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1. Inoculation of mother’s own milk could personalize pasteurized donor human milk used for feeding preterm infants

Author

Orsola Amato, I. De Noni, P. Piemontese, Chiara Tabasso, Nadia Liotto, Domenica Mallardi, M. Stuknyte, Stefano Morandi, Valentina Pica, Paola Roggero, Fabio Mosca, Filippo Biscarini, Paola Cremonesi, Bianca Castiglioni, and Tiziana Silvetti

Subjects
Firmicutes, Pasteurization, Mothers, Mother’s own milk, Biology, Bacterial growth, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, fluids and secretions, law, Peptidomic profile, Humans, Microbiome, Food science, Incubation, Milk, Human, Inoculation, Research, Human milk microbiome, Infant, Newborn, Infant, food and beverages, Preterm infants, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Tissue Donors, Lactic acid, chemistry, Medicine, Female, Donor human milk, Bacteria, Infant, Premature
Abstract

BackgroundHuman milk is a vehicle for bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria which promote the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome of newborns, especially of preterm infants. Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is the second-best option when preterm mother’s own milk is unavailable. Since pasteurization affect the microbiological quality of donor milk, PDHM was inoculated with different preterm milk samples and then incubated, in order to evaluate the effect in terms of bacterial growth, human milk microbiome and proteolytic phenomena.MethodsIn an in-vitro study PDHM was inoculated at 10% v/v using ten preterm milk samples. Microbiological, metataxonomic and peptidomic analyses, on preterm milk samples at the baseline (T0), on PDHM and on inoculated milk (IM) samples at T0, after 2 h (T1) and 4 h (T2) of incubation at 37 °C, were conducted.ResultsIM samples at T2 showed a Total Bacterial Count not significantly different (p > 0.01) compared to preterm milk samples. At T2 lactic acid bacteria level was restored in all IM. After inoculation, metataxonomic analysis in IM samples showed that Proteobacteria remained the predominant phylum while Firmicutes moved from 3% at T1 to 9.4% at T2. Peptidomic profile of IM resembled that of PDHM, incubated for the same time, in terms of number and type of peptides.ConclusionThe study demonstrated that inoculation of PDHM with mother’s own milk could restore bacterial growth and personalize human milk microbiome in PDHM. This effect could be beneficial because of the presence of maternal probiotic bacteria which make PDHM more similar to mother’s own milk.

Published
2021

2. Integrated biochemical and chemical processing of municipal bio-based waste to obtain bio based products for multiple uses. The case of soil remediation

Author

Silvia Tabasso, Enzo Montoneri, Roberto Nisticò, Marco Ginepro, Lorenzo Tomasso, Matteo Francavilla, Tabasso, S, Ginepro, M, Tomasso, L, Montoneri, E, Nistico', R, and Francavilla, M

Subjects
Biopolymer, CHIM/03 - CHIMICA GENERALE ED INORGANICA, Strategy and Management, Raw material, engineering.material, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, law.invention, Biopolymers, law, Filtration, General Environmental Science, Pollutant, Soil washing, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Compost, Extraction (chemistry), Municipal bio-waste, Heavy metals, Pulp and paper industry, Heavy metal, Digestate, engineering, Environmental science, Value added, Sludge
Abstract

