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This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

The electron lens in the Fermilab Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) will enable new research in nonlinear integrable optics, space-charge compensation, electron cooling, and the stability of intense beams. This research addresses scientific questions on high-brightness beams and operational challenges of high-power accelerators for nuclear and particle physics. We review the roles that electron lenses play in this field and the physical principles behind their applications. The design criteria and specifications for the IOTA storage ring and electron lens are then discussed. We conclude with a description of the components of the apparatus.

The physics goals of high luminosity particle accelerators, from LHC to HL-LHC and to the next generation of lepton colliders, have set quite stringent constraints on the future needs at the Instrumentation Frontier. Many technologies are reaching their sensitivity limit and new approaches need to be developed to overcome the currently irreducible technological challenges. The timescales spanned by future projects in particle physics, ranging from few years to many decades, constitute a challenge in itself, in addition to the complexity and diversity of the required accelerator and detector R&D. This paper summarizes advances and recent trends in the instrumentation techniques for particle physics experiments, largely based on the presentations given at the International Conference "Instrumentation for Colliding Beam Physics" (INSTR-20), held at BINP Novosibirsk, Russia, from 24 to 28 February, 2020., 45 pages, 17 figures. This paper summarizes advances and recent trends in the instrumentation techniques for particle physics experiments, largely based on the presentations given at the International Conference "Instrumentation for Colliding Beam Physics" (INSTR-20), held at BINP Novosibirsk, Russia, from 24 to 28 February, 2020

Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. In this paper, we first review the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, and then present the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development. We conclude with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for far-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals tantalizing prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field., Comment: 65pages including references, 42 figures

This lecture focuses on the topic of staged laser wakefield acceleration together with the fundamentals of beam physics, which is necessary for discussing the topic. Staged acceleration is considered to accelerate an electron energy or to control an electron beam in phase space.

Technology borrowed from electron accelerator and beam physics looks set to push the performance of ultrafast-electron-diffraction-based pump–probe studies of matter.

Both radioactive nuclear beam physics and nuclear astrophysics are the frontiers in basic research of physics, which promote the development of radioactive nuclear beam facilities. Here we briefly introduce radioactive nuclear beam physics and nuclear astrophysics, and compare the isotope separation on line (ISOL) and projectile fragmentation (PF) methods to produce radioactive nuclear beams. In addition, we review the pre-existing ISOL-type facilities and introduce Beijing radioactive ion facility (BRIF) and its perspective in basic research of nuclear physics.

This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

The 5 MW proton beam to be delivered to the ESS spallation target must be tuned to its nominal value and controlled at all times. To achieve this, a suite of beam diagnostics has been proposed and is currently been designed. It is located in two plugs, the Proton Beam Window (PBW) plug and the Proton Beam Instrumentation Plug (PBIP). Here we present the design concept for the PBIP imposed by the beam physics requirements as well as by the high power target environment, i.e. material lifetime, remote handling and waste management.

During the last 36 years researchers have suggested and evaluated a large number of target designs for heavy ion inertial fusion. The different target designs can be classified according to their mode of ignition, their method of implosion, and their size. Ignition modes include hot-spot ignition and fast ignition. Methods of implosion include direct drive and indirect drive. Historically there has been significant work on indirectly driven targets with hot-spot ignition. Recently there has been increasing interest in directly driven targets with ion driven fast ignition. In principle, fast ignition might lead to improved target performance. On the other hand, fast ignition imposes stringent requirements on accelerators and beam physics. Furthermore, fast ignition magnifies the importance of a number of traditional target physics issues associated with ion beam energy deposition and fuel preheat. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various classes of targets. It will also discuss some issues that must be resolved to assess the feasibility of ion fast ignition.

A novel concept for a structure-based collinear two-beam accelerator is described. By employing a structure composed of multi-harmonic detuned cavities, this new accelerator can provide a high acceleration gradient with a high transformer ratio and a low breakdown probability. An experimental research project, with theoretical and computational support, is being conducted at the Yale University Beam Physics Laboratory. Furthermore, this project will support construction of a unique university-based facility for exploring a range of beam-driven acceleration ideas, including plasma and dielectric wakefield concepts.

