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The purpose of this paper is to explore child sexual abuse as a site of contemporary government, exemplifying the productivity of the approach to the study of political rationality suggested by Michel Foucault. It argues, firstly, that the government of child sexual abuse is achieved through a complex of discourses and practices which are a form of government we can characterize as liberal welfare rationality, secondly, that the discourses surrounding and articulating this rationality are regulated through the constitution and reconstitution of a public/private distinction and, thirdly, that this distinction is based on the mobilization of a range of expert discourses of science and of law. The paper examines aspects of the Public Inquiry into the Cleveland child sexual abuse case, showing how the Inquiry forms a technique through which government reflects on itself and demonstrating that, in its contemporary form, the 'government' of families is achieved through the regulation of a productive relationship between science and law as practical knowledges which the Inquiry mobilizes to re-ground and re-articulate the possibility of liberal child protection practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revelations of organised abuse by men of Asian heritage in the United Kingdom have become a recurrent feature of international media coverage of sexual abuse in recent years. This paper reflects on the similarities between the highly publicised ‘sex grooming’ prosecutions in Rochdale in 2012 and the allegations of organised abuse in Rochdale that emerged in 1990, when twenty children were taken into care after describing sadistic abuse by their parents and others. While these two cases differ in important aspects, this paper highlights the prominence of colonial ideologies of civilisation and barbarism in the investigation and media coverage of the two cases and the sublimation of the issue of child welfare. There are important cultural and normative antecedents to sexual violence but these have been misrepresented in debates over organised abuse as racial issues and attributed to ethnic minority communities. In contrast, the colonialist trope promulgating the fictional figure of the rational European has resulted in the denial of the cultural and normative dimensions of organised abuse in ethnic majority communities by attributing sexual violence to aberrant and sexually deviant individuals whose behaviours transgress the boundaries of accepted cultural norms. This paper emphasises how the implicit or explicit focus on race has served to obscure the power dynamics underlying both cases and the continuity of vulnerability that places children at risk of sexual and organised abuse.

The purpose of this paper is to classify the Islamic Law Concerning religious belief freedom with respect to its special characteristics. Islamic scholars have different views when concerning the subject of freedom of religious belief Naturally, historical thinking has substantial effect in these different approaches. But more importantly, the criteria of interpretation of the applicable Islamic Law need to be considered. Two important criteria are "belief" and "person". Most of the differences among Islamic scholars can be explained by the difference in importance placed to either one of these two criteria. These differences can be observed clearly in cases involving crime and punishment, the citizenship status of non-Muslims, the argument of justification for war and the consequences of religious conversion. Therefore, the main reason why Islamic scholars reach different conclusions in these matters is not in the ambiguity of Islamic Law but the differences in its interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bałanda-Bałdyga Agnieszka, Łepecka-Klusek Celina, Pilewska-Kozak Anna B., Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka K., Stadnicka Grażyna. Macierzyństwo nastoletnich kobiet w aspekcie społecznym, psychologicznym i prawnym = Childbearing among teenage women as seen from the social, psychological and legal points of view. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(6):531-542. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56481 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3640 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.05.2016. Revised 25.06.2016. Accepted: 27.06.2016. Macierzyństwo nastoletnich kobiet w aspekcie społecznym, psychologicznym i prawnym Childbearing among teenage women as seen from the social, psychological and legal points of view Agnieszka Bałanda-Bałdyga1, Celina Łepecka-Klusek2, Anna B. Pilewska-Kozak2, Agnieszka K. Pawłowska-Muc3, Grażyna Stadnicka1 1/ Zakład Podstaw Położnictwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie, 20-081 Lublin ul. Staszica 4/6; 2/ Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii i Endokrynologii Ginekologicznej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie, 20-037 Lublin al. Racławickie 23. 3/ Powiatowe Centrum Medyczne Sp. z.o.o., 05-600 Grójec ul. Piotra Skargi 10 dr n. o zdrowiu Agnieszka Bałanda-Bałdyga, dr hab. n. med. Celina Łepecka-Klusek, dr n. med. Anna B. Pilewska-Kozak, mgr Agnieszka K.Pawłowska-Muc, dr n. med. Grażyna Stadnicka Streszczenie Pomimo obserwowanych zmian w preferencjach, dotyczących zakładania rodziny i rosnących aspiracji życiowych młodych ludzi w zakresie poziomu wykształcenia oraz statusu zawodowego i społecznego, nadal obserwuje się wiele tysięcy urodzeń dzieci przez nastoletnie kobiety, w tym także w krajach wysokorozwiniętych. Przyczyn tej sytuacji upatruje się zarówno w akceleracji rozwojowej młodzieży, jak i w zmianie obyczajowości seksualnej, a szczególnie obniżaniu się wieku inicjacji seksualnej. Ze względu na konsekwencje przedwczesnego macierzyństwa zagadnienie to trzeba rozpatrywać wieloaspektowo. Konsekwencje bowiem nie są wyłącznie problemem osobistym dziewczyny, ale również rodziny, szkoły, społeczeństwa. Moment pojawienia się nowego życia, wraz z całym okresem ciąży i porodu, wydaje się być jednym z ważniejszych wydarzeń, rzutującym na całą przyszłość kobiety, jej dziecka i rodziny. W pracy omówiono zagadnienie dotyczące nastoletniego macierzyństwa z punktu widzenia socjologii, psychologii i prawa. Zaprezentowano najważniejsze skutki i związane ze zbyt młodym rodzicielstwem komplikacje życia codziennego nastoletnich matek, wynikające w szczególności z braku niezależności finansowej i pełnienia roli uczennicy. Celem pracy było ukazanie problemu macierzyństwa nastoletnich kobiet w aspekcie społecznym, psychologicznym oraz prawnym. Słowa kluczowe: ciąża nastolatek, wsparcie społeczne, adaptacja psychologiczna, prawo. Abstract Although young peoples’ preferences concerning parenthood and aspirations regarding education, social and proffesional status are changing, every year teenage women are still giving birth to thousands of children in both underdeveloped and developed countries. The reason for this may be a faster development of teenagers as well as changes in sexual behaviour, especially earlier sexual initiation. The issue has to be looked upon from different standpoints due to various consequences of premature motherhood. Those consequences are not only of personal nature of a mother, but they affect family, school and society too. The moment of creating a new life, together with pregnancy and child delivery, seems to be one of the most important events that will shape the future of a mother, her child and close family. This article focuses on teenage childbearing as it is seen by sociologist, psychologist and lawyers. It also presents the most crucial consequences of becoming a parent too early in life which originate in being financially dependant and the student status. The aim of this study is to present the problem of teenage motherhood from sociological, psychological and legal standpoint. Keywords: adolescent pregnancy, social support, adaptation psychological, law.

