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In this paper deal with the comparative study of fuzzy and pi-based controllers for SRM drive. Performance characteristics of PI and fuzzy based controllers were compared and analysis various parameter like torque, current, stator current, speed for switched reluctance motor. PI control based SRM drive designed with 8300 rpm and fuzzy control based SRM speed limit is around 7000 rpm. Design for simulation circuit diagrams for both PI and Fuzzy controller based SRM drive system.

A new approach to analyzing three-phase circuits in the phase coordinates under unbalanced normal and emergency operating conditions is proposed, in which the information about the three-phase circuit to be analyzed by means of software is entered in a simplified manner. The equivalent circuits of three-phase generators, power lines, and static and dynamic loads are aggregated and considered in a generalized form. With such presentation, the work with a three-phase circuit diagram is significantly simplified even if it contains unbalanced loads, a few faulty sections, and control links in the equivalent circuits of electrical machines. The labeling of three-phase circuit nodes is proposed that allows three-phase and single-phase parts of the circuit to be distinguished. The topologic list of branches intended for computer-aided calculations of currents and voltages and currents is compiled for three-phase branches in a generalized form. The obtained list is compact and retains a clear representation of the three-phase circuit. The analogy between the basic electrical equations written for electrical circuit three-phase and single-phase branches is shown. Thus, the voltages and currents in a three-phase element are interrelated by equations similar to the generalized Ohm’s law, while Kirchhoff's current law is written for three-phase nodes and has the same form as for single-phase circuits. The analogy of drawing up the incidence matrix and the matrix of nodal equations is shown. Submatrices of dimensions 3 × 3, 1 × 3, or 1 × 1 depending on the node label appear as entries in the incidence matrices and nodal admittance matrices of a three-phase circuit. The nodal equations used for carrying out the subsequent analysis of the circuit in the phase coordinates are written in a standard way as in single-phase circuits. In analyzing emergency operating conditions, it is proposed to keep the simplicity and clarity of the approach by representing the circuit faulty section of as a corresponding branch embedded into the three-phase circuit. The developed approach is illustrated by calculation of unbalanced and emergency operating conditions in a complex three-phase unbalanced circuit containing two synchronous generators, one dynamic load, and one static load. The calculation has been carried for four- and three-wire three-phase circuits.

Today, bearings are the only technical devices that are used as supports for rotating axes and shafts. A rational choice of the type and characteristics of bearing for a particular model of the rotor system operation provides a higher value of the coefficient of performance, efficiency and operability not only fot the rotor system itself, but the whole machine. The basic schemes of bearings as shaft supports are considered. The operation features and circuit diagrams of rolling bearings, sliding bearings and magnetic bearings are analyzed. The design features of various types bearings and these features influence on the rotor systems operation are shown.

The object of research is the circuit diagram of a broadband capacitive-resistive voltage divider with a series-parallel connection of its resistive and capacitive components. For many years, the use of voltage dividers was limited to measuring various voltages in high-voltage laboratories. However, voltage dividers, compared to voltage transformers, are characterized by a wider bandwidth, therefore they began to be considered as one of the main means of measuring voltages in high-voltage electric networks. One of the catalysts for the implementation of this solution may be the intensive development of the Smart Grid concept, which requires new, more advanced means of monitoring the quality of electric power. Therefore, experimental and theoretical studies aimed at reducing the error of broadband voltage dividers are important. The task of optimally adjusting the low voltage arm of the voltage divider is solved by using linear programming elements to study the systematic error function. This article presents the results of the study of adjusting the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the voltage divider, which are aimed at reducing its error. For this purpose, a parameter for optimizing the capacitance value of low-voltage arm at which the absolute value of the positive and negative maximum of the systematic error of the capacitive-resistive voltage divider will be the same was found. The calculations are performed for different values of the division ratio of the voltage divider. The resulting data sets are generalized in the form of three-dimensional graphs. The work contributes to the further development of the theory of high-voltage voltage dividers. As a result of the studies, the possibility of optimizing the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a broadband capacitive-resistive voltage divider by varying the capacitance value of its low-voltage arm is shown. The studies are relevant due to the fact that this category of high-voltage scale transducers has the potential to become mandatory for determining the quality of electric energydirectly in high-voltage networks.

Purpose This paper presents a novel design method for keyboard circuits. The purpose of this study is to enable a single-board computer with fewer pins to recognize a keyboard system consisting of a large number of switches. Through the study of different kinds of keyboard circuits, a general circuit schematic design method is abstracted. Several experiments are conducted to prove the feasibility of the proposed circuit design method. Design/methodology/approach Conventional circuit schematic diagrams are often limited to two-dimensional planes. Through investigating higher dimensional alternatives, this paper proposes to place components in high-dimensional geometry before connecting all components. A multi-pin switch construction method is proposed to allow the switches to be arranged on the vertices of high-dimensional geometry and be connected sequentially to form the keyboard system. This proposed system can allow a keyboard system consisting of a large number of switches to be recognized by a single-board computer with less available pins. Findings The design scheme proposed in this paper can read more switch states with limited Input/Output pins. With the increase of the number of Input/Output ports and pins, the number of simultaneously identifiable switches increases exponentially, which is suitable for sensor design of array type. Research limitations/implications Compared with the classical keyboard circuits, the circuit designed using the proposed method will lead to a slightly longer recognition time for each key. This can be compensated by a single-board computer with a modestly higher clock speed. Originality/value The circuit schematic design method based on high-dimensional geometry is introduced for the first time. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the original experiments. The proposed approach is of importance in guiding the design of new analog and digital sensor circuit systems.