This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

This book is a brief exposition of the principles of beam physics and particle accelerators with emphasis on numerical examples employing readily available computer tools. Avoiding detailed derivations, we invite the reader to use general high-end languages such as Mathcad and Matlab, as well as specialized particle accelerator codes (e.g. MAD, WinAgile, Elegant, and others) to explore the principles presented. This approach allows the student to readily identify relevant design parameters and their scaling and easily adapt computer input files to other related situations.

The options for advanced-radiography double-pulse linear induction accelerators (LIA) under consideration naturally fall into three categories that differ by the number of cells required. Since the two major physics issues, beam breakup (BBU) and corkscrew, are also dependent on the number of cells, it may be useful for the decision process to review the engineering consequences of beam physics constraints for each class. The LIAs can be categorized three different ways, and this report compares the different categories based upon the physics of their beams.

The formula for the asymptotic level of polarization, when the beam energy in a synchrotron is accelerated uniformly across a single isolated depolarizing spin resonance, is given by the well-known Froissart–Stora formula. There is no analytical closed-form solution in the case of passage across two (or more) overlapping spin resonances. We present an approximate analytical closed-form formula for the asymptotic level of polarization for the passage across two overlapping spin resonances. We also present a quantitative criterion for the domain of applicability of our formula.

Essential aspects of beam physics in high intensity and high energy circular accelerators are described. Main issues such as tune spread, nonlinear resonances, and halo formation associated with space-charge effects are discussed. Typical coherent instabilities which had been the primary objections to upgrading the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron are introduced.

A design is presented of a modified 34.3 GHz magnicon amplifier with a TE311-mode output cavity, to replace the existing magnicon at Yale Beam Physics Lab Test Facility whose output cavity operates in the TM310 mode. The main goal for the new design is to achieve robust day-to-day reliable operation at pulsed power levels up to 25 MW.

The European negative ion based neutral beam development programme consists presently of experiments on high energy electrostatic accelerators and high current D − sources, and of neutral beam physics and system design studies. At CEA-Cadarache the source test bed MANTIS started operation last June, and the 1 MV, 0.1 A, D − acceleration project SINGAP will be operational by the end of 1994. Additionally, negative ion source physics-oriented experiments will be conducted at Dublin City University. A Pagoda source, developed for the SINGAP experiment, recently produced more than 1 A D − beams and j (D − ) of 10 mA cm −2 , with Cs seeding, at 0.6 Pa operating pressure. 1.3 A H − and 0.5 A D − beams have also been obtained without the use of Cs during the first experiments on MANTIS. Studies on neutral beam heating (NBH) for a next step machine have been conducted during 1993, mainly at JET and CEA-Cadarache. NBH physics studies based on the RLW model indicate that ignition on ITER-EDA should be reached with about 40 MW of 0.4–1 MeV D 0 beams. The outlines of an NBH system for ITER-EDA, based on SINGAP, have been studied.

The subject of our project supported by the AFOSR is the dynamics of intense charged beams focused by magnetic fields. There are several applications for this kind system, ranging from microwaves to controlled nuclear fusion. Our group is currently composed by two coordinator faculties (F.B. Rizzato and R. Pakter), two collaborators (Prof. Yan Levin and Dr. Antonio Endler), and several graduate students, some of which having finished their doctoral and master thesis in the field of Beam Physics and Vacuum Electronics during the grant period: Jorge Soares (PhD), Karen Fiuza (PhD), Roger Pizzato (PhD), Wilson Simeoni (Master), Tarcisio Teles (Master) Alexandre Bonatto (Master), Everton Graneman, Luciano Martins. We were mostly interested in the study of relaxation processes and halo formation of high-intensity beams in vacuum tubes. Some of our research effort also contemplates microwave coherence in nonlinear media and wake field electron acceleration.