In line with the Green Supply Chain Management, Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Natural-Resource-Based Views (NRBV), the present study is as further step of a long range research program initiated in 2004. The project aims to demonstrate municipal bio-waste (MBW) as feedstock to produce bio based chemicals alternative to fossil sourced products. Previous work demonstrated MBW as source of polymeric biosurfactants (BPS) with multiple properties for use in chemical and agriculture sectors. The present paper reports now a new BPS feature, i.e. that BPS are efficient active principles for soil remediation. The study involves three BPS obtained by alkaline hydrolysis from different streams of an MBW treatment plant: the anaerobic digestate of food kitchen waste (FORSUD), the compost (CV) of gardening residues and the compost (CVDF) of a mix of gardening residues, digestate and sewage sludge. The BPS have 5 to over 750 kg/mol molecular weight, characterized by the presence of aliphatic C chains substituted by aromatic moieties and several different acid and basic functional groups. They were used at 0.1–100 g L−1 in aqueous solution to wash soil sampled from an Italian metal polluted site. Collected data statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA. The recovered washing solutions were analyzed for Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb. The 50–100 g/L CVDF BPS solutions exhibited 98-81% extraction efficiency, compared to 70-60% for CV and FORSUD. Compared to conventional commercial extractants, CVDF BPS extraction efficiency ranked as CVDF = diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid > ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid > sodium dodecyl sulphate. A new two steps process was studied: (1) use of BPS solution for washing the polluted soil; (2) treating the recovered solution by acidification and membrane filtration to separate a pollutant concentrate from water for further use. Results indicate membrane filtration more efficient and/or sustainable. They confirm BPS as value added products upgrading MBW from societal cost to source of benefits.

Published
2020

3. Inoculation of Mother’s Own Milk Could Personalize Microbiological, Metataxonomic and Peptidomic Profile of Pasteurized Donor Human Milk Used for Feeding Preterm Infants

Author

Nadia Liotto, Bianca Castiglioni, Pasqua Piemontese, M. Stuknyte, Tiziana Silvetti, Stefano Morandi, Paola Cremonesi, Chiara Tabasso, Orsola Amato, Valentina Pica, Paola Roggero, Fabio Mosca, Filippo Biscarini, Domenica Mallardi, and Ivano De Noni

Subjects
Inoculation, business.industry, human milk, microbiome, food and beverages, Pasteurization, law.invention, fluids and secretions, law, pasteurized donor milk, Medicine, preterm infants, Food science, business
Abstract

Background Human milk is a vehicle of bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria which promote the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome of newborns, especially of preterm infants. Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is the second-best option when preterm mother’s own milk is unavailable. Since pasteurization affect the quality of donor milk, the effect on bacterial growth, human milk microbiota diversity and proteolytic phenomena in PDHM inoculated with different preterm milk samples, was evaluated. Methods Ten preterm milk samples was used to perform inoculation of PDHM at 10% v/v. Microbiological, metataxonomic and peptidomic analysis, on preterm milk samples at the baseline (T0) and PDHM and inoculated milk (IM) samples at T0, after 2h (T1) and 4h (T2) of incubation at 37°C, were conducted. Results IM samples at T2 showed a Total Bacterial Count not significantly different (p > 0.01) compared to preterm milk samples. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level was restored in all IM at T2. After inoculation, metataxonomic analysis showed that Proteobacteria remained the predominant phylum while Firmicutes moved from 3% at T1 to 9.4% at T2 in IM samples. Peptidomic profile of IM resembled that of PDHM incubated for the same time in terms of number and type of peptides. Conclusion The study demonstrated that inoculation with fresh mother’s own milk could restore bacterial growth and personalize human milk microbiome in PDHM. This effect could be beneficial thanks to the presence of maternal probiotic bacteria which make PDHM more similar to mother’s own milk.

Published
2021

4. Effect of protein fortification on heat damage and occurrence of β-casomorphins in (un)digested donor human milk intended for nutrition of preterm infants

Author

Chiara Tabasso, Valentina Pica, Stefano Cattaneo, Ivano De Noni, Milda Stuknytė, Paola Roggero, Fabio Masotti, and Domenica Mallardi

Subjects
Hot Temperature, Fortification, Pasteurization, Lysinoalanine, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, 0404 agricultural biotechnology, law, Norleucine, Medicine, Animals, Humans, Pyrroles, Food science, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk, Human, business.industry, Lysine, 010401 analytical chemistry, Infant, Newborn, Infant nutrition, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, In vitro digestion, Milk Proteins, 040401 food science, 0104 chemical sciences, Term Infant, Food, Fortified, Cattle, Digestion, Female, Endorphins, business, Infant, Premature, Food Science
Abstract

Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) for preterm infant nutrition is fortified with hydrolyzates of cow's milk proteins, which have been poorly investigated in relation to heat-damage and occurrence of the bioactive peptides β-casomorphins (BCMs). Therefore, thermal protein modifications of three commercial fortifiers were assessed by measuring well-recognized indexes of heat load. The fortifiers did not contain pyrraline, whereas furosine and lysinoalanine levels roughly overlapped the lowest values reported for liquid formulas addressed to term infant nutrition. Bovine BCMs 3 to 7 and human BCMs 3 to 9 were searched. Bovine BCMs 3, 4, 6 and 7 were found in the undigested fortifiers. Following in vitro digestion simulating the digestive conditions of premature infant, bovine BCMs still occurred in fortified PDHM; the human BCMs 3, 7, 8 and 9 formed. Overall, these results better address the nutritional features of protein fortifiers and fortified PDHM intended for nutrition of preterm infants.

Published
2019

5. Macronutrient content of pooled donor human milk before and after Holder pasteurization

Author

Pasqua Piemontese, Camilla Menis, Paola Roggero, Chiara Tabasso, Michela Perrone, Fabio Mosca, Nadia Liotto, and Domenica Mallardi

Subjects
Fortification, Pasteurization, Lactose, law.invention, Hop (networking), Tailored fortification, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, law, 030225 pediatrics, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Food science, Holder pasteurization, Milk, Human, business.industry, lcsh:RJ1-570, lcsh:Pediatrics, Nutrients, Milk Proteins, Lipids, Tissue Donors, Nutrient content, chemistry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Donor human milk, Macronutrients, business, Infant, Premature, Research Article
Abstract

Background Donor human milk (DHM) is the best alternative for preterm infants when their own mother’s milk is unavailable. DHM should be pasteurized to guarantee microbiological safety; however, this process can influence the macronutrient content. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Holder pasteurization (HoP) on DHM macronutrient content. Methods Protein, lactose, lipids (g/100 ml) and energy (kcal/100 ml) of DHM pools were analysed before and after HoP (62.5 °C for 30 min) using mid-infrared spectroscopy (HM analyser Miris AB®). The mean macronutrient content before and after HoP was compared by paired t-test. The percentage decreases (Delta%) were calculated. Results The change in macronutrient content of 460 pools was determined. Protein, lipids and lactose decreased significantly after HoP (0.88 ± 0.20 vs 0.86 ± 0.20 and 2.91 ± 0.89 vs 2.75 ± 0.84 and 7.19 ± 0.41 vs 7.11 ± 0.48 respectively). The Delta% values were − 2.51 ± 13.12, − 4.79 ± 9.47 and − 0.92 ± 5.92 for protein, lipids and lactose, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion This study confirms that the macronutrient content of DHM, especially in terms of lipids and protein, is reduced after HoP. Therefore, in order to perform a tailored fortification of DHM, the clinicians need to be aware of the somewhat diminished nutrient content of DHM.

Published
2019

6. Conceptual design of a component test facility based on the spherical tokamak

Author

A. Kirk, A. Dnestrovskij, D. Sychugov, P.J. Knight, S. Davis, Michael Loughlin, H. R. Wilson, M.H. O’brien, G.M. Voss, and A. Tabasso

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Spherical tokamak, Fusion power, Blanket, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electromagnetic coil, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A small steady state spherical tokamak (ST) offers an attractive system for producing simultaneously the neutron, particle and heat fluxes necessary to effectively test and optimise blanket modules, first wall structures and other components under the required fusion power plant conditions. This component test facility (CTF) would complement and extend the qualification of materials by IFMIF and could operate in association with DEMO thus reducing the risk of delays, and extending the options, during this crucial stage of the development of commercial fusion power. The ST-CTF offers many advantages including low tritium consumption, ease of maintenance and a compact assembly and would operate in a strongly driven mode in which Q ∼ 1. The current drive would be provided by a mix of bootstrap current and neutral beam injection systems. The blanket modules under test are removed and replaced using a casking system and the entire centre column assembly can be relatively easily removed via a hydraulic lift system beneath the tokamak assembly. The single turn toroidal field coil has a water-cooled copper centre rod with multiple return limbs, which requires a low voltage, high current power supply. The poloidal field coils are also water-cooled but use a glass fibre reinforced cyanate ester resin insulation that offers higher radiation resistance and higher operating temperatures than the conventional epoxy resin systems. When operated in L-mode most of the exhaust power is directed to the outer legs of the double null divertor configuration where high power densities and high material erosion rates are developed. A novel divertor target based on the use of a cascading flow of pebbles is one option being developed for this application.