Power electronic based high frequency DC-DC converter have several industrial and research applications including its use in electric vehicles for fast charging of battery. In this paper the design and simulation of single phase DC-DC converter capable of converting 500 volt DC into 24 volt DC and delivering nominal power of 250 Watts and surge power of 1 kW up to 60 msec for industrial load has been described. A high quality, reliable, efficient and compact converter power source with complete isolation between source and load is required for continuous operation. The compactness of Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) system depends upon size of high frequency transformer and filter requirements. The magnetic components in converter circuit such as transformer and inductors may be designed smaller in size by increasing the switching frequency of the converter. The switching frequency for proposed converter is chosen 100 kHz. A comparative analysis of various topologies of DC-DC converter has been explained to select appropriate control topology for desired application. The proposed design is based on Phase Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB) technique utilizing power Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET switches, a center-tapped transformer and a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based control system. The converter design comprised the front-end of a full bridge DC-AC square wave inverter using phase shifted Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The paper describes design considerations and circuit schematic configuration of DC-DC converter. Circuit simulation models for proposed converter and simulation results have been presented for comparison of various performance parameters

Currently, the bottleneck in the development of large-scale high temperature superconducting (HTS) wind power generators is that high torque causes problems in HTS coils. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the applicability to full generators by evaluating the performances of HTS coils in high torque condition. This paper deals with a performance evaluation system (PES) design for a 10-MW HTS wind power generator and a comparative analysis of the PES with the full generator. The magnetic field distribution and output power of the full generator were presented. The rated output torque and the force of the 10-MW HTS generator were calculated, and the PES for the full generator consisted of three HTS poles and the 1/20 times stator of the full generator. The modeling verification process of the PES for the generator was defined. The stator winding and circuit diagram of the PES were illustrated. Finally, the torque and force of the full generator and PES were analyzed and compared. As a result, the electromagnetic forces of one HTS pole were calculated considering the stator interaction, and the performance of the HTS pole using the PES was proven similar to the HTS pole in the full generator. The PES was confirmed suitable for testing HTS coils for large-scale HTS generators.

The effects the spectrum of incident radiation can have on photobiological processes are studied experimentally and theoretically. The potential effective fluxes of visible light are calculated for energetic and regulatory processes. With these data at hand, we find a correlation between the spectral photoresponse and the energy characteristics of plant photoreceptor and photosynthesis systems. A qualitative model for a photosensitive organic system is formulated as a circuit diagram that includes semiconductor photocells. The thermodynamic and electrical parameters of the modeled system are described. We draw parallels between the functioning of phototransistors and photoreceptor complexes PHOT, CRY, Ph(660), and Ph(730). The control parameters of the energy-distribution process in a living system are estimated using mathematical modeling and an experimental model based on photocells.

Within building envelopes, air cavities behind a siding provide a feasible way to mitigate the moisture-related issues such as rain penetration and frost damage. However, for a common contact-applied siding system, the small gap directly attaching the siding with the wall sheathing greatly limits the drying functions of air cavity: capillary break, drainage, and ventilation drying. Moreover, the drying performance of the air cavities behind the siding remains unknown, and commonly a rectangular unicellular cavity is inexactly assumed to simplify investigating the hygrothermal performance of a siding system. After analyzing the irregular and complex configuration of air cavities composed of multiple same cavity cells, this paper develops a mathematical model based on the circuit diagram principle to quantify the air flow rate within the multicellular cavity behind a siding with respect to the air differential pressure and flow resistance. This model is then used to evaluate the drying performance of a siding system, which is found to be heavily dependent on the cavity depth between the siding and the wall sheathing. Further sensitivity analysis shows that the air flow rate within the cavity rapidly increases to a maximum value as the cavity depth increases, and then converges at a lower value. The cavity's air flow rate reaches its maximal value when the cavity depth is 48% of a siding panel projection, e.g., 0.31 in (7.8 mm) for a triple dutch lap vinyl siding. Based on the optimal cavity depth, several design improvements are proposed.

In the gyrocompasses manufactured by Perm Scientific and Production Instrument-Making Company, the errors of primary sensors of fiber-optic gyroscopes, accelerometers and primary data processing unit are mutually agreed upon according to terms of reference. Further increase in the accuracy of determining position of moving object in space using gyrocompass is possible only with coordinated reduction of all these errors. Continuous improvement of gyroscopes and accelerometers significantly increases the accuracy of determining primary information about position of moving object. This requires improvement of primary information processing unit. The current unit manufactured in this block includes four devices located on separate boards. It's analog-to-digital converter, computer, external communications board and power source. In this work, the device for primary processing of gyrocompass data was modernized. For this, the through design of single-board multifunctional device for primary data processing was carried out, which includes development of circuit diagram, wiring diagram and drawing of printed circuit board, modeling, prototyping, manufacturing and testing. Tests were carried out in heat chamber for temperature range from −30 ° С to + 55 ° С. The test results showed that one of the main characteristics of primary data processing unit, prescribed in statement of work - the temperature zero drift of analog-to-digital converter is three times improved. As a result, the dimensions, power consumption and mass of gyrocompass were reduced. The number of inter board connections was reduced too, which facilitates the assembly process of product and increases its reliability. In near future, it is planned to improve accuracy of primary sensors, thus, promising system can increase accuracy of solving navigation problems up to three times.

