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Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) commonly known as Sweet Basil is an aromatic plant having a controversial carcinogenic effect and is also used in the food industry. This study was designed to evaluate the chemical constituent by the chemometrics-assisted-GCMS and the antioxidant activity of the O. basilicum L. herb gathered from Sivas. Twenty-one ingredients representing 92.30% of the total oil were identified in the essential oil of O. basilicum L. The major ingredients were noted as methyl eugenol 52.97%, α-cubebene 10.82%, and spathenole 6.92%. The results were compared with other studies on the content of the O. basilicum L. plant. DPPH and β-carotene-Linoleic acid assays revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol-rich O. basilicum essential oil, which is lower than standard BHT, and higher than standard methyl eugenol. Multivariate curve resolution-alternative least squares (MCR-ALS) which is an iterative method was used for resolving the overlapped and embedded peaks. The results of this study show that chromatographic methods combined with MCR-ALS analysis techniques can be useful for a comprehensive, rapid, and specific analysis of complex natural products such as O. basilicum essential oils. In recent studies, the carcinogenic effects of methyl chavicol and methyl eugenol, the dominant active ingredients of O. basilicum L. were pointed.

The Ocimum basilicum essential oil (EO) was evaluated for its biological effect on M. domestica. Characterization of O. basilicum EO revealed the presence of methyl chavicol (70.93%), linalool (9.34%), epi-α-cadinol (3.69 %), methyl eugenol (2.48%), γ-cadinene (1.67%), 1,8-cineole (1.30%) and (E)-β-ocimene (1.11%). The basil EO and its constituents methyl chavicol and linalool caused the neuronal response in female adults of M. domestica. Adult female flies showed reduced preference to food source laced with basil EO and methyl chavicol. Substrate treated with EO and methyl chavicol at 0.25% caused an oviposition deterrence of over 80%. The ovicidal effect was high in O. basilicum EO (EC50 9.74mg/dm3) followed by methyl chavicol (EC50 10.67mg/dm3) and linalool (EC50 13.57mg/dm3. On contact toxicity, adults exposed to EO (LD50 10.01 μg/adult) were more susceptible than to methyl chavicol and linalool (LD50 13.62 μg/adult and LD50 43.12 μg/adult respectively). EO and its constituents methyl chavicol and linalool induced the detoxifying enzymes Carboxyl esterase (Car E) and Glutathione S – transferases (GST)

Chemical composition and bioactivities including bacterial and fungal resistance of the essential oils extracted from leaves of Piper betle L. (T) and Cleistocalyx operculatus L. (V) and aerial parts of Ageratum conyzoides L. (H) were investigated. The components presenting in the essential oils of the natural sources were analysized by a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Molecular docking simulation was utilised to support an antimicrobial mechanism of the essential oil compounds on Candida albicans fungus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. This was based on the inhibition of the extracted compounds onto the microbial proteins, i.e. 4ESW and P0C0C7, respectively. There are 32 compounds identified in total in the three essential oils. The most effective inhibitors are the following: (i) chavicol acetate (T3), eugenol acetate (T11) and eugenol (T4) found in Piper betle L.; (ii) precocene II (H10) and precocene I (H6) found in Ageratum conyzoides L.; and (iii) caryophyllene oxide (V15) and cis-Lanceol (V19) found in Cleistocalyx operculatus L.. The overall antifungal and antibacterial capability of the investigated essential oils given indirect justification via their average inhabitability towards the two proteins accords with the order Piper betle L. Ageratum conyzoides L. Cleistocalyx operculatus L.. The results suggest these as promising natural sources for antimicrobial remedies.

Synthetic insecticides applied to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can have negative impacts on environment and human health. Botanical essential oils can be sources of organic molecules with biocontrol potential and advantages, such as minor impacts on the selection of resistant pest insects and low toxicity to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the biocontrol action of essential oils from Brazilian species and methyl chavicol compounds on the development and metabolism of S. frugiperda. Essential oils of Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae), Ocimum selloi, Hyptis suaveolens, and Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) were distilled by the steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatograph techniques. The essential oils were incorporated into an artificial diet (at 1, 2, and 4 mg mL-1) and offered to S. frugiperda caterpillars. Larvae of S. frugiperda at 48 h of age were fed an artificial diet containing the major constituent of O. selloi (methyl chavicol). The major compounds of the essential oils were methyl chavicol for O. selloi, α-bisabolol for E. erythropappus, bicyclogermacrene for H. suaveolens, and β-thujone for H. marrubioides. O. selloi caused 100% mortality in S. frugiperda larvae at a concentration of 1 mg mL-1 after 48 h. H. marrubioides essential oil caused 100% mortality in larvae at a concentration of 4 mg mL-1 after 48 h. O. selloi and H. marrubioides inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in 72.87% and 81.69% of larvae, respectively. O. selloi presented the highest toxicity to S. frugiperda and the lowest inhibition of AchE. Methyl chavicol was lethal to all larvae within 24 h at a concentration of 0.92 mg mL-1 of diet. Methyl chavicol showed the best insecticidal activity and potential to be used as a natural insecticide to control S. frugiperda.

Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz &amp, Pav.) G. is a native species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine for treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, cold, cough, asthma, bone pain, and stomach pain. In this study, fresh H. racemosum leaves of male and female specimens were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of male and female essential oil was determined by gas chromatography–gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against five Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and two dermatophytes fungi. The scavenging radical properties of the essential oil were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify forty-three compounds that represent more than 98% of the total composition. In the non-polar and polar column, α-phellandrene was the principal constituent in male (28.24 and 25.90%) and female (26.47 and 23.90%) essential oil. Other main compounds were methyl chavicol, germacrene D, methyl eugenol, and α-pinene. Female essential oil presented a strong activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 9997) with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 μg/mL and a scavenging capacity SC50 of 800 µg/mL.

In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (EO) in response to different Fe sources (Fe-arginine, Fe-glycine, and Fe-histidine nano-complexes and Fe-EDDHA) were examined. EO samples were predominantly constituted by the phenylpropanoid methyl chavicol (53–89.5%). Application of Fe nano-complexes significantly increased the occurrence and concentration of sesquiterpenes, while decreased the content of oxygenated monoterpenes. Antioxidant activity of basil EOs was evaluated using free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Nitric oxide, H2O2 and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances scavenging assays, and in all assays the highest and the lowest activities were recorded in basils supplied with Fe-histidine nano-complex (1.02, 1.62, 2.21, 3.22 mg mL-1) and control (3.89, 4.89, 5.52, 6.79 mg mL-1), respectively. Fe-histidine nano-complex was the most effective treatment to inhibit fungal (C. albicans: 0.058 mg mL-1; A. niger: 0.066 mg mL-1), Gram-negative (E. coli: 0.181 mg mL-1; S. typhimurium: 0.163 mg mL-1) and Gram-positive (B. subtilis: 0.033 mg mL-1; S. aureus: 0.002 mg mL-1) growth. In conclusion, application of iron nano-complexes significantly altered biological and pharmacological characteristics of basil EOs. Our results are quite encouraging since EOs exhibited potent antioxidant effect and antimicrobial activities.