Published
2008

7. MAST and the impact of low aspect ratio on tokamak physics

Author

S. Gee, T. Pinfold, K.B. Axon, A. W. Morris, J.-W. Ahn, G.M. Voss, M. R. Dunstan, G. Cunningham, R.J. Akers, S. Shibaev, N. J. Conway, R. Scannell, D. Ciric, Josef Preinhaelter, F Lott, R.J. Buttery, N. Joiner, D Applegate, A Turner, V. A. Rozhansky, S. E. Sharapov, Per Helander, S. Saarelma, C. Brickley, C. A. Bunting, Matthew Hole, M. Valovic, L.C. Appel, Vladimir Shevchenko, Francesco Volpe, J. Storrs, G. McArdle, Ecrh Teams, A. Kirk, S.J. Manhood, Romualdo Martín, A. Saveliev, B. Lloyd, M Nelson, C. D. Challis, G. P. Maddison, M. J. Walsh, Yu.F. Baranov, H. R. Wilson, Benjamin Daniel Dudson, A. Darke, A. Dnestrovskij, Mikhail Gryaznevich, P. G. Carolan, A. R. Field, M. Price, C. M. Roach, G. Turri, K. Stammers, D Taylor, J. Dowling, A. Tabasso, M. Cox, M. O’Brien, M. R. Tournianski, A. Patel, D. L. Keeling, A. Sykes, K. G. McClements, M Wisse, G. F. Counsell, H. F. Meyer, T. C. Hender, I. Lehane, and J. R. Watkins

Subjects
Physics, Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak, education.field_of_study, Tokamak, Population, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Pinch, Atomic physics, education, Plasma stability, Scaling
Abstract

Low aspect ratio plasmas in devices such as the mega ampere spherical tokamak (MAST) are characterized by strong toroidicity, strong shaping and self fields, low magnetic field, high beta, large plasma flow and high intrinsic E × B flow shear. These characteristics have important effects on plasma behaviour, provide a stringent test of theories and scaling laws and offer new insight into underlying physical processes, often through the amplification of effects present in conventional tokamaks (e.g. impact of fuelling source and magnetic geometry on H-mode access). The enhancement of neoclassical effects makes MAST ideal for the study of particle pinch processes and neoclassical resistivity corrections, which can be assessed with unique accuracy. MAST data have an important influence on scaling laws for confinement and H-mode threshold power, exerting strong leverage on the form of these scaling laws (e.g. scaling with aspect ratio, beta, magnetic field, etc). The high intrinsic flow shear is conducive to transport barrier formation by turbulence suppression. Internal transport barriers are readily formed in MAST with both co- and counter-NBI, and electron and ion thermal diffusivities have been reduced to the ion neoclassical level. The strong variation in toroidal field (~ × 5 in MAST) between the inboard and outboard plasma edges, provides a useful test of edge models prompting, for example, a comparison of inboard and outboard scrape-off-layer transport to highlight magnetic field effects. Low aspect ratio plasmas are also an ideal testing ground for plasma instabilities, such as neoclassical tearing modes, edge localized modes (ELMs) and Alfven eigenmodes, which are readily generated due to the supra-Alfvenic ion population. Examples of how MAST is providing new insights into such instabilities (e.g. ELM structure) are described.