In this research work a 10 bit SAR(Successive Approximation Register) type ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) IP(Intellectual Property) has been approached with some specifications along with the circuit diagram of each elementary design block. Here 180 nm technology has been used. Various types of performance parameters like area, resolution, i/p current, i/p impedance, conversion time etc. have been discussed. Also the pre-layout as well as post layout simulation results have been given in this paper.

It is well known that the mathematical modeling and manual computations of the transistor design parameters are sometimes impractical and remains a challenge for researchers. In submicron technologies, the basic component of a three-stage operational amplifier such as MOSFET is modeled by various complex nonlinear equations. The modeling equations include parameters such as channel length (L), channel width (W), node voltages, and branch currents. However, the design and analysis of such complex nonlinear equations are depending on the expertise of the designer. In this paper, a Neural network is used to design and implement a three-stage operational amplifier. The channel length (L) and width (W) which are most suitable for circuit characteristics are calculated using neural network training. The Cadence tool is used to simulate the various circuit diagrams. The Neural Network model is developed and trained using MATLAB 2019b software platform. The effectiveness of the proposed neural network model is tested using the various circuits.

This paper designs a connection of a new large-scale solar farm (160 MW) to an existing 230 kV system (based on the IEEE 9 bus system). Regarding the choice of connecting the solar farm to Bus, this paper respectively gives the analysis of Bus5, Bus6 and Bus8, and draws the conclusion that connecting Bus5 is the best choice. When designing the transmission line, this paper gives the shortcomings of tower type B and tower type C, analyzes the reasons for choosing tower type A, and analyzes the various parameters of 5 different conductors. The best conductor choice is 16.33 mm wire, the best conductor bundling option is bundling spacer – 2 conductors. Then, this paper used PowerWorld to simulate the circuit diagram of the IEEE 9 bus system, and carried out power flow analysis and system safety analysis on the power system. It is recommended to connect the transmission line in parallel between Bus5 and Bus7 and between Bus4 and Bus5 to enhance the safety and stability of the system. When any one of the transmission lines is disconnected, the remaining transmission lines will not overcurrent and can work safely. Finally, this paper analyzes the total cost of the design from three aspects: new transmission lines, parallel conductors of old transmission lines, parallel capacitor and inductor, and calculates the total cost is $1,405,398,400.

Spider-like robots can replace humans in detection and rescue operations in various environments that are not suitable for humans. The research on the spider-like robot is to improve the performance of the spider-like robot, so that the stability of the spider-like robot can be used in some future space explorations, disaster area search and rescue and human life, etc., to replace humans in completing some high-risk and tiring tasks, and reduce Human burden. This article connects the arduino unor3 board, steering gear control board and other functional modules through the circuit schematic diagram designed according to the predetermined function. Take the self-designed bionic robot skeleton as the supporting platform. Taking the spider-like robot as the research direction, choose the universal, cheap, relatively large memory Arduino unor3 microcontroller as the software development platform, and then use the steering gear control board as the middle control module to control the operation of the manipulator. The 3D printing method is used to make the frame, leg and head steering gear fixed parts. Through detailed design requirements, combined with the relevant knowledge of motor control technology and sensor technology, the Bluetooth control and ultrasonic obstacle avoidance functions of the spider-like robot are realized.

This paper is based on designing of circuit diagram for the measurement of vibration signal and acoustic signal using accelerometer, acoustic sensors, NI DAQ and LabVIEW programs. LabVIEW is system engineer software used to conduct required tests and measurements, control of hardware and data insights. Here, an MEM’s accelerometer (GY-61 ADXL335 3-axis accelerometer module) is used to capture the vibration signal, and an Ahuja professional performance electrets condenser omnidirectional characteristic microphone is used for capturing acoustic signal. The integrated circuit is designed with LabVIEW software, and all the analytical data are captured. This whole assembly is used to analyze as a “online tool wear monitoring system”. The required prototype model is capable of measuring, monitoring and capturing the data in both the normal and abnormal operating conditions. The physical parameters monitored and analyzed are as follows: voltage (V), RMS voltage, frequency, dB, etc.