Ocimum species are herbaceous plants with great medicinal importance. Various tissues of the plants are being used in folk remedies for a variety of purposes. The pharmacologically active natural products present in essential oils in the Ocimum species belong to two major classes of natural compounds, viz. phenylpropanoids and terpenoids. In the present study, the essential oils from the inflorescence, leaf, and stem tissues of four major Ocimum species were hydro-distilled and analyzed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry profiling to unravel the phytomolecules and compositional quantification showed the occurrence of distinct tissue-based variability of phytomolecules. Phenylpropanoids such as eugenol and methyl chavicol were specifically found in the tissues of O. sanctum, O. gratissimum, and O. basilicum, respectively, whereas O. kilimandscharicum was distinct in possessing a terpenoid phytomolecule camphor predominantly in its tissues. The study also analyzed the uniqueness of the distribution of phytochemical constituents of essential oil in Ocimum species in tissue- and species-specific manner. Leaves were the major site of accumulation of essential oil, whereas inflorescence and stem also contained essential oil constituents albeit in low quantities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and chemical composition of the essential oil the leaves of basil cultivars and hybrids cultivated in different cropping seasons: dry season and rainy season. The variables evaluated were the content and composition of essential oils in the two seasons. The essential oil content ranged from 0.66% to 3.21% in the dry season and from 0.80% to 4.20% in the rainy season. The major compounds found among the genotypes were linalool, methyl chavicol, neral, geranial, eugenol, and methyl (E)-cinnamate, defining the formation of five groups in each season, classified in the following chemotypes: methyl chavicol (Group 1), citral (neral+geranial) (Group 2), methyl cinnamate (Group 3), linalool (Group 4), and intermediate linalool (Group 5). All the traits evaluated had heritability (h²) greater than 95% and high CVg/CVe ratio values. The cropping season affected the content and chemical compositions of basil essential oil.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The population uses the aqueous extract as tea from leaves of Ocimum selloi Benth. (alfavaca) for pain and inflammation issues. This study is motivated by a lack of data about inflammation properties of O. selloi. Aim of the study This study investigated the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity, in mice models, of the aqueous extract (OSAE) and essential oil (OSEO) obtained from leaves of O. selloi. Materials and methods The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were evaluated for samples, although chemical composition was obtained by U-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS for OSAE and GC-MS for OSEO. OSAE and OSEO were tested orally at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg at the carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw edema, also mechanical hyperalgesia, in mice. Results Four glycosylated flavonoids and one organic acid were identified in OSAE, and nine substances in OSEO, the two majoritarian are E-anethole and methyl chavicol. Oral treatments with OSAE and OSEO significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced pleurisy in female Swiss mice, besides OSAE and OSEO significantly prevented paw edema (after 1, 2, and 4 h), mechanical hyperalgesia (after 3 and 4 h), and cold hyperalgesia 3 h after carrageenan model in male Swiss mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg of OSEO reduced cold hyperalgesia 4 h after carrageenan. Conclusion The results evidenced the anti-inflammatory, anti-edematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-nociceptive potentials of both materials obtained from leaves of O. selloi, mainly OSAE, supporting the popular use of this species.

The study explores the antioxidant activity, volatile chemical profile and antifungal potential of Pimenta dioica leaf essential oil (EO) against toxin producing Aspergillus flavus. GC–MS analysis of EO revealed the presence of 41 compounds with eugenol (54%), as the major compound followed by myrcene (16.0%) and chavicol (12.5%). It exhibited the strong antioxidant activity with IC(50) value of 19.40 µg/ml and polyphenolic content of 526.9 mg g(−1) gallic acid equivalent. The aflatoxin producing IISRaf1strain from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) was identified by 18S rRNA sequencing as Aspergillus flavus (MH345939). MIC of P. dioica leaf EO against A. flavus was found to be at 0.04%. The changes in hyphae growth and architecture after treatment with EO were observed under light microscopy. Antifungal compounds eugenol which got separated at the particular spot caused the clear zone at the TLC plate by agar overlay bioassay. The mode of action of antifungal activity of EO was recorded in terms of its effect on ergosterol content of plasma membrane and malate dehydrogenases activity (MDH) of A. flavus. Thus P. dioica leaf EO might be viable alternative as plant based preservative in perspective on its antioxidant, antifungal activity and efficacy in food system. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-020-04756-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The study evaluated the chemical profile, antimicrobial activity and toxicity of essential oils (EOs) of C. citratus, O. basilicum and A. rosaeodora. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation, the chemical profile was determined using the physicochemical parameters and the chemical composition was obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The toxicity assay followed the Artemia salina Leach bioassay. To perform the antimicrobial activity, the Disc Diffusion technique and the Mueller Hinton Broth Dilution (MH) technique were used. The physicochemical parameters of the EOs showed satisfactory results. The major chemical composition of the EO of A. rosaeodora presented linalool (93.60%), the EO of C. citratus exhibited geranial (43.96%) and EO of O. basilicum found methyl chavicol. All EOs in this study had LC50 between 582 mg L-1 and 282 mg L-1. The antimicrobial activity of EO C. citratus demonstrated inhibition halos for S. aureus of 25 mm and 25 mm for E. coli, EO of O. basilicum exhibited inhibition halo of 18 mm for E.coli and 20 mm for S. aureus and EO of A. rosaeodora presented 11 mm for E. coli and 15 for S. aureus. As the values of MIC and MBC found, the EO of O. basilicum presented a more effective inhibitory action against S. aureus. It was concluded that the observed biological potentials encourage the application potentials in the efficiency of the control of pathogenic microorganisms.

This study was to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of forty-five commonly used essential oils and their major components. The oils and major components were subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by measuring the ABTS(superscript +‧) radical scavenging ability, reducing power and metal chelating activity. The ABTS(superscript +‧) radical scavenging ability and reducing power of cinnamon leaf and clove bud essential oils are the best two among these essential oils. At the concentration of 1 mg/mL, cinnamon leaf (96.45±0.01%) and clove bud (96.33±0.01%) essential oils showed the strongest ABTS(superscript +‧) radical scavenging ability. The EC50 values of cinnamon leaf and clove bud essential oils are 12μg/mL and 10μg/mL, respectively. At the concentration of 10 mg/mL, cinnamon leaf and clove bud essential oils showed reducing power of 119.42±0.68% and 112.92±0.87% relative to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), respectively. Eugenol is the main component of cinnamon leaf and clove bud essential oils that contributes significantly to their ABTS(superscript +‧) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In the metal chelating activity test system, basil essential oil was determined to be 57.48±0.25% and its EC50 value is 984μg/mL. Methyl chavicol is the major component of the basil essential oil that attributes greatly to its metal chelating activity. The higher phenolic content may explain the higher ABTS(superscript +‧) radical scavenging and reducing power activity of the forty-five kinds of commonly used essential oils. High electron density of the oxygen atom and low steric hindrance of the plane molecule of the methyl chavicol are the two possibilities that account for its higher metal chelating ability.

Currently essential oils are increasingly used as natural insecticides because of the adverse effects on human health and environmental pollution of synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to perform the encapsulation of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils by freeze-drying technique using binary mixtures maltodextrins and acacia gum to investigate their insecticidal activity against three insect pests of stored-products Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum by direct contact and ingestion toxicity effects. Essential oils were obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and conventional hydro-distillation (HD) methods. Chemical composition of essential oils analysed by GC-MS indicated that the major components were linalool (43.5% for SFME and 48.4% for HD) followed by methyl chavicol (13.3% for SFME and 14.3% for HD) and 1,8-cineole (6.8% for SFME and 7.3% for HD). The toxic effects results, confirm that O. basilicum essential oils capsules were highly effective against R. dominica than S. oryzae, except for T. castaneum which was insensitive. The toxicity against adults of R. dominica varied between (LD50 = 0.20 g/kg for SFME-EEO, LD50 = 0.25 g/kg for HD-EEO) and (LD50 = 0.32 g/kg for SFME-EEO, LD50 = 0.37 g/kg for HD-EEO) by direct contact and ingestion effect, respectively. These results lead us to consider such essential oils capsules as providing a richer source of natural insecticide agents for food preservation.

