current supply. In order to make high resolution and large size Organic Light Emitting Display (OLED), companies invest much money to produce Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Display (AMOLED). But compared with AMOLED, Passive Matrix Organic Light Emitting Display (PMOLED) has simple fabrication process, which does not need very complex Thin Film Transistor (TFT) backplane and also has less material cost. In this paper, we research the ordinary design of PMOLED panel, and finally, we found a novel design to diminish the dead space of PMOLED on the left and right sides. With that, we can stitch pairs of PMOLED unit together to make the PMOLED panel larger and have higher resolution. We also developed the manufacture process for this new type of PMOLED panel. Using our novel method, we finally made a 3.5 inch PMOLED panel with a resolution of 160 (RGB) × 240 and developed the driving method for this sample using two commercialized PMOLED driver chip and Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) chip. So with the novel method, we can make many PMOLED panel stitched together to make larger PMOLED with higher resolution.

A set of active partially pixelated masks is designed to pick up appropriate images from a large number serial pictures or a three-dimensional computer numerical model for the natural three-dimensional display with smooth motion parallax. To realize the smooth three-dimensional display without view zone jumping, each subpixel at the boundary in the pixelated mask is subdivided into partial pixels. Each active partially pixelated mask can periodically shift according to the design requirement. With active partially pixelated masks in the liquid crystal panel combining with a precision lenticular lens array, the three-dimensional display with 500 views from captured serial pictures and 1200 views from a computer numerical model is demonstrated in 56° viewing angle, which is functionally equivalent to the holographic stereogram. The displayed depth is more than 40 cm. The light intensity ripple with 18 active partially pixelated masks is decreased to 0.9% in the viewing zone. The screen size is 50.7 cm×28.5 cm.

Display technology is the main source for humans to obtain information and entertainment. Increased display screen size is a trend, whether on mobile phone or television, and projection display has become increasingly popular in achieving large screen displays. Previous projection display systems have used a traditional light bulb which cannot be modulated, so the power of the display device is constant and the contrast of the display device can only be improved by controlling the size of the aperture in the light path. With the appearance of solid-state light sources, i.e., lasers, the luminance of the light source can be modulated according to the image content so that the power of the light source can be reduced and the dynamic contrast can be improved simultaneously. A method to modulate the power of the laser light source on a frame-to-frame basis in response to the input image data is shown. An ultrahigh contrast is achieved with the laser display. A dynamic contrast of greater than 100,000:1 can be achieved, and the average power consumption of the laser TV can be reduced by about 20% with typical video source material.

This paper discusses the design and development of worksheets for helping notebook computer (NBC) users to compute NBC and workstation adjustments so as to assume an appropriate seated posture. The worksheets (one for male users, the other for female ones) require the following information: body height, NBC screen size, work surface height, and seat height. The worksheets contain tables for estimating recommended NBC base angle, NBC screen angle, body-NBC distance, work surface height, and seat height. Additionally, they include flow charts to help NBC users to determine necessary adjustment accessories and their settings.

The development of mobile applications is a challenging activity. The main problems are the limits of the mobile devices (in memory size, processing power, battery duration, etc.) and the diversity of target platforms, display sizes, or input modes (keypads or tactile screens). For these reasons, the software product line (SPL) development paradigm can improve the process of designing and implementing mobile systems. The authors’ approach to SPL development uses the package merge relationship of the standard UML to represent the variability in all the SPL design and implementation models. The combination of this technique and conventional CASE and IDE tools (Eclipse or MS Visual Studio) makes the developments of SPLs for mobile applications easier as it removes the need for specialized tools and personnel. This article presents a SPL that makes possible the remote monitoring of dependent people to facilitate their autonomy. The SPL generic architecture uses Bluetooth wireless sensors connected to mobile devices. These devices are remotely connected to a central system, which could be used in hospitals or aged person’s residences. Moderate cost sensors allow health parameters such as heart rate or oxygen saturation level to be controlled. Risk situations can also be detected using a range of predefined values or specific sensors. The diversity of individual situations and the resource limitations favor the use of the SPL paradigm, as only the required features are incorporated in each concrete product.

As a portable mobile device, the e-book reader (e-reader) facilitates text-reading. With the color LCD e-reader employed, this study was aimed to investigate how legibility and visual fatigue are affected by different text directions, screen sizes, and character sizes. Following the experimental method, 60 participants were required to read the Chinese texts in the Ming typeface and to search out the target words in the pseudo-texts. Meanwhile, they were connected to an exclusive database through the Internet. The experimental data, such as the search time, accuracy rate, critical fusion frequency (CFF), and subjective visual fatigue, were recorded in the database as well as analyzed. It was discovered that text direction, screen size, and character size all produced an effect on search time. On the 6″ or 9.7″ screen, 12 pt took the shortest search time. By contrast, the 8.1″ screen was suitable for both 12 pt and 14 pt. Furthermore, the character size exerted an influence on the accuracy rate. 12 pt and 14 pt were suitable for the e-reader on the 9.7″ screen. In addition, the small character size of the text was the main cause of visual fatigue. The results of this study can be used as a reference to design the color LCD e-reader.