Since the first feasibility studies of active beam spectroscopy on ITER in 1995 the proposed diagnostic has developed into a well advanced and mature system. Substantial progress has been achieved on the physics side including comprehensive performance studies based on an advanced predictive code, which simulates active and passive features of the expected spectral ranges. The simulation has enabled detailed specifications for an optimized instrumentation and has helped to specify suitable diagnostic neutral beam parameters. Four ITER partners share presently the task of developing a suite of ITER active beam diagnostics. which make use of the two 0.5 MeV/amu 18 MW heating neutral beams and a dedicated 0.1 MeV/amu, 3.6 MW diagnostic neutral beam. The IN ITER team is responsible for the DNB development and also for beam physics related aspects of the diagnostic. The RF will be responsible for edge CXRS system covering the outer region of the plasma (1 > r/a > 0.4) using an equatorial observation port, and the EU will develop the core CXRS system for the very core (0 < r/a < 0.7) using a top observation port. Thus optimum radial resolution is ensured for each system with better than a/30 resolution. Finally, the US will develop a dedicated MSE system making use of the HNBs and two equatorial ports. With appropriate modification, these systems could also potentially provide information on alpha particle slowing-down features.. On the engineering side, comprehensive preparations were made involving the development of an observation periscope, a neutron labyrinth optical system and design studies for remote maintenance including the exchange of the first mirror assembly, a critical issue for the operation of the CXRS diagnostic in the harsh ITER environment. Additionally, an essential change of the orientation of the DNB injection angle and specification of suitable blanket aperture has been made to avoid trapped particle damage to the first wall. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The discussions of the working group on beam and radiation generation, monitoring, and control (working group 6) at the 2008 advanced accelerator concepts workshop are summarized. The discussions concerned electron injectors, phase space manipulation, beam diagnostics, pulse train generation, intense beam physics, and radiation generation.

Course Notes: United States Particle Accelerator School Beam Physics with Intense Space-Charge J.J. Barnard and S.M. Lund Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, C A 94550 and Accelerator Fusion Research Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, C A 94720 June 2008 Presented at Annapolis M D , 16-27 Jnue 2008 This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and the U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344

In the Modularized Start Version of the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt Germany, the 3 GeV antiprotons are precooled in the collector ring and accumulated in the high energy storage ring (HESR). They are further accelerated to 14 GeV or decelerated to 1 GeV for the experiments with a high-density internal target. The powerful beam cooling devices, stochastic cooling and electron cooling will support the provision of a high-resolution antiproton beam. The other option of FAIR is to prepare the low energy, 300 keV antiproton beam connecting the existing storage rings ESR and CRYRING with HESR. Beam physics issues related with these concepts are described.

In this paper, we will give a brief review of some important beam physics in circular and linear electron–positron collider designs, covering beam–beam tune limits, longitudinal and transverse single bunch collective effects, electron cloud and space charge effects, dynamic aperture estimations, etc. The main feature of this review is that the corresponding beam physics treatments are coming from author's previous research works which are scattered in different scientific publications both for circular and linear colliders. With the progresses of future linear colliders, such as ILC, and future circular electron–positron colliders, such as CEPC, it is high time to review the key beam physics issues in the optimization designs of these two kinds of machines.

The Small Isochronous Ring (SIR) has been operational at Michigan State University since December 2003. It has been used for experimental studies of the beam dynamics in high-intensity isochronous cyclotrons and synchrotrons at the transition energy. Operational experience with SIR has demonstrated that the ring can be successfully used to study space charge effects in accelerators. The low velocity of beam particles in the ring allowed longitudinal profile measurements with an accuracy that would be difficult to achieve in full-size accelerators. The experimental data obtained in the ring was used for validation of the multi-particle, space-charge codes CYCO and WARP3D. Encouraged by the success of SIR in the isochronous regime, we consider options for expanding the scope of the beam physics studied in the ring. In this paper, we outline possible future experiments and discuss required modifications of the ring optics and hardware.

Using the high-gradient vacuum dielectric wall accelerator technology, the authors are developing a compact induction accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed X-ray radiography. The accelerator would provide a 2-kA beam for a 20-30 ns flat-top. The design goal is to generate a 2-mm diameter X-ray source. There are two physics designs of the system from the injector to the X-ray converter for two different final energies (8 MeV and 20 MeV). The design goal for the 8-MeV system is to generate 10-rad of X-ray, and the design goal for the 20-MeV system is to generate 300-rad of X-ray. Modeling results were presented and the beam physics in the system were discussed. The predicted spot sizes and the on-axis X-ray doses for both energies were also presented

The University of Maryland electron ring (UMER) is a low‐energy, high current recirculator for beam physics research with relevance to any applications that rely on intense beams of high quality. We review the space‐charge physics issues, both in transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics, which are currently being addressed with UMER: emittance growth and halo formation, strongly asymmetric beams, Montague resonances, equipartitioning, bunch capture and shaping, etc. Furthermore, we report on recent developments in experiments, simulations, and improved diagnostics for space‐charge dominated beams.