In order to evaluate the quali-quantitative traits of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) when intercropped with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different cropping patterns and under PGPR application, a two-years field experiment (2015 and 2016) was arranged as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of six cropping patterns including sole cropping of fennel, sole cropping of common bean, and different intercropping ratios of fennel to common bean (1:1, 2:2, 3:2, 4:2), whereas the second factor included the application and non-application of PGPR. The results showed that the highest seed yields of common bean (2474.83 kg ha−1) and fennel (2730.08 kg ha−1) were produced with sole cropping combined under PGPR application. The fennel essential oil (EO) and seed oil (fixed oil) content in all intercropping patterns were higher than those in sole cropping. Furthermore, under PGPR application, the seed yield, EO content, EO yield, fixed oil content and oil yield of fennel increased by 20.9, 16.4, 39.3, 10.3 and 33.3 %, respectively, compared with control. Based on the chemical analysis of fennel EO, the main constituents were (E)-anethole (73.71–81.10%), fenchone (3.44–6.18%), limonene (3.49–5.82%) and methyl chavicol (4.06–7.22%). The major fatty acids in fennel fixed oil were oleic (77.17–82.90%), linoleic (6.50–8.97%) and palmitic acids (3.25–6.80%). The highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) and (E)-anethole were obtained with intercropping ratios (fennel to common bean) of 2:2 and 3:2 under PGPR application, respectively. Furthermore, the highest land equivalent ratio (1.32) was obtained with intercropping ratio of 3:2 under PGPR application. Our findings showed that the intercropping ratio of 2:2 and 3:2 upon PGPR biofertilization may be suggested to farmers instead of sole cropping for enhancing the fennel EO and fixed oil quali-quantitative composition.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widespread cultivated aromatic herb in the world. Information about both morphological and phytochemical characterization is very important prior to beginning of any breeding project. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate diversity of sweet basil accessions in cold tolerance, essential oil yield and essential oil compositions. The average of cardinal temperatures for seed germination were 7.9 (Tb) 21.7 (To) and 35.5 °C (Tc) and for germination rate were 7.9 (Tb) 25.7 (To) and 39.7 °C (Tc). Cumulative temperature response index (C-CTRI) was used to identify cold-tolerant accessions and based on C-CTRI, Pishva I and Zahedan II were the most cold-tolerant accessions. There was wide variation for herbage yield and contributing traits of sweet basil in two sites. The highest herbage yield was observed in Isfahan III and Birjand I at the normal and salinity conditions. Salinity decreased herbage yield, but increased essential oil content in all accessions. The highest essential oil content was recorded in Malayer and Birjand I at the normal and salinity conditions. Methyl chavicol (25.7–93.0%) was the main constituents of the essential oils among sweet basil accessions. We found four chemotypes based on the presence or absence of oil components: (1) high methyl chavicol (>80%) like Reunion basils, (2) medium methyl chavicol plus linalool like European basils, (3) high methyl chavicol (70–80%) along with neral, geranial, or linalool (all of them around 10%), and (4) medium methyl chavicol plus neral and geranial. Considering the yield and quality traits, Birjand I was significantly superior accession over studied accessions and thus, it has good potential for the cultivation and production of methyl chavicol rich essential oil.

Medicinal and aromatic crops are economically important because they are sources for secondary metabolites such as essential oils (EOs) and polyphenolic compounds. High biomass yields are obtained by conventional chemical fertilizers, whereas the production of EOs is more influenced by elicitors that act on secondary metabolic pathways. The objective of the field trials was to evaluate the effects of biologic and conventional fertilizers (biosolids: 40 and 20 t ha−1, organic: 600 kg ha−1, microorganisms (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF): 60 kg ha−1, chemical NPK 20-20-20: 300 kg ha−1) on plant growth, EO chemical profile and yield, and physiology of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The two sweet basil cultivars (varieties) used were the green-leafed ‘Aromat de Buzau’ and the purple-leafed ‘Violet de Buzau’. The greatest increases in fresh yields compared with unfertilized plants, 116% and 68% increases for the ‘Aromat de Buzau’ and ‘Violet de Buzau, respectively, were obtained from the conventionally (chemical) fertilized plants. The 40 t ha−1 biosolids treatment increased the EO content of the ‘Aromat de Buzau’ by 30%, while the AMF and organic treatments increased the EO content of the ‘Violet de Buzau’ by 21%. The major constituents of ‘Aromat de Buzau’, methyl chavicol and β-linalool, were increased by 4 and 17% with the AMF and organic treatments, respectively. Eucalyptol and δ-guaiene concentrations in the EO were higher in the 40 t ha−1 biosolids treatment, while τ-cadinol and γ-cadinene were higher in the 20 t ha−1 biosolids treatment. For ‘Violet de Buzau’, the AMF treatment led to an increase of β-linalool, limonene, and (+)-camphor, and decreased the concentration of methyl chavicol. The organic treatment increased the concentrations of limonene, (+)-camphor, terpinene-4-ol, and β-caryophyllene, and decreased the concentration of methyl chavicol. The highest concentration of methyl chavicol was observed in the chemical fertilizer treatment. The 20 and 40 t ha−1 biosolids treatments led to highest yields of eucalyptol, (+)-camphor, terpinene-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and τ-cadinol. The results demonstrated that conventional fertilizers can increase fresh yield while biological fertilizers positively alter the EO composition, leading to increased crop quality.

Since the desires for nanoparticle (NP) applications in agriculture increase, their green and sustainable synthesis has attracted more attention. Zinc nanoparticles are among the most commonly used NPs in agriculture. The present study was planned to determine the variations in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in response to green synthesized zinc-amino nano complexes. Zinc-glutamine [Zn (Gln)2], zinc-glycine [Zn (Gly)2] and zinc-arginine [Zn(Arg)2] were synthesized via ultrasonic irradiations and their effects were evaluated on vegetative growth, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of sweet basil in comparison to the Zn-EDTA fertilizer. Zinc-arginine produced the biggest amount of vegetative growth and essential oil yield. The predominant component in sweet basil was methyl chavicol. Sweet basil plants that were supplied with [Zn(Arg)2] had the highest zinc concentration in the shoots. Rosmarinic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in all of the plants that had received treatments. According to the obtained results, the low doses of high effective green synthesized zinc nano-complex could be substituted with the traditional zinc fertilizer to improve the pharmaceutical properties of sweet basil plant.

Betle leaf (Piper betle L.) essential oil and catechu nut (Areca catechu L.) extracts have been known to be able to inhibit biofilm formation of S. mutans. This research aimed to characterize the chemical compounds of betle leaf esssential oil, screen the phytochemicals in catechu nut ethanol extract, and assess the inhibitory potential of betle and catechu in chewy candy on biofilm formation by S. mutans. The experiment included preparation of extracts and chemical characterization of the raw materials, formulation of chewy candy, measurement of biofilm inhibition, and sensory evaluation of the candy. In vitro examination for inhibitory potency of betle and catechu chewy candy against biofilm formation S. mutans ATCC 31987 was performed in adhesion phase (4 hours) and active accumulation phase (18 hours). Antibacterial assay was performed in BHI broth media on microplate 96 wells. Crystal violet 0.5% was used to stain the biofilm and Optical Density (OD) was measured at λ 450 nm. The GC-MS analysis detected 32 compounds in the essential oil of betle leaf. The Betle leaf essential oil contained chavicol acetate, isoeugenol, chavibetol acetate, chavicol, and allylcatechol 3.4-diacetate, while catechu nut ethanol extract contained flavonoids and tannins. The components were possibly the inhibitory agents of S. mutans biofilm formation. Chewy candy containing 0.8% betle leaf essential oil and 2.3% catechu nut extract had effective inhibitory potential for S. mutans biofilm formation. Inhibition during adhesion phase was 74.5±0.7%, while that for accumulation phase was 60.8±1.8%. Sensory analysis suggests that the candy was slightly liked by the panelists (5±2).