Published
2004

8. Exhaust, ELM, and halo physics using the MAST tokamak

Author

G.F Counsell, J.-W Ahn, R.H Cohen, A Kirk, P Helander, R Martin, D.D Ryutov, A Tabasso, H.R Wilson, Y Yang, and the MAST team

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Toroid, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Computational physics, Nuclear physics, Heat flux, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Halo
Abstract

The scrape-off layer (SOL) and divertor target plasma of a large spherical tokamak (ST) are characterized in detail for the first time. Scalings for the SOL heat flux width in MAST are developed and compared with conventional tokamaks. Modelling reveals the significance of the mirror force to the ST SOL. Core energy losses, including during ELMs, in MAST arrive predominantly (>80%) at the outboard targets in all geometries. Convective transport dominates energy losses during ELMs, and MHD analysis suggests ELMs in MAST are Type III even at auxiliary heating powers well above the L–H threshold. ELMs are associated with a poloidally and/or toroidally localized radial efflux at ~1 km s−1 well into the far SOL but not with any broadening of the target heat flux width. Toroidally asymmetric divertor biasing experiments have been conducted in an attempt to broaden the target heat flux width, with promising results. During vertical displacement events, the maximum product of the toroidal peaking factor and halo current fraction remains below 0.3, around half the ITER design limit. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the resistance of the halo current path may have an impact on the distribution of the halo current.

Published
2003

9. Next-step-targeted experiments on the Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak

Author

R. J. Akers, H. F. Meyer, A. W. Morris, A. Kirk, M. Valovic, A. Dnestrovskij, H. R. Wilson, T. C. Hender, A. R. Field, A. Tabasso, A. Sykes, G. M. Voss, G. F. Counsell, G. Cunningham, B. Lloyd, and Mikhail Gryaznevich

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Tokamak, Thermonuclear fusion, law, Divertor, Nuclear fusion, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Bootstrap current
Abstract

Since its first physics campaign, the principal parameters on MAST (Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak) [A. Sykes et al., Nuclear Fusion 41, 1423 (2001)] have been brought up towards their design values. Considerable advances have been made in a range of physics areas of direct relevance to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) [ITER Physics Basis, Nuclear Fusion 39, 2175 (1999)]. In this paper, results on H-mode access, global confinement and pedestal studies are presented and compared with conventional aspect ratio tokamak scalings. Physics and engineering requirements relevant to next step spherical tokamak devices are discussed, in particular the plasma formation, current ramp-up and sustainment, and plasma exhaust. Results of first experiments directly targeting these issues are presented: Plasma current up to 0.5 MA has been produced without use of the central solenoid flux, and current ramp-up and sustainment without use of the central solenoid flux has been demonstrated. Experiments on neutral beam heating and current drive (CD) demonstrate up to 50% bootstrap current fraction and good CD efficiency, and divertor power loading has been found to be tolerable and have a favorable outboard asymmetry.

Published
2003

10. Observations of hydrocarbon film deposition in the MAST tokamak

Author

J.P. Coad, A. Tabasso, G. F. Counsell, and D.E. Hole

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Divertor, Plasma, Fusion power, Spherical tokamak, law.invention, Nuclear physics, symbols.namesake, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Sputtering, Nuclear reaction analysis, symbols, Langmuir probe, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Two divertor tiles from the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) were analysed using interference fringe analysis, nuclear reaction analysis and Rutherford backscattering analysis. The analysis allowed the quantification of the co-deposited layers thickness of the deuterium and carbon mixture and the detection of the presence of other impurities such as oxygen and iron. A layer thickness varying from 10 to 270 nm was measured with a typical D/(D+C) ratio of ≈0.36. During the same campaign in which the analysed divertor tiles were exposed to the plasma, the ion flux to the divertor plates has been measured by a set of Langmuir probes mounted on the divertor ribs. This paper shows that the sputtering co-efficient that can be inferred from the ion fluences measured by the probes and by the redeposition of C in those amorphous layers is consistent with physical and chemical sputtering yields in conventional tokamaks. This paper reports the beginning and the intended developments of a project undertaken in MAST to study and quantify the phenomena of plasma surface interaction both at the walls and at the divertor of the machine in order to contribute to the material choice and design of the plasma facing components of a next step device such as ITER.