CANDLE is a 3 GeV third generation synchrotron light facility project in Republic of Armenia. The report includes the main considerations that underlie the Design Report of the project. An overview of the machine and beam physics of the facility is given.

The challenge of achieving the Tevatron Run II luminosity goal of 3.10/sup 32/ cm/sup -2/s/sup -1/ requires high level of engineering and machine operation, good and reliable diagnostics, and clear understanding of the underlying accelerator physics. Recent history demonstrated steady increase of the Tevatron luminosity, which was supported by each of the three listed above items. This report reviews major developments in the accelerator physics, which contributed in the Run II luminosity growth. Present limitations of the luminosity and projections of further luminosity growth are also discussed.

Photo-injectors beam physics remains a fruitful and exciting field of research. New ideas have been recently proposed to achieve ultra-high brightness beams, as particularly needed in SASE-FEL experiments, and to produce flat beams as required in linear colliders. An overview of recent advancements in photo-injector beam physics is reported in this paper.

RF photoinjectors, the present source of choice for production of ultra-high brightness electron beams, have two basic design types: split, in which a short, high gradient RF gun is followed by a a drift and a booster linac, and a lower gradient integrated photoinjector, in which the linac acceleration is connected directly to the gun. The first type is represented at UCLA by the Neptune photoinjector, the second by the newly constructed S-band PWT photoinjector. We examine, through simulation and theory, the relative merits of each type of injector, both from the point of view of the beam physics (ability of the source to produce high currents and low emittances), and of relative technical advantages.

An electron beam injector has been constructed to study the longitudinal beam physics in the University of Maryland electron beam transport experiments, including studies of longitudinal beam pulse compression and resistive-wall instability. The injector consists of a variable-perveance gridded electron gun followed by three matching lenses and one induction acceleration module. In the beam pulse compression experiment, it produces a 50 ns, 40 mA and 2.5 to 7.5 keV electron beam pulse with an approximately linear time-dependent velocity tilt. This beam will be injected into an existing 5 m long periodic transport channel with 36 short solenoid lenses. With the given beam parameters and initial conditions, the beam pulse is expected to be compressed by a factor of 3 or greater when reaching the end of the solenoid channel. In the resistive-wall instability experiment, the injector produces an electron beam pulse of 5 to 50 ns in duration, about 100 mA in current and a few kilovolts in energy. This beam will be guided into a resistive-wall channel of a couple of meters in length for study of the longitudinal resistive-wall instability. This paper reports on the design features and the general performance characteritics of the injector system including its mechanical, electrical, and beam-optical properties.

A description is presented of a few C++ classes and applications that have been written at Fermilab for problems in accelerator physics. Described are: MXYZPTLK, beamline, AESOP, and canvas. >

The development of a high current, heavy-ion beam driver for inertial confinement fusion requires a detailed understanding of the behavior of the beam, including effects of the large self-fields. This necessity makes particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the appropriate tool, and for this reason, the three-dimensional PIC/accelerator code WARP3d is being developed. WARP3d has been used extensively to study the creation and propagation of ion beams both to support experiments and for the understanding of basic beam physics. An overview of the structure of the code is presented along with a discussion of features that make the code an effective tool in the understanding of space-charge dominated beam behavior. A number of applications where WARP3d has played an important role is discussed, emphasizing the need of three-dimensional, first principles simulations. Results and comparisons with experiment are presented.

Some recent work has been done to look at improvements of transporting beam from the Lithium Lens to the Debuncher. This work has been done using the beamline modeling tools developed by Dave McGinnis. These tools, console application P143 and optimization code running MAD repeatedly on the Beam Physics UNIX system, were first used to match the Twiss and dispersion parameters at the end of AP2 to the Debuncher. Imaginary trims were then added to AP2 to study where additional trims could be used to help with beam control in small aperture areas.

The objective of this Phase II SBIR research program was to complete the final design originated during Phase I for a prototype Microwave Inverse Cerenkov Accelerator (MICA), to fabricate the-prototype MICA, and to test its performance as an electron accelerator. This report contains details of the design, predictions of accelerator performance, results of cold tests on the MICA structure, and details of the installation of MICA on the Yale Beam Physics Laboratory 6-MeV beamline. Discussion of future work is also included.

The University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER), currently under construction, has been designed to study the physics of space-charge dominated beams at extremely large values of the betatron tune shift which exceed those of existing strong-focusing synchrotrons and rings by more than an order of magnitude. In this paper, the unique design features of this research facility, the new beam physics to be investigated, and recent experimental results in the injector prototype as well as simulation studies are reviewed.

The elements of microwave linear accelerators are introduced starting with the principles of acceleration and accelerating structures. Considerations for microwave structure modelling and design are developed from an elementary point of view. Basic elements of microwave electronics are described for application to the accelerator circuit and instrumentation. Concepts of beam physics are explored together with examples of common beamline instruments. Charged particle optics and lattice diagnostics are introduced. Considerations for fixed-target and colliding-beam experimentation are summarized.

This paper wishes to give a contribution to the analysis of the geometry of 4D phase space, which is very relevant for the study of betatron motion in beam physics.

Inertial confinement fusion driven by beams of heavy ions is an attractive route to controlled fusion. In the U.S., induction accelerators are being developed as ‘‘drivers’’ for this process. This paper is divided into two main sections. In the first section, the concept of induction‐accelerator driven heavy‐ion fusion is briefly reviewed, and the U.S. program of experiments and theoretical investigations is described. In the second, a ‘‘taxonomy’’ of space‐charge‐dominated beam physics issues is presented, accompanied by a brief discussion of each area.

In this paper new goals for particle beam diagnostics are discussed in contrast to traditional applications. New accelerator design ideas to produce particle beams of high performance characteristics require a redefinition of beam diagnostics toward more sophisticated beam control and more automation in beam measurements and analysis. New accelerator design concepts are more and more based on the ability to match the actual accelerator to the theoretical model in order to allow the adjustment of parameters which are not directly controllable. Scenarios of possible developments in beam diagnostics in support of future particle accelerators will be discussed with the goal to envision beam diagnostics and control systems which can greatly reduce the involvement of accelerator operators by performing and analyzing well known and repetitive beam measurements faster, more accurate, and consistent.

The Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron is a research grade accelerator dedicated to undergraduate education. From its inception, it has been intended for instruction and has been designed to demonstrate classic beam physics phenomena and provides students hands on experience with accelerator technology. The cyclotron is easily reconfigured, allowing experiments to be designed and performed within one academic semester. Our cyclotron offers students the opportunity to operate an accelerator and directly observe many fundamental beam physics concepts, including axial and radial betatron motion, destructive resonances, weak and azimuthally varying field (AVF) focusing schemes, RF and DEE voltage effects, diagnostic techniques, and perform low energy nuclear reactions. This paper emphasizes the unique beam physics measurements and beam manipulations capable at the Rutgers 12-Inch Cyclotron.

A detailed understanding of the physics of space-charge dominated beams is vital for many advanced accelerators that desire to achieve high beam intensity. In that regard, low-energy, high-intensity electron beams provide an excellent model system. The University of Maryland Electron ring (UMER), currently under construction, has been designed to study the physics of space-charge dominated beams with extreme intensity in a strong focusing lattice with dispersion. At 10-keV, 100 mA, the UMER beam has a generalized perveance in the range of 0.0015. Though compact (11-m in circumference), UMER is a very complex device. In this paper, the unique design features of this research facility, the beam physics to be investigated, and simulation studies are reviewed.

An ambitious nuclear physics research program continues at Jefferson Lab with Users at three experiment halls receiving reliable, highly polarized electrons at currents to 100 μA. The polarized photoguns and drive lasers that contribute to Jefferson Lab’s success will be described as well as significant events since PES2000. Typical of conditions at accelerators worldwide, success brings new challenges. Beam quality specifications continue to become more demanding as Users conduct more challenging experiments. In the months that follow this workshop, two parity violation experiments will begin at Jefferson Lab, G0 and HAPPEx2. The photogun requirements for these experiments will be discussed as well as our plans to eliminate/minimize systematic errors. Recent efforts to construct high power Ti‐Sapphire drive lasers for these experiments also will be discussed.