Through recent years, using halloysite (Hal) as a carrier for many materials has achieved great consideration. Consequently, For that reason, we aimed at using Hal as a carrier for proline (Pro) (Pro-Hal) to improve the efficiency of Pro at alleviating salinity effects.. For this purpose, Hal (50 mg L−1), Pro (50 mg L−1) and Pro-Hal (25 and 50 mg L−1) were applied on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants under salt stress (50 and 100 mM) conditions and agronomic, physiological and biochemical properties particularly essential oil components were investigated. The present findings of the study revealed that Pro-Hal particularly at 25 mg L−1 is the best concentration of the treatments favoring for plant performance. The treatment enhanced agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments (chl a, b and carotenoid), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Pro content, antioxidant enzymes activities (APX,SOD and GP) and methyl chavicol, as the major component of sweet basil essential oil and decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), MDA and H2O2 contents under salinity. The obtained results revealed improved efficiency of Pro in Pro-Hal NPs form through improved performance of sweet basil under salinity. To conclude, Hal could be efficaciously used as a carrier for biostimulants like Pro to aid basil plants in coping with salt stress.

Indian basil i.e. Ocimum basilicum L., an important essential oil yielding plant, is used in high-grade perfumes, flavoring, dental and oral products. A methyl chavicol-rich, high essential oil yielding variety of Indian basil CIM-Saumya, released by the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, India, has immense industrial potential due to the occurrence of two important aromatic components, i.e. methyl chavicol (62.5–77.6%) and linalool (14.4–34.1%). The Ocimum being highly cross-pollinated and seed propagated, produce heterogeneous progeny thereby restricting its commercial application. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to produce a large number of genetically and chemically uniform plants of this improved variety CIM-Saumya for the first time using nodal explants. Multiple shoot cultures developed on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with BA ( N 6 -benzyladenine, 2.67 μM) and these shoots were further transferred to half strength MS medium supplemented with NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid, 0.27 μM) for rhizogenesis. These plantlets were maintained under in vitro conditions for more than three years. The established plantlets were successfully shifted in a glasshouse and finally in the field. Flow cytometry, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, were employed to evaluate genetic similarity amongst micro-clones and the mother plant. In all, 28 primers (18 RAPD and 10 ISSR) generated 178 distinct, monomorphic and reproducible bands. Head space gas chromatography showed the similarity in the qualitative profile of 11 major volatile constituents. These results clearly demonstrated that the developed protocol can be efficiently utilized to generate genetically and chemically uniform population of an industrially important variety CIM-Saumya.

The constituents of essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of six Ocimum species were examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Highest percentage of essential oils (dry weight basis) was found in O. kilimandscharium (2.47 %) and lowest in O. tenuiflorum green type (0.65 %). On fresh weight basis, the percentage of essential oils was highest in O. b. var. glabratum (0.76 %) and lowest in O. viride (0.001 %). A total of eight major components were identified. The oil of O. b. var. basilicum contained, as main components, methyl chavicol and linalool. Major compound in O. b. var. pilosum was methyl chavicol; in O.b. var. glabratum, O. b. var. thyrsiflora and O. b. var. difforme was linalool; β cedrene and linalool in O. b. var. purpurascens; methyl chavicol in O. citriodorum; camphor and 1,8-cineole in O. kilimandascharium; β bisabolene and 1,8-cineole in O. viride; eugenol in O. tenuiflorum, and eugenol and methyl eugenol in O. gratissimum.

This study aimed to evaluate the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus intraradices N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm.) inoculation and salinity effect on qualitative and quantitative changes in tarragon yield. Treatments included inoculation, and non-inoculation of AMF, and five salinity levels of irrigation water (with the electrical conductivity of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m-1). The results showed the plant height, SPAD value, number of leaves, dry mass of leaves and shoot per plant were reduced under salinity condition. The various levels of salinity decreased the content of tarragon essential oil and some its components consist of α-pinene, limonene, Z-ocimene, E-ocimene, and methyl chavicol while, it increased the content of bornyl acetate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, caryophyllene, germacrene, and α-farnesene. AMF inoculation without salinity had the greatest positive effect on the evaluated traits of tarragon. Also, it improved the morpho-physiological traits under salinity due to alleviation of the harmful effects of salinity. Although the essential oil content was reduced with the AMF inoculation, the methyl chavicol amount was increased by the AMF inoculation under salinity condition.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the essential oil extracted from fresh leaves of Pimenta racemosa in the improvement of fermented fish flour producing technology. Essential oil of Pimenta racemosa was extracted by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was determined by GC and GC/MS. Different types of fermented fish flours from Lesser African Threadfin (Galeoides decadactylus) were produced by the modification of the traditional processing technology and the introduction of a step of essential oil adjunction during the process. Three different essential oil concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μL g−1) were investigated. Physicochemical, microbiological and nutritional analyzes were performed in order to evaluate the quality of the fermented fish flour produced. Results obtained revealed that the essential oil of Pimenta racemosa investigated has a chemical composition characterized by the presence of myrcene (25.1%), chavicol (7.5%) and eugenol (51.1%). Fermented fish flour produced have a good nutritional potential. However, on the microbiological level, only samples produced by adjunction of essential oil have a low level of microbial contamination, with an absence of pathogenic microorganisms.

Holy basil is a perennial plant belongs to lamiaceae family. In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc on essential oil content and composition of holy basil, an experiment was conducted at research farm, based on randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were nano zinc chelate (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/l) and zinc sulfate (1 and 1.5 g/l) fertilizers. Zinc content, glandular trichomes number, glandular trichomes size, essential oil content, yield and composition were measured at full bloom stage. The results showed that the effect of foliar application of zinc fertilizers on all measured traits were significant (p≥0.01). The highest and lowest values of zinc and essential oil content were obtained in plants sprayed with 1.5 g/l nano zinc chelate and control, respectively. Moreover, eugenol, 1,8-cineole and methyl chavicol were the most oil components of all treatments at both harvests. Other main compounds of essential oil were ocime...

Agastache rugosa is an important medicinal and aromatic crop cultivated in East Asia and an ornamental in other temperate regions. The factors influencing the diversity of volatile profiles in this and many other aromatic plants remain largely undiscovered. In this study, a relationship between the age of mother plants and the volatiles profile of the progeny was investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, both in plants cultivated conventionally for three years and in vitro shoot cultures. The essential oil contains a major phenylpropanoid methyl chavicol (estragole) as well as minor mono- and sesquiterpenoids but the composition is very variable. The variability of composition in the progeny was indeed different in plants obtained from seeds coming from one-, two- and three-year old parents but also between young (one-year-old) and older (two- and three-year-old) plants. The quantitative variation among individuals was mainly in the content of methyl chavicol (from ca. 1% up to over 90%), menthone/isomenthone pair in leaves (from traces to 59%), and additionally pulegone (traces to 51%) in inflorescences. Limonene was least variable averaging between 8% and 25%. The variability tended to decrease and the proportion of methyl chavicol increased along with the age of parent plants. Two- and three-year-old plants were also producing higher yields of essential oil with average of 2.1% and 2.6%, respectively, compared with 1.2–1.9% in one-year old plants. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of essential oil and headspace revealed that volatile organic compounds profile of A. rugosa was dependent on the age of parent plants.

Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) is mainly cultivated for its fruits and/or leaves, which are used for different purposes such as food, drugs, and spice as both a fresh and dried herb. To determine the effect of drying methods on essential oil of coriander, the stem and leaves of an Iranian landrace of coriander were dried in sunlight, shade, mechanical ovens (40 and 60 °C), microwave oven (500 and 700 W), and by freeze–drying. The essential oils were analyzed using GC-FID and GC/MS. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from freeze–dried tissue followed by the shade–dried sample. In total, 39 components were determined in the essential oils from fresh and dried coriander. The main components were decanal (0–37.5%), cis -phytol (1.0–34.1%), 1-tetradecanol (trace – 31.7%), 2 E -dodecenal (8.3–17.2%), dodecanal (0.5–14.8%), n -decanol (0.5–14.8%), trans -2-undecen-1-ol (trace – 12.9%), 2 E -decenal (0–11.3%), 1-eicosanol (0–6.4%), and methyl chavicol (0–6.0%). The percentages of decanal and n -decanol in the oil, however, decreased significantly when the plant material was dried in the oven at 60 °C or microwaved. The percentages of 1-tetradecanol, 1-eicosanol, and cis -phytol increased significantly when the plant tissue was dried in the oven at 60 °C or microwaved. Generally, the drying of coriander in freeze–drying is most suitable and can be recommended for high–oil yield.

The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. finds an extensive use in food-flavour, fragrances and cosmetics. In order to explore promising genotypes of Ocimum basilicum for quality production of essential oils, a field experiment was conducted to assess the productivity and essential oil quality of two accessions of Ocimum basilicum (OB-1G and OB-5P) in comparison of an existing prevalent variety of Ocimum basilicum (CIM-Soumya) in the subtropical agroclimatic conditions of north India. Yield and quality attributed were assessed in different harvesting stages (half bloom, full bloom, and seed setting stages) of two cropping seasons (spring-summer and rain-autumn). Significant variations in respect of the essential oil content, fresh herb yield, essential oil yield, methyl chavicol content and methyl chavicol yield were noticed among the investigated O. basilicum taxa. Methyl chavicol (56.1–89.7%) and linalool (1.0–33.7%) were the major constituents of the essential oils. The essential oils of O. basilicum accessions possessed significantly higher content of methyl chavicol (OB-1G: 80.7–89.7%; OB-5P: 81.6–88.9%) as compared with check variety (CIM-Soumya: 56.1–67.6%). Consequently, Significantly higher methyl chavicol yield (96.8 kg ha −1 ) was found in OB-1G, followed by 91.3 kg ha −1 in OB-5P; with lowest (84.9 kg ha −1 ) in check variety. All examined taxa produced significantly higher methyl chavicol at full bloom stage in rain-autumn cropping season as compared with spring-summer season. Moreover, the accessions, OB-1G and OB-5P produced 14.0% and 7.5% more methyl chavicol, respectively as compared with the check variety.

This work has objectives to study the chemical composition of volatile extracts obtained from leaves of Polyalthia longifolia and Clausena anisata and to evaluate their ovicide and larvicide effects by fumigation against Sitotroga cerealella, as alternative to the pesticides of synthesis. The analyses of the extracts by GC-MS showed that the essential oil of P. longifolia contains 57 compounds representing 86.1% of oil and 26 compounds corresponding to 97.3% of the essential oil of C. anisata. The main compounds identified for the extract of P. longifolia are the β-Caryophyllene (24.5%), Allo-Aromadendrene (13.5%), the α-Zingiberene (9.4%), the α-Humulene (8.5%) and the α-Selinene (2.6%). The extract of C. anisata mainly composed of methyl chavicol (69.9%) is characterized by the presence of oxygenated monoterpens (1.4%), hydrogenated monoterpens (7.8%), hydrogenated sesquiterpens (16.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpens (1.7%) and of aromatic compounds (69.9%). The biological test results showed that the treatments by fumigation done with the essential oils reduce meaningfully (p

Significant variations are observed in the content and composition of the essential oils obtained from different Ocimum species based on their distinct morphological characters and harvesting seasons. Various germplasms of Ocimum basilicum grown in India were compared for the essential oil content and composition to identify the superior germplasm rich in desirable chemical components, such as methyl chavicol and eugenol, that could be exploited for commercial cultivation in western plains of India. The essential oils were extracted using hydro distillation and chemically characterized on Gas Chromatograph–mass spectrophotometer (GC–MS). Colour of the leaves varied from green to purple-green with bunchy, individual and intermediate type of panicles. Maximum oil per cent in leaf was observed in DOB-1 (0.70%), followed by DOB-5 (0.61%) at stage II. Leaves harvested at stage II gave higher essential oil yield than harvested at stage I. The content of methyl chavicol increased at full flowering (stage II), while content of Eugenol and methyl eugenol increased at onset of flowering (stage I). Majority of the germplasm were found to be rich in methyl chavicol, except DOB-4 which was rich in methyl cinnamate. The intensity of purple leaf colour was observed to be positively correlated in lines rich in methyl chavicol. Maximum methyl cinnamate (DOB-4) content, leaf size and average minimum plant height were found positively relationship. Such relationship has become a key factor field nose needs to be properly understood and superior lines DOB-1 and DOB-5 further used in improvement programme.

ObjectiveTo carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.MethodsThe phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydro-distillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.ResultsA previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O. basilicum produced 0.65% of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44% out of 99.98% as major compounds (> 1.5%). The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol. Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons (46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.75%). With respect to the amount of components, methyl chavicol also known as estragole (35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool (21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol (8.02%), α-bergamotene (6.56%), eugenol (4.60%), 1,8-cineole (4.04%), germacrene D (2.06%), thymol (1.64%), and (E)-citral (1.55%), respectively. Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC50 = (1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL. Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts. Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC50 values equal to (0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and (0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL, respectively. As concerns to IC50 values, essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity. Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values. These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.ConclusionsEssential oil and crude extracts of O. basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries. The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified, respectively in the methanol crude extract.

The content and composition of the essential oils obtained from different Ocimum species varies widely based on the geographical location, growth stage and harvesting season. Hence, the variation in the essential oil content and chemical composition of the leaves and inflorescences of the different Ocimum species (Ocimum santum ‘Purple’, O. sanctum ‘Green’, O. basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum Land Race 1 & Land Race 2, Ocimum viride and Ocimum canum) growing in Western plains of India were determined for two harvesting seasons. The essential oil was extracted using hydro-distillation and chemical characterization was done on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Recovery of the essential oil ranged from 0.18% to 0.774% during pre-monsoon and 0.141–0.748% during post-monsoon. Amongst the seven Ocimum species studied, leaves recorded higher essential oil content compared with inflorescence in all species except in O. basilicum and O. canum. Further, essential oil content during post monsoon was lower compared with pre-monsoon harvest in all the species irrespective of the plant parts. Highest essential oil content was recorded in O. viride leaves (0.774%) followed by O. gratissimum LR1 leaves (0.641%) and the least was recorded in Ocimum canum leaves (0.18%). Amongst the different species analyzed, Ocimum gratisimum LR-1 was found to be the richest source of eugenol (53–89%) followed by O. santum ‘Purple’ and O. sanctum ‘Green’ and O. viride Ocimum gratisimum LR-2 was rich in methyl iso eugenol (40.26–53.21%). While, O. santum ‘Purple’ type contained considerable amount of methyl eugenol, which was absent in ‘Green’ type. O. basilicum analyzed in this study is methyl chavicol rich type (33.32–79.2%), but this compound was absent in other species. Ocimum canum was the only species rich in d-camphor (13.29–29%). The identified eugenol rich species of Ocimum were identified as cheap alternative sources of eugenol as compared with clove.