Nowadays society is very active and susceptible of continuous, rapid changes in all its sectors, and, therefore, the political geography and its actors are also changing at high speed. In such a context, one needs landmarks and authorities able to operate effectively and to give stability to the society they govern. The literature identifies a two-headed executive and the President as the representative of the Romanian State and the guarantor of its unity and territorial integrity. One is not to ignore the role of the Romanian president as the mediator between the social system components, mediator which is to provide and guarantee their balance. The paper aims at analyzing the investiture procedure of the Romanian Government and it will focuse on several controversial issues related to the procedure. There will be also investigated a series of laws and the legal doctrine that addresses this topic. In the final section of the article, the author will draw a series of personal conclusions derived from this analysis.

Klimczyk Agata. Prawne aspekty Funduszu Rozwoju Kultury Fizycznej = Legal aspects of Fund of Development of Physical Culture. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(9):380-385. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI10.5281/zenodo.30951 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30951 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%289%29%3A380-385 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/624466 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.08.2015. Revised 05.09.2015. Accepted: 12.09.2015. Prawne aspekty Funduszu Rozwoju Kultury Fizycznej Legal aspects of Fund of Development of Physical Culture Agata Klimczyk Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Streszczenie Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie prawnych aspektów Funduszu Rozwoju Kultury Fizycznej. W pracy dokonano analizy aktów prawnych oraz posiłkowano się przeglądem specjalistycznej literatury. Wskazano że rozwój sportu w Rzeczypospolitej finansowany jest ze środków Funduszu Rozwoju Kultury Fizycznej oraz ze środków pieniężnych w ramach tego funduszu rozdzielanych pomiędzy potrzebami o charakterze regionalnym, a także ogólnopolskim. Stwierdzono, że w ramach funduszu finansowane są także ośrodki naukowo- dydaktyczne związane ze sportem przygotowujące młodych ludzi do rywalizacji sportowej. Słowa kluczowe: fundusz, kultura fizyczna, prawo. Abstract The main aim of this work is to show legal issues related to Fund of Development of Physical Culture. The author had analysed legal acts and reviewed specialist literature. It was presented that sport in Poland is funded by above- mentioned Fund. The author shows that financial support related to this Fund is earmarked for regional and nation wide issues. It was states that thanks to this support are financed sports scientific and sports schools in which young people are prepared to sports competition. Key words: fund, physical culture, law.