Published
2002

11. H-mode access and performance in the Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak

Author

K.B. Axon, A. W. Morris, D. Ciric, R.J. Buttery, R. J. Akers, J.-W. Ahn, G. F. Counsell, S.J. Fielding, I. Lehane, A. Kirk, S.J. Manhood, T. Pinfold, S. Gee, B. Lloyd, M. J. Walsh, N. J. Conway, E. R. Arends, Nbi Team, A. Tabasso, S. Warder, Vladimir Shevchenko, L. Appel, M. P. S. Nightingale, Matthew Hole, M. Valovic, C. Ribeiro, M. Price, J. R. Watkins, Mikhail Gryaznevich, A. R. Field, S. Shibaev, M. A. McGrath, A. Sykes, Mast Team, Romualdo Martín, G. Cunningham, C. Byrom, Setthivoine You, D Taylor, H. F. Meyer, J. Dowling, G. McArdle, M. R. Tournianski, P. G. Carolan, and H. R. Wilson

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, law, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Fusion power, Spherical tokamak, Low frequency, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Scaling, Neutral beam injection, law.invention
Abstract

Spontaneous transitions from the low “L-mode” to high “H-mode” of tokamak plasma confinement, first observed during neutral beam heating experiments on ASDEX, are now routinely achieved in many tokamak experiments. The H-mode regime is attractive as it offers the possibility of enhanced confinement, and thus a route towards a more “compact” and cost-efficient fusion power-plant. Transition to H-mode is now routinely achievable in the Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) [A. C. Darke et al., Fusion Technology 1994 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995), Vol. 1, p. 799] for both Ohmically and neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas (PNBI∼0.5–1.7 MW). H-mode plasmas can be either center stack limited or X-point diverted, exhibiting regular Type III edge localized modes (ELMs). Global confinement in H-mode with low frequency ELMs is consistent with the international IPB(y,2) scaling and exceeds the scaling by a factor ∼1.5–2.0 for high performance discharges. Confinement degrades with increasing ELM frequency (which in...

Published
2002

12. Boundary plasma and divertor phenomena in MAST

Author

G. F. Counsell, Y. Yang, A. Kirk, A. Tabasso, and J.-W. Ahn

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Mechanics, Auxiliary heating, Plasma, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic flux, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Particle flux
Abstract

The boundary and divertor plasma of a large spherical tokamak (ST), with significant auxilliary heating, is explored in detail for the first time. The extreme geometry of the ST is found to play a key role, giving rise to strong asymmetries in the transport of heat and particle fluxes (including those during ELMs) towards the outer divertor targets. Preliminary modelling reveals the very significant contribution of magnetic flux expansion to the particle flux balance of the ST scrape-off layer. Divertor detachment at the inboard targets is observed in L-mode at moderate core densities for plasmas with up to 1 MW of auxilliary heating.

Published
2002

13. H-mode plasmas in the MAST spherical tokamak

Author

A R Field, P G Carolan, R J Akers, E R Arends, K Axon, R J Buttery, N J Conway, G F Counsell, G Cunningham, S J Fielding, M Gryaznevich, A Kirk, I P Lehane, B Lloyd, M A McGrath, H Meyer, C Ribeiro, A Sykes, A Tabasso, M R Tournianski, M Valovic, M J Walsh, H R Wilson, the MAST, and NBI Teams

Subjects
Physics, Mast (sailing), Tokamak, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Atomic physics, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, Order of magnitude, Plasma current, law.invention
Abstract

Operating scenarios in the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) have been recently developed to access routinely H-mode plasmas over a wide range of plasma conditions. Gas refuelling at the inboard mid-plane has proved invaluable in facilitating L- to H-mode transitions. Already, a comprehensive range of H-mode behaviour has been observed providing similar and contrasting comparisons with conventional tokamaks. For example, similarities are found in H-mode edge and global evolutions, increases in confinement and ELM behaviour. In contrast, H-mode threshold powers are about an order of magnitude higher in MAST than those predicted by conventional aspect ratio tokamak scalings. At the highest β θ values obtained so far, transient confinement times of ∼100 ms are achieved and calculations indicate that bootstrap currents may approach 50% of the plasma current.