Plant red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) is one of the many spices used as bio-pharmacy products which contain essential oil that is active as an antifungal and antibacterial agent. Isolation of volatile oil from red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) uses the method of water and steam distillation so as to get the rendemen 0.1062%, the density 0.9524 g/mL and the index of refraction by 1.4862. Results from GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) retrieved 30 compounds contained in red galangal rhizome oil with 10 major compounds i.e. 1,8-cineole (40.92%), acetyl chavicol (10.33%), cis β-farnesene (6.91%), 1-caryophillene (6.32%), 1-β-bisabolene (3.37%), β-elemene (3.23%), α-pinene (3.20%), β-sesquiphellandrene (2.32%), β-pinene (2.21%), and germacrene-D (1.90%). The inhibition test was done by agar diffusion method and different variations of concentration (1, 2, 3 and 4%) compared with ketoconazole 2% as positive controls and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as negative controls with an incubation period of 2x24 hours. The test results show that the essential oil of red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) can inhibit the growth of the fungus Malassezia furfur with the inhibitory power on concentrations1, 2, 3 and 4% were 7.15 mm, 13.87 mm, 16.05 mm and 20.05 mm, respectively. As for comparison, ketoconazole 2% was used as positive (+) control that produces inhibitory zone 27.20 mm and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as negative control (-) which does not produce inhibitory zones. Keywords: Essential oil, red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum), Malassezia furfur

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), as priming agents, have the well-recorded property to increase plant tolerance against a range of different abiotic stresses such as salinity. In this regard, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of SNP (100 and 200 µM) and H2 O2 (2.5 and 5 mM) as well as their combinations under salt stress (0 and 50 mM NaCl) on key physiological and biochemical attributes of the economically important aromatic plant basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown under hydroponic culture. Results revealed that morphological parameters such as plant height, root length, leaf fresh and dry weights (FW and DW) were significantly decreased by salinity stress, while SNP and H2 O2 treatments, alone or combined, increased FW and DW thus enhancing plant tolerance to salt stress. Furthermore, 200 µM SNP + 2.5 mM H2 O2 appeared to be the most effective treatment by causing significant increase in chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin content and guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activities under saline condition. In addition, analytical measurements showed that essential oil profile (concentration of main components) under salt stress was mostly affected by SNP and H2 O2 treatments. The highest increase was observed for methyl chavicol (43.09-69.91%), linalool (4.8-17.9%), cadinol (1.5-3.2%) and epi-α-cadinol (0.18-10.75%) compounds. In conclusion, current findings demonstrated a positive crosstalk between SNP and H2 O2 toward improved basil plant tolerance to salt stress, linked with regulation of essential oil composition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the volatile oils of three species of Croton, Euphorbiaceae, against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC?MS and GC-FID and their acaricidal activity was evaluated by the larval packettest and adultimmersion test. The volatile oils from Croton conduplicatus Kunth, Croton pulegiodorus Baill., and two different collections of Croton grewioides Baill. (CG1 and CG2) showed eucalyptol (24.09%), p-cymene (23.13%) and methyl chavicol (83.59% and 95.38%) as the major compounds, respectively. All the volatile oils tested in this study showed efficacy against larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus. Therefore, Croton pulegiodorus volatile oil is promising for a potential acaricidal formulation because of the best activity against both stages of the cattle tick. Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-12T18:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Acaricidalpotentialofvolatile.pdf: 543893 bytes, checksum: 71ffc80b3000c6ea82c8629b2744518d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Betel leaf grows on a perennial vine (Piper betle L.). It is consumed in fresh and raw state for digestive, refreshing, stimulating, aphrodisiac, etc. effects by about two billion people. These beneficial effects, taste, and aroma are mainly contributed by the essential oil present in the leaves. This oil can be extracted from the leaves by various methods, but the betel leaf oil extractor is an efficient and economic option. The oil yield may range from 0.09% to 1.0% (wb) depending upon variety, extraction method, pretreatment, curing, agro-climatic conditions, etc. Betel oil is constituted by about 30–60 compounds which include eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, safrole, chavicol, hydroxychavicol, chavibetol, anethole, estragole, germecrene-D, etc. The oil possesses good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties at a very low concentration (>0.20 μl/ml), and the susceptible microorganisms include gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, such as Aspergillus, Candida, Escherichia, Penicillium, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Vibrio, etc. species. The oil can be utilized as an excellent food preservative and organoleptic enhancer. It may also provide multiple health benefits. Some food products have been developed by incorporating this oil ranging from 0.005% to 0.50%, such as cupcake, chocolate, biscuit, suji halwa, lozenge, etc. This oil has a potential future in the world food sector.

EnglishAnesthetics are effective to reduce or minimize stress in handling operations related to fish cultures. Aiming to avoid residual effects of synthetic drugs, several natural agents, such as essential oils (EOs), have been tested. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of the EO of Ocimum micranthum for induction of anesthesia in juveniles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Results demonstrated that the most suitable concentration to sedate silver catfish and carp is 25μL/L, while to anesthetize 200μL/L is more suitable for silver catfish and 100μL/L for grass carp, because these concentrations induce deep anesthesia in less than three min and recovery in less than five min. Analysis of the EO constituents showed methyl chavicol, a compound with carcinogenic potential, as the major component (58.2%). Therefore, the EO of O. micranthum is not recommended for fish anesthesia if the fish are to be used as food. Key words: anesthesia; silver catfish; grass carp; sedation portuguesOs anestesicos sao eficazes para reduzir ou minimizar o estresse nas operacoes de manuseio relacionadas a piscicultura. Com o objetivo de evitar efeitos residuais de farmacos sinteticos, varios agentes naturais, como oleos essenciais (OEs), tem sido testados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a concentracao otima do OE de Ocimum micranthum para a inducao de anestesia em juvenis de jundia (Rhamdia quelen) e carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Os resultados demonstram que a concentracao mais adequada para sedar jundias e carpas capim e 25μL/L. Enquanto que para anestesiar 200μL/L e mais adequado para jundias e 100μL/L para carpas capim, pois essas concentracoes induzem anestesia profunda em menos de tres minutos e recuperacao em menos de cinco minutos. A analise dos constituintes do OE identificou o metil chavicol, um composto com potencial carcinogenico, como componente majoritario (58,2%). Portanto, o OE de O. micranthum nao e recomendado para anestesia de peixes usado como alimento. Palavras-chave: anestesia; jundia; carpa-capim; sedacao

In this study, different variants of egg-free mayonnaise containing free and immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum LBRZ12 cells and essential oils taken from basil and dill were prepared. The composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils were investigated. The main constituents of basil oil were methyl chavicol (36.81%), methyl eugenol (20.40%), β-linanool (14.35%), eugenol (10.55%), and L(-)-carvone (39.05%), whereas dill oil contained mostly d -limonene (21.11%) and α-phellandrene (22.68%). The essential oils exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all test-microorganisms. The mayonnaise variants were kept refrigerated for 40 days and changes in pH, concentration of viable cells of lactobacilli, microbiological, and organoleptic characteristics were monitored. The pH decreased from 6.5 to 4.5 over the period of storage. The number of undesired microflora in mayonnaise preserved with lactobacilli and essential oils decreased significantly (0 after the 20th day) indicating their effectiveness as biological preservatives. The mayonnaise variants demonstrated pleasant organoleptic characteristics, thus meet customers’ requirements.

The development of organic farming as a result of increasing consumer preference for organic food has led to the development and registration of new pest-control products for certified organic production. In this study, the effects of three biocontrol products containing spores and mycelium of Arthrobotrys oligospora—Artis®, Beauveria bassiana—Bora®, and Coniothyrium minitans—Öko-ni® were tested on four basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars: ‘Aromat de Buzau’, ‘Serafim’, ‘Macedon’ and ‘Cuisoare’. The application of Öko-ni® increased basil yields by 8% relative to Control. The application of Bora® increased chlorophyll content of basil leaves by 2% and the activity of photosynthesis by 66% relative to the Control. Basil essential oil (EO) content was increased by 18% with the application of Artis® and by 34% with the application of Bora® and Öko-ni®, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC varied, caffeic acid concentration was higher in the plants treated with Öko-ni®, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin concentrations were higher in those treated with Artis®, while the quercitrin content was higher in Bora®-treated plants. The two main EO constituents that were identified were linalool and methyl chavicol in ‘Aromat de Buzau’, linalool and eugenol in ‘Serafim’, neral and geranial in ‘Macedon’, also linalool and eugenol in ‘Cuisoare’. The investigated myco-biocontrol products had positive effects on basil fresh biomass and EO content and also influenced the content of phenolic compounds.

This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro anticoccidial properties against Eimeria tenella of different essential oils and their major active components. Efficacy of ten essential oils from different Thai indigenous plants were preliminarily screened and only those with potential were further tested for effective concentrations and identifying their active compounds. Oocysticidal property was evaluated in term of sporulation inhibition of oocysts and the percentage of unsporulated, sporulated and degenerated oocysts, after treatment with 125 μg/ml of the selected essential oil, the sample was enumerated by haemocytometer, while coccidiocidal activity was assessed by the inhibition of sporozoite invasion in MDBK cell lines. Results showed that only Boesenbergia pandurata and Ocimum basilicum essential oils had strong sporulation inhibition activity by providing a higher ratio of degenerated oocysts and their IC 50 were 0.134 and 0.101 mg/ml, respectively. GC–MS analysis of B. pandurata essential oil found trans-b-ocimene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, geraniol, camphene, methyl cinnamate, l -limonene and linalool as the major components, while methyl chavicol, α-bergamotene, 1,8-cineole and trans-β-ocimene were the main compounds of O. basilicum essential oil. Methyl cinnamate and camphor were the active components of B. pandurata oil, whereas methyl chavicol was the active component of O. basilicum oil by exhibiting the oocysticidal effect against E. tenella with IC 50 values of 0.008, 0.023 and 0.054 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, B. pandurata and O. basilicum oils also showed a strong cytotoxic property against coccidia with more than 70% inhibition of sporozoite invasion in MDBK cell lines, and their IC 50 were 0.004 and 0.004 mg/ml, respectively. Methyl cinnamate as well as camphor from B. pandurata and methyl chavicol from O. basilicum were also effective with IC 50 values of 0.029, 0.023, and 0.022 mg/ml, respectively.

Ocimum spp. are reputed for their essential oils and aroma chemicals that are highly valued in food and flavor industries. This study was conducted to evaluate the diurnal effect on essential oil yield and composition of four Ocimum species, viz. O. basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. americanum L., and O. kilimandscharicum Guerke grown at foothills of Uttarakhand, India. Essential oil content and composition were determined and compared as a function of different harvesting times viz. morning (6.00 a.m.), noon (12.00 p.m.), and evening (6.00 p.m.). O. basilicum, O. americanum, and O. kilimandscharicum (camphor type) gave higher essential oil yield when harvested at noon, while in O. gratissimum, higher oil yield was obtained in the evening, followed by noon and morning harvesting. Oil yield in O. kilimandscharicum (eugenol/methyl chavicol) chemotype was found in the order of: morning > noon > evening. Similar to oil yield, significant qualitative and quantitative differences in essential oil comp...

The essential oils of fruit of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Apiaceae) growing wild in South Anatolia were extracted by hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The percentage yields of the essential oils from fruits of bitter fennel harvested in different heights were 2.66 %, 2.0 % and 1.66 %, respectively. The major constituents varied depending on harvest years. The major constituents of bitter fennel fruit were methyl chavicol (estragol), fenchone and limonene. Methyl chavicol contents of oil changed between 50.2 % (600 m height) to 69.2 % (1600 m height). Fenchone contents of samples varied between 6.5 % and 32.8 %. The highest fenchone content was established at the level of 600 m height. While limonene contents of oil were found as 7.1 % and 8.2 % for 600 m and 1600 m heights, respectively, it was determined as 0.37 % for sea level.

The chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil obtained from Egypt and Al Madinah Al Munwara, Saudi Arabia were analyzed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty-six components represented 96.33% were identified in the essential oil of Egyptian herb, while 65 components detected in Madinah oil with 92.17% of the chromatographic peak area. Methyl chavicol (27.82%) and linalool (25.35%), were found to be the dominant constituents in Egyptian Ocimum basilicum L. (methylchavicoal-linalool chemotype), however eugenol (25.85%) and linalool (13.41%) were the major component in the essential oil of Madinah herb (eugenol-linalool chemotype). The antioxidant activity was investigated, where different assays were used namely scavenging of the biphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and β-Carotene / linolelic bleaching as well as measuring the total phenolic for both essential oils. The essential oil of Egyptian Ocimum basilicum L. showed higher antioxidant activity with IC50 0....

The essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation of inflorescences, leaves and stems from Ocimum basilicum ‘Cinnamon’ (sweet basil ‘Cinnamon’) cultivated in north-western Poland were analyzed by GC-MS. Linalool was the major constituent in all three oils (36.67 %, 36.09 % and 33.89 %, respectively). Of the forty-two components detected in the inflorescence oil, comprising 98.58 % of the total, the major components were (E)-methyl cinnamate (29.82 %), germacrene D (3.03 %), (-)-β-cadinene (2.90 %) and methyl chavicol (2.88 %). Forty-three compounds, accounting for 98.57 % of the total oil were identified in the volatile oil of the leaves. The major components were (E)-methyl cinnamate (26.47 %), (Z)-methyl cinnamate (6.26 %) and methyl chavicol (4.10 %). With the stem oil, the main constituents were (E)-methyl cinnamate (8.94 %), (-)-β-cadinene (8.90 %) and γ-selinene (4.11 %).

Ninety one fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) germplasm lines collected from various geographical locations in India were evaluated for their essential oil content and its composition. Essential oil content ranged from 1.0 to 3.3%. Maximum lines had 2–3% essential oil. In all the germplasm lines eleven major compounds including α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, cymene, γ-terpinene, 4-allyl anisole/methyl chavicol or estragol, anethole, geranyl acetate and p-anisaldehyde were detected . Anethole was most abundant compound in all fennel germplasm lines which ranged from a minimum of 9.15% to a maximum of 96.64% with an average of 44.33%.Another predominant compound observed in essential oil of fennel germplasm lines was 4-allyl anisole/methyl chavicol or estragol, content of which ranged between 2.04 to 83.01%. A group of terpenoids consisting of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, cymene and γ-terpinene accounted for 0.18 to 18.66% of essential oil of which γ-terpinene was contributed from a...