Scope of research presented in this paper refers to the off-line recognition and interpretation of the content that conveys images of printed or hand-drawn direct current circuit diagrams. Photographing learning materials with different quality imprints as well as under different lighting exposures may introduce a lot of noise in the image. Besides the standard noise caused by shadows and unwanted spots, common noises that introduce ambiguities into the process of symbol and circuit topology recognition are breaks on connecting lines and symbols. That is why we have designed algorithm in such a way to ensure correct recognition even in conditions of noise. Due to the mostly regular geometric shapes and relationships that define symbols and the interconnection of symbols in an electrical circuit, and the clear topology related to the existence of nodes and branches, we decided to develop a recognition method based mostly on the structural relations. To recognize symbols and topology, we use suitable geometric primitives, contours, and skeletons that can be detected in the image. The recognition method based on the structural patterns that can handle unwanted breaks and disconnections in the image of electrical circuit diagram represents the contribution of this paper.

Theoretical analysis of the single transistor amplifier is described in this paper. The influence of the variable resistor on the state of the circuit is analyzed. Its dynamic performance is calculated. Discrete components circuit is provided. The input and output waveforms are measured. The theoretical analysis is verified by experimental data. Finally, circuit schematic is drawn by using Protel DXP software. The welded single transistor amplifier is shown. The physical measured data verify the theoretical analysis. The theoretical analysis, experimental measurement data and the physical measurement data are compared.

The laser direct imaging exposure machine directly images the CAM data on the printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, thus do without film procedures in the exposure process, reducing the deviation caused by film expansion and undergo distortion during fabrication, and improving the productivity of PCB production. As the line width of the circuit diagram continues to become smaller, a smaller spot is required to expose a small line width, but because the laser spot size cannot be reduced without limit, the circuit diagram line width is reduced to smaller than the spot, which will cause insufficient exposure accuracy. It is the main motivation of the present invention to use a larger laser spot size to expose a small line width, and to improve the accuracy of the circuit line diagram. Based on this, this paper proposes a laser source target light dose reversed mapping output strategy. Through trial exposure, the initial spot position map, connected component labeling (CCL) and parallelized 0-1 integer programming are found out laser spot exposure position map, are reconstructed with a new spot distribution. It can achieve the accuracy requirement of exposing small line width and line spacing with a twice laser spot size. In addition, the mathematical calculation amount of the target light dose reversed mapping are very huge matrix, and calculating the image pixels point by point is very time-consuming. This paper proposes a method to effectively reduce the amount of calculation and acceleration.

This paper covers the aspects of the design of microcontroller-based analog-digital control systems for industrial plants. The main stages of the microprocessor control system (MCS) design are considered and sample MCS circuit diagrams are provided. Recommendations are given for the development of discrete mathematical models of control systems.

The Hodgkin-Huxley model of the squid giant axon has been used for decades as the basis of many action potential models. These models are usually communicated using just a list of equations or a circuit diagram, which makes them unnecessarily complicated both for novices and for experts. We present a modular version of the Hodgkin-Huxley model that is more understandable than the usual monolithic implementations and that can be easily reused and extended. Our model is written in Modelica using software engineering concepts, such as object orientation and inheritance. It retains the electrical analogy, but names and explains individual components in biological terms. We use cognitive load theory to measure understandability as the amount of items that have to be kept in working memory simultaneously. The model is broken down into small self-contained components in human-readable code with extensive documentation. Additionally, it features a hybrid diagram that uses biological symbols in an electrical circuit and that is directly tied to the model code. The new model design avoids many redundancies and reduces the cognitive load associated with understanding the model by a factor of 6. Extensions can be easily applied due to an unifying interface and inheritance from shared base classes. The model can be used in an educational context as a more approachable introduction to mathematical modeling in electrophysiology. Additionally the modeling approach and the base components can be used to make complex Hodgkin-Huxley-type models more understandable and reusable.

The article presents a multimotor electric drive system of a roadheader. We made a computer model in the MatLab suite using a Simulink block library and the SimPowerSystems application. An AM-75 roadheader was chosen for the study. We provided a description of the circuit diagram of the primary electric equipment of the roadheader that includes motors of the boom-type implement, rotating flight conveyor, and the picker with two pallet handles. Additional parameters of asynchronous motors, such as active resistances and inductances of the stator and rotor winding, inductive coupling, reduced power, rated current, and structural and winding factors of motors were calculated for the modeling purposes using the Mathcad software. We developed a computer model of direct start of all the asynchronous motors with a production process-based interconnection. Modeling results are presented as time graphs of the primary motor parameters: angular frequency of revolution and electromagnetic torque. We obtained mains voltage and current graphs, as well as an active power consumption graph. The obtained results were qualitatively assessed by determining the relative error of the modeled parameters and the calculated data. In the process of evaluation and analysis of the modeling results, we identified insignificant errors in motor parameters. This indicates a faithful realization of the computer model and a possibility of using it for engineering calculations.

This work proposes a novel master-slave latch D-type Flip-Flop. It consists of a reset-set slave latch and an asymmetrical single data input master latch. By reducing the number of stages and removing signal conditioning circuitry in the master latch, setup time has been significantly reduced and power consumption has improved. The proposed flip-flop is competitive to other state of the art low power flip-flops in addition to the conventional Transmission Gate Flip-flop (TGFF) in terms of performance, power consumption and area. In simulations, the proposed flip-flop has achieved up to 71.5% improvement in setup time, 36.5% improvement in D-Q delay time and up to 56.5% less power delay product (PDP) with 10% data activity compared to Topologically Compressed Flip-Flop (TCFF), which is a low power flip-flop. Further, it has achieved 11% smaller circuit area compared with TGFF. This work includes the proposed flip-flop's circuit schematic, layout design and simulations using Hspice tool with 28nm CMOS technology and a 1V supply voltage at 1 GHz clock (CLK).