Published
2002

14. Plasma–wall interaction at the ASDEX Upgrade tungsten heat shield

Author

K. Krieger, R. Neu, V. Rohde, H. Maier, and A. Tabasso

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Heat shield, General Materials Science, Plasma-facing material, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The suitability of tungsten as plasma facing material for main chamber and baffle components was investigated in ASDEX Upgrade. In an initial step four W-coated graphite test tiles were employed at different poloidal positions of the inner column heat shield structure for a full experimental campaign. Tungsten erosion rates were determined by ion beam analysis of the test tiles before and after the campaign. The results are compared to predictions assuming CX sputtering as main erosion mechanism. In a second step the machine was operated with two toroidal rows of W-coated graphite tiles. The experimental campaign was started without wall conditioning by siliconization to ensure a clean tungsten surface exposed to the plasma. Tungsten influx and plasma concentration were measured spectroscopically. Tungsten migration was determined by ion beam analysis of collector probes exposed in the outer midplane and the outer divertor plate. In all important discharge scenarios the W-concentration stayed below the detection limit of ≈5×10−6. Consequently no influence on plasma performance parameters was found, which encourages the use of W for even larger surface areas in the ASDEX Upgrade main chamber.

Published
2001

15. Observation of detachment in the JET MkIIGB divertor using CCD camera tomography

Author

K. Itami, C. Ingesson, W. Fundamenski, P. Coad, G. F. Matthews, A. Tabasso, and J. Lingertat

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Ccd camera, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science, Tomography, Atomic physics, Plasma density
Abstract

In this paper, we discuss Dα and Dγ profiles in a density limit discharge in L-mode. CCD camera tomography was developed, calibrated with KS3 visible spectroscopy and utilized to observe two-dimensional change in Dα and Dγ profiles. A significant difference in Dα profiles was found between the inner and outer divertor. While the Dα profile extended to fill the inner divertor as the plasma density increased, in the outer divertor the Dα profile extended along the separatrix. From the comparison of Dα and Dγ profiles along the separatrix, it was found that recombination became significant and the recycling peak shifted upstream before full detachment of both the inner and outer divertor.

Published
2001

16. Studies of tungsten erosion at the inner and outer main chamber wall of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

K. Krieger, J. Roth, A. Tabasso, and H. Maier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Toroid, Divertor, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Heat shield, General Materials Science
Abstract

A critical issue for the choice of main chamber first wall materials in future fusion devices such as ITER is the erosion rate due to bombardment by charge-exchange (CX) neutrals. Due to the relatively small flux density of impacting particles, respective measurements are only possible using long term samples (LTS) exposed for a full experimental campaign. In ASDEX Upgrade, CX erosion has been studied extensively for tungsten on the inner heat shield by placing four W coated tiles at different poloidal positions in one toroidal sector. During the same campaign, several LTS were placed at different poloidal and toroidal positions of the outer wall. 13 C and Cu coated graphite probes were also used in order to test and compare W low and medium Z alternatives. The erosion results from the probes are compared with the calculated erosion [W. Eckstein, C. Garcia-Rosales, J. Roth, W. Ottenberger IPP Report, IPP 9/82]; [H. Verbeek, J. Stober, D. Coster, W. Eckstein, R. Schneider Nucl. Fus. 38 (1998) 12] and a figure of merit (F. of M.) between several materials is proposed which also takes into account the plasma isotope effect in CX erosion.