The aromatic and medicinal properties of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) are related to the unique essential oil chemistry in different cultivars. This study describes efficient micropropagation and in vitro flowering protocols from shoot tips and reveals information on seed germination capability, glandular trichomes ultrastructure, and essential oil content and composition at different plant developmental stages from micropropagated O. basilicum ‘Sweet Thai’, chemotype methyl chavicol. Shoot tips from 2-mo-old aseptic seedlings were induced to proliferate shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3) either alone or in combination with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Maximum shoot formation was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 BAP. The micropropagated plants were successfully acclimatized ex vitro with an 80% survival rate. All of the micropropagated plants flowered in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1 GA3. Relative to the mother plant, in vitro plants flowered at a younger stage of plant development but showed a lack of seed formation, fewer fully filled peltate glandular trichomes, lower essential oil content, and higher methyl chavicol content. Ex vitro plants flowered at an intermediate stage of plant development and formed seed with nearly the same seed germinability, essential oil content, and methyl chavicol content as the mother plant.

The current study aimed at characterizing the chemical components of betel leaf (Piper betle L. var. Tamluk Mitha) essential oil (BLEO) and modelling its effect on growth of Penicillium expansum on semi-synthetic medium. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis of BLEO revealed the presence of different bioactive phenolic compounds in significant amounts. Among 46 different components identified, chavibetol (22.0%), estragole (15.8%), β-cubebene (13.6%), chavicol (11.8%), and caryophyllene (11.3%) were found to be the major compounds of BLEO. A disc diffusion and disc volatilization method were used to evaluate antifungal activity of the oil against a selected food spoilage mould. The logistic model was used to study the kinetics of spore germination. Prediction and validation of antifungal effect of BLEO was performed on semi-synthetic medium (apple juice agar) using predictive microbiological tools. The Baranyi and Roberts model was used to estimate maximum growth rate (μmax in mm/day) and apparent lag time (λ in days) of the mould. Secondary modelling was performed using a re-parameterized Monod-type equation based on cardinal values to study the effect of different BLEO concentration on estimated growth parameters. Emax (minimum concentration of oil at which mould growth was inhibited) and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration of BLEO at which lag time is infinite) value of BLEO against P. expansum was estimated to be 0.56 and 0.74 μl/ml, respectively, which was found to be similar on potato dextrose agar (PDA) as well as apple juice agar (AJA) medium. The correlation between estimated growth parameters of the mould on both the media was obtained with satisfactory statistical indices (R(2) and RMSE). This study revealed inhibitory efficacy of BLEO on spore germination, mycelial growth and apparent lag time of P. expansum in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, BLEO has potential to be used as a natural food preservative.

The control of insect pests (such as Sitophilus zeamais) depends mostly on the utilization of synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the application of these pesticides leads to many problems; environmental contamination, development of insect resistance, and adverse effects on human health are some of them. This study investigated the chemical constitution, insecticidal activity, and feeding deterrent and repellent effects on S. zeamais of essential oil (EO) obtained from Croton rudolphianus leaves. Fifty-four compounds were revealed in the C. rudolphianus oil. The major compounds of the oil consisted of an unknown compound (40.90%), methyl chavicol (22.96%), (E)-caryophyllene (4.22%), eugenol (4.03%), bicycloelemene (3.96%), bicyclogermacrene (3.81%), and spathulenol (2.79%). The EO was toxic to S. zeamais when ingested (LC50 102.66 μL/g) and caused changes in the nutritional parameters (relative consumption rate, relative biomass gain, and efficiency of food conversion). The oil was also toxic by contact (LC50 70.64 μL/mL) and fumigation [64 μL/L in the air caused the highest mortality (43.75%)]. However, no repellent property was detected. The results of this study showed that EO from C. rudolphianus leaves is toxic in different ways to S. zeamais adults, pointing to its potential use for grain protection.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) is one of the important culinary spice, which is mainly grown in the tropical and temperate regions of worldwide, and has pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, cardiovascular, chemomodulatory, antitumor, memory enhancing property. Present investigation comprised of fortysix genotypes of fennel was undertaken to characterize the genotypes based on chemical variation of fruit like essential and crude oil composition, mineral content, antioxidant and phenolic effectiveness of ethanol extracts. The dendrogram analysis was also conducted to determine the genetic variability based on essential oil components of fennel genotypes. Results of this study revealed significant variations (0.99–8.65%) in essential oil content. Trans-anethole (18.43–69.69%) was found main component, while estragole (methyl chavicol) 0.27–29.55% was second most important component. Maximum trans-anethole was recorded in PI649464 genotype oil, while highest concentration of estragole were reflected by PI414189 genotype. NSL6409 genotype was found superior in case of phenolic amounts and antioxidant activity as compared with other genotypes. Petroselinic and myristic acids were determined as main fatty acids present in a range of 87.07% in genotype PI649466, 48.84% in Denizli genotype, respectively. Overall, in PI649470 and PI601795 genotypes exhibited the highest potassium and magnesium content. According to the dendrogram analysis, fennel genotypes of the same origin were found in different groups regardless of geographical origin.

Essential oils are concentrated aromatic volatile compounds derived from botanicals by distillation or mechanical pressing. They play multiple, crucial roles as antioxidants, food pathogen inhibitors, shelf-life enhancers, texture promoters, organoleptic agents and toxicity-reducing agents. For their versatility, they appear promising as food preservatives. Several research findings in recent times have validated their potential as functional ingredients in meat and fish processing. Among the assortment of bioactive compounds in the essential oils, p-cymene, thymol, eugenol, carvacrol, isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, linalool, 1,8-cineol, α-pinene, α-terpineol, γ-terpinene, citral and methyl chavicol are most familiar. These terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and phenolics (alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones) have been extracted from culinary herbs such as oregano, rosemary, basil, coriander, cumin, cinnamon, mint, sage and lavender as well as from trees such as myrtle, fir and eucalyptus. This review presents essential oils as alternatives to conventional chemical additives. Their synergistic actions with modified air packaging, irradiation, edible films, bacteriocins and plant byproducts are discussed. The decisive roles of metabolic engineering, microwave technology and metabolomics in quality and quantity augmentation of essential oil are briefly mooted. The limitations encountered and strategies to overcome them have been illuminated to pave way for their enhanced popularisation. The literature has been mined from scientific databases such as Pubmed, Pubchem, Scopus and SciFinder.

Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) has been used orally as an antiepileptic remedy in Iranian folkloric medicine. In the current study, the morphological variation and the essential oil composition from the aerial parts of the plant were evaluated. The results indicated significant differences among genotypes for morphological traits and clustering based on these traits classified the genotypes into two clusters. The essential oil content ranged from 1.42 to 2.53 v/w. Analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of methyl chavicol (68.21–81.11%), limonene (7.18–16.73%), terpinolene (0.01–7.68%), (Z)-β-ocimene (0.89–4.99%), (E)-β-ocimene (0.81–4.52%), methyl eugenol (0.90–2.67%) and α-pinene (0.43–1.91%) as the main components. Variables related to leaf were found to be associated with all phytochemical compositions, indicating a main role of leaf on production of these compounds. These data collectively demonstrated large phenotypic and chemical diversity among the selected genotypes which can be considered as a valuable gene pool for breeding programs.