The work is devoted to the efficiency evaluation research for the capillary mats application in the heating and cooling systems at workshops and data centers of industrial enterprises. The work performs the calculation of the heat load and the design of heating and cooling systems of industrial enterprises and the analysis of the proposed circuit diagrams Based on the calculations performed, the necessary equipment was selected for the heating and cooling systems operation at the enterprises and the economic effectiveness of the system was revealed. The payback period was determined as 5 years.

The structure of a digital pulse coherent NQR spectrometer with a minimum number of functional units for the investigation of GaSe and InSe layered semiconductor crystals is proposed. The feature of the proposed measuring setup is the implementation of all algorithms of digital processing and signal synthesis in the basis of one statically-configured FPGA EP4CE15E22C8. The digital 48-bit frequency synthesizer provides the formation of carrier frequency oscillations, which fill of the excitation pulses in the NQR frequencies range 1 –50 MHz (isotopes 14N, 69Ga, 71Ga, 113In, 115In, and others). Reliable gating of the receiver in the pauses between the excitation pulses (up to 100 dB for the carrier frequency) is ensured by a circuit diagram of three stages of the same type on double gate field-effect transistors.

Faulty vias or contacts could be the main cause of failure for an integrated circuit (IC). Unlike a digital IC, the faulty vias or contacts in an analog or a mixed-signal IC are usually more difficult to identify because of the more complicated circuit structure, the more different devices involved, and larger range of signal levels presented in different parts of the circuit. A quick and accurate localization method will have high technical value for failure analysis (FA) and process improvement. In this paper, we proposed a new method to give a quick localization of faulty vias or contacts for analog and mixed-signal ICs. We combine several FA techniques including photon emission microscopy, microprobing, and lock-in infrared optical beam-induced resistance change analysis in conjunction with the circuit schematic and layout. We demonstrated with several examples that the developed approach can identify the faulty vias or contacts accurately and this method should be useful for the IC designer and process engineer to identify the root causes of IC failure related to faulty vias and contacts.

The first section of the paper describes the developed self-powered, chassis mounted mobile Energy-4 generator, which has a power of 29 kW and a maximum output voltage of up to 1200 V. The generator operates in the audio frequency range (2–2000 Hz) and is designed for electromagnetic sounding of the Earth’s upper crust in the search for minerals and monitoring of earthquake source zones in seismically active regions. The main power units of the generator are a PWM inverter and a step-up transformer. The inverter is powered by two DC generators mounted on the driveshaft of a truck, in the body of truck of which the generator is mounted. The circuit diagram and operation of the generator are considered, as well as individual design solutions that made it possible to increase the amplitude of the output voltage and, consequently, the current in grounded power lines. The second section is devoted to full-scale tests of the Energy-4 generator in the Kovdor-2015 experiment, during which multipath frequency soundings with 25 and 50 km spacings were carried out on the territory of the Enskii–Kovdor granite-gneiss complex composed of rocks of the Archaean basement of the Baltic Shield. As a result of the experiment, a ubiquitous intermediate conducting dilatancy-diffusion layer (DD layer) was found at depths from 2–3 to 5–9 km in an area of 100 × 200 km. The parameters of this layer have been investigated. The layer is considered a seismically active element of the brittle Earth’s upper crust with a thickness of 10–15 km.

A power-supply unit for pulsed lasers that are pumped by low- and medium-power flashlamps with long pump pulses that does not require a capacitive storage unit is described. The pump-pulse duration is limited by the radiation and thermal stability of the active elements and pump lamps. A functional diagram of the power-supply unit and a circuit diagram of its power system are presented. The basic parameters and elements of this unit, as well as the results of using a laser with the described power supply in experiments, are presented.

Modern system-on-chip designs implement sophisticated power management features to achieve better energy efficiency. This includes power-down modes for analog circuit blocks. Typically, they are implemented by additional power-down circuitry which shuts down all bias currents. During the design of power-down circuitry, it must be ensured that the circuit still meets all specifications in normal operation. Furthermore, floating nodes and asymmetric stress need to be avoided in order to reduce device degradation over time. Therefore, the manual design of power-down circuitry can become a challenging and time consuming task requiring alternating implementation and verification phases. In this paper, a power-down synthesis methodology is presented which constructs fault-free power-down circuitry by systematically applying typical shutoff patterns. Furthermore, the synthesized power-down circuitry is visualized in the circuit schematic to support the designer in capturing the structure of the inserted power-down circuitry. Finally, the sizing of power-down transistors is determined automatically. Experimental results for three amplifier circuits, a voltage controlled ring oscillator and a low voltage differential signaling driver demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the presented methods.