Published
2001

17. Experimental determination of the contribution of chemical sputtering of carbon on carbon core concentrations

Author

P.C. Stangeby, Haizhong Guo, D. Elder, R. König, M.F. Stamp, G.M. McCracken, M. von Hellermann, A. G. Meigs, A Tabasso, L. D. Horton, and J. Lingertat

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Divertor, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Fusion power, Methane, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, chemistry, law, General Materials Science, Carbon
Abstract

The effects of a methane puff at three different plasma locations has been compared with a similar deuterium puff in a 2.5 MA, 2.5 T Elmy H-Mode. Changes in edge and core spectroscopic signals have been examined, and show that divertor methane sources are much better screened than wall sources. The intrinsic chemically sputtered methane source from the outer divertor is derived, and shown to account for only about 15% of the carbon in the plasma core. Modelling with EDGE2D/DIVIMP, using 0.5 eV carbon atoms for the methane source, has been performed and compared with the experimental results. The model is found to correspond to the experimental trends, but it underestimates the screening of the wall methane source and overestimates the screening of methane in the divertor.

Published
1999

18. Latest JET results in deuterium and deuterium - tritium plasmas

Author

I. D. Young, N. Bainbridge, N. Dolgetta, R. A. M. Van der Linden, Philip Andrew, S. M. Scott, C. Caldwell-Nichols, R. Reichle, D. Campling, J. Mills, D.F.H. Start, P. G. Doyle, L.-G. Eriksson, A. Taroni, F.G. Rimini, T. Winkel, G. Corrigan, P. Breger, J. J. Davis, W. Zwingmann, M. Cox, L. Scibile, M. Gadeberg, B. Alper, S. Knipe, M.L. Watkins, P. Schild, C. D. Challis, A. Meigs, T. Lovegrove, C. Ingesson, E. Traneus, E. Deksnis, R. Mohanti, P. Miele, D.J. Ward, D. Stork, L. Galbiati, H. E. Clarke, M.A. Pick, B. Fischer, A. M. Edwards, L. Svensson, R. König, W. Parsons, M. De Benedetti, P. Noll, S. Papastergiou, N. C. Hawkes, B. Esposito, D. Ciric, G. McCracken, F. Hurd, A. Burt, R.D. Monk, J.K. Ehrenberg, J.P. Christiansen, A. Vadgama, J. M. Adams, R. D. Gill, J.G. Cordey, A. Gibson, Wolfgang Kerner, P. E. Stott, D. O'Brien, D. Bond, D. Young, T. Elevant, G. Vlases, M. Fichtmuller, R. Ostrom, M. von Hellermann, J. Tait, B. Haist, J.C.M. de Haas, P. Smith, R. Giannella, R. Claesen, N. P. Hawkes, M. Ottaviani, G. Fishpool, A. Howman, P. A. McCullen, A. C. Bell, A. Tabasso, R. Simonini, K. Guenther, N. Zornig, Q. Yu, V. Schmidt, N. Deliyanakis, J. How, Y. Baranov, I. Coffey, Michael Loughlin, S. A. Arshad, B. Patel, B. E. Keen, L. Lauro-Taroni, A. Kaye, P. Kupschus, D. Chiron, Shane Cooper, P. Chuilon, H. Altmann, M. Brandon, T. T. C. Jones, Y. Ul'Haq, D.V. Bartlett, F. Junique, F. Soldner, B. Ingram, C. Terella, R. Smith, G. Newbert, C. Lowry, B. Schunke, B.J.D. Tubbing, L. D. Horton, J. Jacquinot, N. G. Kidd, P. Card, J.P. Coad, P.R. Thomas, P. Barker, F. Nave, A. Sibley, P. Stangeby, T. P. Hughes, R. Parkinson, G.A. Cottrell, C. F. Maggi, S. E. Sharapov, R. Saunders, C. Gowers, A. Gondhalekar, J.A. Hoekzema, D. Wilson, A. Tanga, H. Brelen, E. Springmann, A.W. Edwards, S. J. Davies, K. Fullard, D. Martin, L. Roquemore, Ambrogio Fasoli, R. Walton, P.D. