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The investigation of the chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil of Pulicaria vulgaris wild growing in Akmola region, Kazakhstan was the aim of the study. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 49 compounds were identified representing 86.4 % and the major components were patchoulane (37.4), buddledin C (13.9%), T-cadinol (4.7%), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (4.1%), dyhydro--agarofuran (2.7%), (Z)-α-atlantone (1.8%) and corymbolone (1.2%). Six components were identified as unknown (2.6%). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and the essential oil demonstrated an average scavenging effect at 0.75 and 1 mg ml-1 concentrations compared with butylhydroxyanisole (BHA). The antiradical activity results of the P. vulgaris essential oil is published for the first time. Cytotoxic activity assay was studied against Artemia salina larvae and it can be concluded that the essential oil has a good lethal toxicity in all tested concentrations (10-1 mg ml-1). The authors attribute this result to the presence of the patchoulane as a major component, which is known for its activity against ovarian cancer cells.

This article discusses in detail disputes resolved by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (hereinafter referred to as the WTO DSB) in the field of state subsidies to support the use of renewable energy sources (hereinafter referred to as the RES). Since 2010, eight cases have been filed with the WTO DSB in relation to RES subsidy programs. The author analyzes the case and shows the impact of increasing the number of such trade disputes on further development of renewable energy in the whole world, and in separate states. The author pays special attention to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7, which were approved by the UN for 2016-2030, in the context of the spread of RES in the context of the conditions of WTO DSB case practice.

Artemisia tschernieviana Besser (Asteraceae) is a plant of the Kazakhstan flora that is little studied chemically [1]. The antioxidant and antihemolytic activity of the extract of A. tschernieviana from Iran [2] and the composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil [3–6] were studied before. Ground aerial part (leaves and stems) of the plant collected in western Kazakhstan in July 2013 was extracted by CHCl3–EtOH. The obtained extract was separated by column chromatography over silica gel using gradient elution by hexane, EtOAc, and EtOH. Elution by hexane–EtOAc (3:1) isolated a colorless crystalline compound 1, the structure of which was elucidated using spectral data and an x-ray crystal structure analysis (XSA). PMR and 13C NMR spectra were interpreted using 2D 1H–1H COSY and HSQC. Positions of individual atoms were determined using DEPT and 2D HMBC. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure of 1. The isolated compound 1 was the methyl ester of 3-(5 -hydroxyprenyl)-p-coumaric acid according to spectral data (PMR, 13C NMR, 13C DEPT, 1H–1H COSY, 1H–13C HSQC, HMBC) and an XSA. Compound 1 was isolated earlier from A. marschalliana Spreng. [7] and A. xanthochroa [8] and was also prepared synthetically [9]. Elution of the column by hexane–EtOAc (3:1) isolated compound 2, the structure of which was confirmed by an XSA, according to which 2 was identified as 6-demethoxy-4 -O-methylcapillarisin, which was isolated earlier [10]. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from A. tschernieviana for the first time. We investigated the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antioxidant activity of the extracts, essential oil, and constituents of A. tschernieviana. Antiradical activity was studied using several extracts of A. tschernieviana, i.e., CHCl3 (Atsch-1), EtOAc (Atsch-2), and EtOH (Atsch-3). Essential oil (Atsch-4) was obtained by steam distillation in a Clevenger apparatus. Optical density of the obtained compounds was measured dependent of concentration on a Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 520 nm. Antiradical activity of the samples was compared with that of butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) [11]. Table 1 presents the results for the antiradical activity.

Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, November–December, 2016, pp. 968–969.