Frequency Modulated (FM) signal transmitter is a small device that can transmit Frequency Modulated signal over short range. [1] This document consists of most simple and economical technique for building a FM transmitter using basic electronic components like resistor, capacitor, inductor etc. The FM transmitter receives human voice signals though microphone. It further amplifies it, modulate it over carrier and finally transmit it. Assuming favorable conditions, output of transmitter can be received by anyone who tunes it in frequency of our transmitter. Here, I have described Circuit diagram, its working, components required, uses of various components in our circuit, its practical applicability. The design is simulated using NI Multisim and is further implemented on bread-board. This design is capable of transmitting signal for distance of radius 20m, tuned at 97.1 MHz One could clearly hear sound produced at microphone of transmitter.BIBECHANA 15 (2018) 30-36

This article analyses the reasons for the reduction of insulating resistance, processes influencing them and isolation diagnostic methods. It provides a short description of electrical safety situation on ships with isolated neutral electrical power systems. It also covers the methods of protecting personnel from electric shock or preventing ignition or arching damage at the fault location with the help of fault current compensation. Principal fault current compensation circuit diagrams are analysed by using the minimum value and time of transient fault current as criteria.

Different variants of designing a magnetic-resonance detector on the basis of a self-excited generator (autodyne) for continuous (stationary) technique with frequency scanning and modulation were tested. The conditions for the minimum frequency dependence of the oscillation amplitude were found. The circuit diagrams of autodynes and the universal amplitude-control unit were developed. The capabilities of the developed autodynes are illustrated by magnetic-resonance spectra that were recorded at the first harmonic of the modulation frequency using the differential scan method in a zero magnetic field. Recommendations on the use of the proposed autodynes in spectrometry and magnetometry are given.

Parallel operation of three-phase power transformers with different short-circuit voltages has been studied using a lab bench. The circuit diagram of the bench and experimentally measured vector diagrams of the currents in primary and secondary windings of the transformers have been presented. It has been found that, when the difference of short-circuit voltages of parallel operating transformers is more than 10%, both an arithmetic difference of currents and a great phase shift of secondary-phase voltages occur. As a result, one of the transformers becomes overloaded, while the other is underloaded. It has experimentally been found that the load current is determined by the geometrical sum of currents of secondary windings in transformers. It has been shown that one of the studied transformers works in the conversion mode and its currents are shifted by 180° with respect to the phase, which is the main reason for failure of the normal operational conditions of parallel transformers.

Electrical circuit to control power is designed for TTL IC sigma-pi neural units. The designed unit is implementable as an integral circuit. The unit representation features are considered in a given circuitry basis. A neural circuit simulation is performed through the PSpice interpreter. The properties of neural networks are considered. The prospects for creating multi-bit processors based on sigma-pi neural units are discussed.

We introduce a novel prototyping method using a metal leaf and laser printer. Proposed metal leaf circuit is capable of producing circuits on normal paper that can be printed by a laser printer. The metal leaf is adhered to paper using a toner used in a laser printer. When the metal leaf is placed on the printed circuit pattern and pressed with an iron, the metal leaf adheres to the circuit pattern. Removal of the excess metal leaf completes the metal leaf circuit diagram on the paper. In addition, by using the change of temperature of toner, we can easily cut and repair the circuit. We made a metal leaf circuit on the cloth with the masu sake cup, and evaluated it.

Logic encryption for combinational circuits are proposed in this paper. Logic encryption is achieved by using key gate transistors in the circuit schematic of subtractors and adders. In this work, two logic encrypted full adder and subtractor circuits and half adder and half subtractor circuits using logic encrypted gates are designed and proposed. Of the two proposed circuits for adders and subtractors, one is strong logic encrypted than the other. All the encrypted adders and subtractors are compared with conventional adders and subtractors for logic encryption level and various other parameters like area and power. The results show improvement in area and power. The proposed half adder has 42% more area and 26.02% more power and half subtractor has 50% more area and 24.4% more power than the existing circuits. The proposed full adder has 25% less area (transistor count) and 33% less power consumption and the proposed full subtractor is also better in terms of area and power consumption with 30% and 24% lesser. Even strong logic encrypted full adder and full subtractor are proposed in this work. Full adder and subtractor have 22% increase in area each and on an average 2.3% increase in power each respectively.

Circuitry solution has been developed to create a prototype of the system for the registration of the high frequency human skin temperature oscillations. As they connected with blood circulation, such method allowing in the future to provide the registration of the pulse wave signal, for measuring heart rate in portable devices like smart watches and fitness bracelets. The miniature semiconductor chip diodes sensor has been used. The electronic system for the calibration of the device has been designed. For providing operation of the system in a full voltage range using the automatic set has been used for the maintenance of the operating point and of the necessary slope of the conversion factor (Volts / °C). The structural and circuit diagram has been developed. They consisted of two parts: the remoted preamplifier with the temperature sensor and the main block including all the other digital and analog parts. The developed system has following technical characteristics: the temperature resolution to be 0.01 °C and the thermal time constant of the sensor 0.05 s. The registration system testing has been performed in two ways: in a thermostat and on the human skin surface. Device contains plethysmo- and ECG-channels for obtaining data on the phases of cardiac cycles and synchronous analysis of physiological processes. The cross correlation coefficient between the temperature oscillations and the pulse wave signals laid in the diapason from 0.53 to 0.65.

