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This paper introduces a simulated grounded inductor (SGI) circuit realization based on two terminal active devices, namely negative impedance converters. The proposed SGI contains a minimum number of passive components when compared to its two terminal active device-based realization counterparts in the literature. It includes a grounded capacitor that is an advantage in integrated circuit process. Nonetheless, a single resistive matching constraint is needed for its realization. SPICE simulations are performed with 0.13 mu m CMOS IBM technology parameters with supply voltages of +/- 0.75 V. Also, an experimental study is included to verify the theory.

In this study, both current and transimpedance mode instrumentation amplification operations are met through a new active building block proposal, namely Current DifferencingTransresistance Amplifier block, CDTRA. In order to regard CDTRA as an instrumentation amplifier (IA), two grounded passive resistors are needed. Passive resistors together with electronically tunable transresistance parameter of active block, rm, set versatility over gain tunability for instrumentation amplifier. Proposed active block is current input, current/voltage output design. It has low impedance input, high impedance for current output, and low impedance for voltage output respectively. Since this particular IA is based on CDTRA, then it inherits these electrical characteristics fully. Numerous SPICE simulations are performed through the paper to verify validity of the study. TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology parameters are utilized through simulations. Experimental work is performed for the proposed IA circuit.

In this paper, a new floating analog memristance simulator circuit based on dual-output operational transconductance amplifiers (DO-OTA) and passive elements is proposed. Theoretical derivations are presented which describe the circuit characteristics. DO-OTA active elements in the proposed circuit are realized with CMOS transistors, and PSPICE simulations are performed. Also workability of the circuit is tested experimentally by using commercially available integrated circuits. Theoretical derivations are validated with PSPICE simulation and experimental results. All results show that proposed simulator circuit provides frequency-dependent pinched hysteresis loop and nonvolatility feature. Exciting frequency, minimum and maximum memristance values and memristance range can be adjustable electronically with bias currents by changing the transconductances of DO-OTAs. Simulator circuit has a frequency range of 1 Hz–180 kHz.

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) In this paper, new analog memristor emulator circuits based on current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) and passive elements are proposed. They emulate both types of memristor (incremental and decremental) just by interchanging the CBTA output terminals. It uses only one CBTA, two resistors, one capacitor and one multiplier emulating grounded memristor. They consist of less CMOS transistors and have wider output ranges compared to other designed emulator circuits. The CMOS implementation of the CBTA using 0.18 ttm level-7 TSMC CMOS technology parameters is also proposed. It uses 23 CMOS transistors operating with the +/- 0.9 V DC supply voltage. Theoretical derivations and related results are validated using SPICE simulations.

In this study, a novel lead and lag type compensator circuit is proposed using a single active component, namely, the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). The proposed circuit has only one CFOA, two grounded resistors and two grounded capacitors. The input impedance of the proposed compensator is designed to be high whereas the output impedance is low. In terms of input and output impedance values, the proposed topology is suitable for a cascade connection with the voltage-mode structure not requiring buffer circuits, both at the input and output of the circuit. Moreover, the proposed circuit offers the advantage of controlling the poles and zeros orthogonally. The non-ideal effects depending on the active component are also presented in the paper. The commercially available AD844 integrated circuit component was used as the CFOA component in the proposed lead and lag compensator circuit and circuit simulations were performed using PSpice. Moreover, the electrical performance of the circuit was demonstrated by experimental studies. The achieved theoretical, simulation and experimental results are given with a comparison. Finally, a closed-loop control system application was given using the proposed compensator circuit and the operation of the circuit was demonstrated with PSpice simulations.

In this work, a CBTA-based universal mutator circuit is proposed for the realization of memcapacitor and meminductor elements. Proposed mutator circuit contains only one CBTA element, one memristor and one capacitor. It is suitable to transform a grounded memristor to a floating memcapacitor or meminductor. SPICE simulation by using a CBTA designed with 0.18 μm level-7 TSMC CMOS transistors was performed to show the accuracy of the proposed circuit and as a result, frequency dependent hysteresis loops are obtained.

In this paper, a smart sensor system design for home appliances, such as refrigerator, is introduced. The proposed smart sensor system is designed to collect inner temperature and relative humidity level of the appliance along with condition of whether appliance’s door is open or closed. A current sensor is also used to measure the current drawn by the appliance. To control appliance’s connection to the grid a relay is attached to the system. Afterwards all sensor data is sent to a platform on which user can observe sensor values and control relay.

Oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons and form the myelin. Myelin facilitates rapid neural signal transmission. Any damage to myelin disrupts neuronal communication leading to neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). There is no cure for MS. This is, in part, due to lack of an efficient method for myelin quantification during drug screening. In this study, an image analysis based myelin sheath detection method, DeepMQ, is developed. The method consists of a feature extraction step followed by a deep learning based binary classification module. The images, which were acquired on a confocal microscope contain three channels and multiple z-sections. Each channel represents either oligodendroyctes, neurons, or nuclei. During feature extraction, 26-neighbours of each voxel is mapped onto a 2D feature image. This image is, then, fed to the deep learning classifier, in order to detect myelin. Results indicate that 93.38% accuracy is achieved in a set of fluorescence microscope images of mouse stem cell-derived oligodendroyctes and neurons. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study utilizing image analysis along with machine learning techniques to quantify myelination. 316S026 European Association for Signal Processing IEEE Signal Processing Society MathWorks Amazon Devices

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) A new voltage-mode (VM) proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single active component named Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA), two resistors and two grounded capacitors is proposed. The proposed PID controller employs a canonical number of only grounded capacitors without requiring any critical passive component matching conditions and cancellation constraints. It has high input and low output impedances; thus, it can be easily cascaded with other VM structures. It can be easily constructed by a single commercially available active element. Frequency-dependent non-ideal gain and parasitic impedance effects on the performance of the proposed PID controller are investigated. The performance of the proposed PID controller circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE circuit simulation program and an experiment. Also, 0.18 μm CMOS TSMC technology parameters with ±2 V supply voltages are used. Total power dissipation of the proposed PID controller is 1.64 mW.

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) The aim of this paper is proposing an alternative method to Gorski-Popiel Technique in realization of synthetic transformers. A new synthetic floating transformer (FT) circuit is also given. The proposed synthetic transformer circuit uses two current backward transconductance amplifiers (CBTAs), three resistors, and two grounded capacitors. The primary selfinductance, the secondary self-inductance, and the mutual inductance can be independently controlled and can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the employed CBTAs. It has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. A band-pass filter is also realized to test the performance of the proposed synthetic transformer circuit. The validity of the proposed synthetic transformer circuit is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results.

A new realization of an analog circuit topology realizing current-mode (CM) first-order low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), and all-pass (AP) filter responses using current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) and single grounded capacitor is introduced. The investigated resistorless CBTA-C AP filter provides electronic tunability of the pole frequency in range from 763 kHz to 17.6 MHz and its maximum power dissipation is 828 μW. Non-ideal analysis, study of parasitic effects, output/ input noise variations, and Monte Carlo analyses results are given. The theory is verified by SPICE simulations using a new low-voltage structure of CBTA via PTM 0.09 μm level-7 CMOS process BSIM3v3 parameters with ±0.45 V supply voltages.

WOS: 000300771700002, A novel circuit for the realization of the mutually coupled circuit using three current-controlled current backward transconductance amplifiers (CC-CBTAs) as active components is proposed. The active mutually coupled circuit structures are also called the synthetic transformers. The circuit is derived by using three floating simulated inductors that are connected as the T-type transformer model. The circuit has the following attractive advantages: (i) The values of a primary self-inductance, a secondary self-inductance and a mutual inductance can be independently tuned by the transconductance gain of the CC-CBTAs; (ii) The circuit uses three grounded capacitors that are suitable from the point of integrated circuit implementation; (iii) It uses only three active components; (iv) It has a good sensitivity performance with respect to the tracking errors; (v) Both positive and negative couplings are achieved and the coupling coefficient is not limited by 1 in magnitude; (vi) Symmetrical coupling is achieved without necessitating any matching condition; (vii) The proposed circuit has a floating structure.

In this study, a low-voltage design of a new general floating element simulator circuit for realizing floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor (FI), floating capacitor (FC), and floating resistor (FR) simulator, depending on the selection of passive circuit elements, is described. The circuit employs two voltage differencing current conveyors (VDCCs) at low voltage levels (±0.45 V) and three passive components. It does not require any passive element matching. Moreover, the new general floating element simulator can be electronically controllable by changing the bias currents of the VDCCs or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitors. Finally, using one of the described floating element simulator, i.e. FDNR, a fourth-order Butterworth characteristic band-pass filter is simulated via PSPICE using 90 nm, level 7 PTM CMOS technology parameters. The simulations agree with the theoretical analysis.

In this work, a novel voltage-mode (VM) single-input four-output universal filter topology is presented. The proposed structure uses two resistors, two capacitors and only one voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) and generates all biquadratic filtering functions namely: low-pass (LP), band-pass (BP), high-pass (HP) and band-reject (BR). The quality factor and natural frequency of the filter can be adjusted electronically without changing the values of the passive components. Moreover, the circuit does not require any condition of component matching and has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors of passive components and the active parameter. PSpice simulation results confirm the results of the theoretical analysis.

In this paper a new grounded capacitance multiplier using two Voltage Differencing Current Conveyors (VDCCs), two resistors, and one grounded capacitor is presented. The proposed capacitance multiplier can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the VDCC. Moreover, the circuit does not require any conditions of component matching. The performance of the proposed capacitance multiplier is verified, and simulated by using PSPICE with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters. © 2015 IEEE.

A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single commercially available active component, two resistors and two capacitors is presented. The PID controller circuit has low impedance voltage output which can be easily cascaded with other voltage-mode (VM) structures. The effects caused by the non-ideality of the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) are analyzed. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE simulations.

WOS: 000306287700007, A new circuit configuration for the realisation of an electronically tunable sinusoidal oscillator is presented. The proposed circuit uses only one current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA), two grounded capacitors and one resistor. Using current controlled CBTA (CC-CBTA) instead of the CBTA, the resistor can be completely removed. It has also current-mode (CM) and voltage-mode (VM) outputs, simultaneously. The workability of the proposed structure has been demonstrated by both simulation and experimental results.

35th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP) -- JUL 03-04, 2012 -- Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000308143100081, A voltage-mode multiphase sinusoidal oscillator (MSO) structure using current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is presented. The oscillator can generate n voltage signals (n being even or odd) equally spaced in phase. n+1 CBTAs, n grounded capacitor and a grounded resistor are used for nth-state oscillator. The oscillation frequency can be independently controlled through transconductance (g(m)) of the CBTAs which are adjustable via bias currents. The effects caused by the non-ideality of the CBTA on the oscillation frequency and condition have been analyzed. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated on a third-stage MSO by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.25 mu m TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters., Brno Univ Technol, Dept Telecommun, Budapest Univ Technol & Econom, Dept Telecommun & Media Informat, Karadeniz Tech Univ, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, W Pomeranian Univ Technol, Fac Elect Engn, VSB - Tech Univ Ostrava, Dept Telecommun, Slovak Univ Technol, Inst Telecommun, Univ Ljubljana, Lab Telecommun, Czech Tech Univ Prague, Dept Telecommun Engn, ProfiNET Test s r o, NextiraOne Czech s r o, IEEE, Czechoslovakia Sect, Investment & Business Dev Agcy Czech Republ (CzechInvest), IEEE, [P102/11/P489]; [P102/09/1681], The research described in the paper was supported by projects: GACR P102/11/P489 and P102/09/1681.

21st International Conference on Radioelektronika -- APR 19-20, 2011 -- Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000393151800008, In this paper, a new compact realization of sinusoidal oscillator using modified current backward transconductance amplifier (MCBTA) is reported. The proposed circuit employs a single MCBTA and four passive components including two grounded capacitors. The circuit provides completely de-coupled condition of oscillation (CO) of the frequency of oscillation (FO), i.e. no term in the CO is present in the FO and vice versa. Both the CO and FO are independently tunable by two different grounded resistors. The FO is also tunable by means of the transconductance and thereby is electronically tunable. SPICE simulation results have confirmed the workability of the proposed circuit., Brno Univ Technol, Dept Radio Elect, H TEST a s, Rohde&Schwarz, Freescale semiconductor, HUMUSOFT, Kuiper Forens, MECAS ESI s r o, Natl Instruments, ON Semiconductor, STAR 21 Networks a s, Telemeter Elect s r o, T&m Direct s r o, T-Mobile Czech Republ a s, TransTech Electl s r o, TR instruments spol s r o, [MSM 0021630513]; [GACR P102/09/1681]; [GACR 102/10/P561]; [GACR P102/11/P489], The paper has been supported by projects: MSM 0021630513, GACR P102/09/1681, GACR 102/10/P561, and GACR P102/11/P489.

ProfiNET Test, s. r. o.;T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s., 2011 34th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing, TSP 2011 -- 18 August 2011 through 20 August 2011 -- Budapest -- 87221, In this study novel floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor (FI), floating capacitor and floating resistor simulator circuit employing two CBTAs and three passive components is proposed. The presented circuit can realize floating FDNR, inductor, capacitor or resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed FDNR, inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the CBTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The proposed floating FDNR simulator circuit is demonstrated by using a PSPICE simulation for 0.25 µm TSMC CMOS technology. © 2011 IEEE.

WOS: 000266329400012, In this letter, a new floating inductance simulator circuit is presented. The proposed structure consists of only one grounded capacitor without any external resistors and two different active elements. The active elements are dual-output current-controlled current conveyor (DO-CCCII) and operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The proposed inductance simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the DO-CCCIIs or by changing the current of the OTA. Moreover, the circuit does not require any conditions of component matching. It has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. As an application, the proposed inductance simulator is used to construct a fourth-order resistively terminated LC band-pass filter. The theoretical analysis is verified by the SPICE simulation results. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000262504400004, A new floating immittance function simulator circuit is proposed using two different active elements, a dual-output second generation current conveyor (DO-CCII) and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The presented circuit can realize a positive and negative floating inductor, capacitor and resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed positive and negative inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the OTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The proposed floating inductor simulator circuit is demonstrated by using a SPICE simulation for 0.35 mu m TSMC CMOS technology. The proposed circuit consumes an average power of 1 mW using +/- 1.5 V supply voltages.

European Conference on Circuit Theory Design -- AUG 23-27, 2009 -- Antalya, TURKEY, WOS: 000276473700034, In this paper, current-mode filter using new active component, namely; current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) is presented. The proposed filter uses two resistors, two capacitors and only one CBTA. It has low active and passive sensitivities. The validity of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results.

WOS: 000275012900009, In this study, current and voltage transfer function filters using single active component, namely, current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) are presented. The proposed structures are a single-input three outputs (SITO) current-transfer function filter, a single-input four-output (SIFO) voltage transfer function filter and three-input single-output (TISO) voltage transfer function filter. The proposed filters have low active and passive sensitivities and use canonical number of electronics components. The validity of the proposed circuits is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results. Operation range of the CBTA and its parasitic effects are also discussed.