The structure and organization of the data transmission system for a distributed real-time information-control system are considered in this paper. The fault-tolerant structures of the local network combining packets switching and channels switching methods are proposed. Original circuit diagrams of transceivers based on a current loop with using feedback for error detection are developed.

This paper covers the design of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) pixel readout circuit with a built-in frequency conversion feature. The pixel contains a CMOS photo sensor along with all signal-to-frequency conversion circuitry. An 8×8 array of these pixels is also designed. Current imaging arrays often use analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques that are off-chip1. The frequency modulation technique investigated in this paper is preferred over other ADC techniques due to its smaller size, and the possibility of a higher dynamic range. Careful considerations are made regarding the size of the components of the pixel, as various characteristics of CMOS devices are limited by decreasing the scale of the components2. The methodology used was the CMOS design cycle for integrated circuit design. All components of the pixel were designed from first principles to meet necessary requirements of a small pixel size (30×30 μm2) and an output resolution greater than that of an 8-bit ADC. For the photodetector, an n+-p+/p-substrate diode was designed with a parasitic capacitance of 3 fF. The analog front-end stage was designed around a Schmitt trigger circuit. The photo current is integrated on an integration capacitor of 200 fF, which is reset when the Schmitt trigger output voltage exceeds a preset threshold. The circuit schematic and layout were designed using Cadence Virtuoso and the process used was the AMS CMOS 350 nm process using a power supply of 5V. The simulation results were confirmed to comply with specifications, and the layout passed all verification checks. The dynamic range achieved is 58.828 dB per pixel, with the output frequencies ranging from 12.341kHz to 10.783 MHz. It is also confirmed that the output frequency has a linear relationship to the photocurrent generated by the photodiode.

In view of the universality of the parallel connection of solar cells and their mismatch problem, in the present paper, we select two shunt solar cells (connected in parallel) as our research object, and use the equivalent one-diode circuit of the solar cell and the analysis of the two-body model. At first, the equations of current and voltage are deduced from the related electrical laws and the circuit diagram of the two solar cells connected in parallel. Then, according to the experimentally measured data of typical single-crystalline silicon solar cells (125 mm×125 mm), we select the appropriate simulation parameters. Following this, by using the photo-generated current, the shunt resistance, and the serial resistance of one of the shunt solar cells and the load resistance as independent variables, in turn, the changing characteristics of each branch current in the two shunt solar cells are numerically discussed and analyzed for these four cases for the first time. At the same time, we provide a simple physical explanation for the modeling results. Our analyses show that these parameters have different impacts on the internal currents of solar cells connected in parallel. These results provide a reference to solve the problem of connecting solar cells and to develop higher efficiency solar cells and systems. Meanwhile, the results will contribute to a better comprehension of the reasons for efficiency loss of solar cells and systems, and deepen the understanding of the electrical of solar cells behavior for high performance photovoltaic applications.

In this work, the characteristic tracer for studying of family of output characteristics of bipolar transistors is designed, made and tested. The circuit diagram of a characteristic tracer, the description of operation of its compound digital and analog modules, graphics of voltage and currents in key knots of the circuit diagram and explanation to them are provided.

In this paper, an electromagnetic simulation methodology and workflow for high voltage multi-level converter stations is presented, which is based on the transmission line matrix method as used in CST Studio Suite. The methodology makes use of the thin wire models of CST, which are well suited to represent the high voltage bus bars and cables connecting the 3-dimensional structures of the converter valves and halls. Additional key components such as grid transformers and phase reactors are included as hybrid models, consisting of 3-dimensional structures in combination with imported circuit netlists. The converter itself is modeled as impulse sources in the CST circuit schematic, where the switching pulse patterns and the cell switching characteristics are taken into account in a final post-processing step in combination with electromagnetic interference (EMI) detector models. The obtained accuracy in the target frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, is about ±5 dB, when compared to actual electromagnetic (EM) field measurements.

This document consists detail of project report, in which the title is electronic water balancing tool. The concept and background knowledge of the title has been studied and objectives has been set to investigate the interaction between the SN-IMU5D-LC gyro sensor with accelerometer and the Arduino UNO with servo motor as output. For that purposed, the gyroscope which produces analogue signals is connected to the Arduino through the analogue pins. The signals from the sensor will be processed by the Arduino and interpreted into the motion of two servo motors that are connected to the digital outputs of the Arduino. Thus, the movement of the device (specifically gyroscope) produces the motion effects of both servo motor either to right or left. The directions (angle) of servo motors could be negative or positive in x- and y-directions. Throughout the project, the group members have gained knowledge in creating developing an application for the SN-IMU5D-LC gyro sensor with accelerometer using Arduino IDE software and the wiring the circuit diagram of the product.

A high-voltage pulse modulator designed by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics for powering high-power vacuum microwave electronics is described. The modulator is intended for a voltage of 70 kV, current of 25 А, pulse duration of up to 5 ms, and top stability of about 1%. The source is based on the partial discharge circuit and consists of serially connected identical 5.4-kV capacitor bank sections with switches on IGBT transistors and power supply from storage batteries. To ensure the required voltage stability, the output voltage stabilization system is built into the modulator. The pulse repetition rate is 0.01 s–1. The principle of operation of the modulator is stated, and the circuit diagrams of the capacitor sections are presented. At present, two sources of this type have passed the tests and operate as a part of the microwave plasma heating system with a power of 0.8 MW.

This article is focused on the automated synthesis of slow-wave structures based on microstrip lines loaded with patch capacitors. Thanks to the presence of the shunt capacitors, the effective capacitance of the line is enhanced, and the phase velocity of the structure can be made significantly smaller than the one of the unloaded line. The target is to achieve the layout of the slow-wave structure able to provide the required slow-wave ratio, characteristic Bloch impedance and electrical length i.e., the usual specifications in the design of slow-wave transmission lines. To this end, a two-step synthesis method, based on the aggressive space mapping ASM algorithm, is proposed for the first time. Through the first ASM algorithm, the circuit schematic providing the target specifications is determined. Then, the second ASM optimizer is used to generate the layout of the structure. To illustrate the potential of the proposed synthesis method, three application examples are successfully reported. The two-step ASM algorithm is able to provide the layout of the considered structures from the required specifications, without the need of an external aid in the process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:629-638, 2015.

Learning the analysis of electrical circuits represented by circuit diagrams is often challenging for novice students. An open research question in electrical circuit analysis instruction is whether color coding of the mathematical symbols (variables) that denote electrical quantities can improve circuit analysis learning. The present study compared two groups of high school students undergoing their first introductory learning of electrical circuit analysis. One group learned with circuit variables in black font. The other group learned with colored circuit variables, with blue font indicating variables related to voltage, red font indicating those related to current, and black font indicating those related to resistance. The color group achieved significantly higher post-test scores, gave higher ratings for liking the instruction and finding it helpful, and had lower ratings of cognitive load than the black-font group. These results indicate that color coding of the notations for quantities in electrical circuit diagrams aids the circuit analysis learning of novice students.

A description is given of the TDMS diagnostic system that has been introduced on the FTOHBR-150200/35 transformers of 180-ton arc steelmaking furnaces at the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. The complete circuit diagram of the system is also presented. The modular principle of construction of the system is validated and the functions of the modules of primary transducers are examined. The article presents the characteristics of the Minitrans diagnostic complex for monitoring the gas and moisture contents of transformer oil and the TAP-Monitor instrument for monitoring and diagnosing the technical condition of load-voltage regulators. It also includes diagrams of the changes in the recorded parameters over time and shows the on-screen formats of the integral diagnostic characteristics. The technical-economic expediency of introducing the TDMS system is demonstrated.

This study researched from the introduction of PLC, combined with the characteristic of PLC, it discusses the design of full-automatic computer food controlling system based on PLC. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is automation equipment with microprocessor as the key and an electronic system working with figure in working environment. It can be easily interfaced and the programming language is easy to be accepted by engineering technicians. Graphic symbol and means of expression of ladder diagram language is rather close to circuit diagram of relay.

The report briefly describes a new method for investigation of physical processes occurring in a convective cloud and a possibility to reveal hail nuclei within a cloud by means of a remote sensing of cloud in millimeter (MM) and submillimeter wave (SMMW) ranges from an aircraft or a satellite. The circuit diagram of a multichannel passive- active MM and SMMW range radar is reduce, which will allow to realize the above mentioned experimentally.

The direct current (DC) standard voltage source is a key link in the mass source system, and the laboratory universal calibrator has an output capacity of 1000 V DC voltage. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of the DC 1000-V range, in the current calibration source are analyzed, and a high-voltage digital-to-analog converter (HVDAC) program was implemented based upon the bit expansion and amplification on the bipolar inverted T-type digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This study describes, in detail, the realization of the single-block voltage amplifier circuit, DAC bit expansion mode, the voltage module superposition in HVDAC scheme, and provides the circuit schematic. This program can be easily used to obtain high-precision, high-voltage output. The output voltage is linear, with strong burden and easy expansion. It has been successfully applied to self-developed calibration source products, in the range of ±1000 V DC, with a voltage-maximum absolute uncertainty of 18−10−6.

This paper designs a test system of train comfort and stability index based on DSP, which is composed of two parts, the upper computer and the lower computer. The upper computer completes data calculation, storage, displaying and other functions. The lower computer is based on TMS320F2812, which completes the function of vibration data acquisition, processing, displaying and transmission. The system adopts ADXL345 three axis acceleration sensor to detect the horizontal, vertical and vertical acceleration values in the course of train travel. TMS320F2812 completes the acceleration signal acquisition, analysis and processing, and calculate the train running comfort and stability index. CC2540 Bluetooth module completes the data wireless transmission, can effectively solve the wiring problem. The paper mainly introduces the software and hardware design of the lower computer in detail. The system circuit diagram, the program flow chart, the specific program section and the hardware platform are given. The system has good stability and is easy to carry. At the same time, it can be used as simple and effective quality inspection facilities. There is some warning function for hidden faults. The system has a certain theoretical and practical significance.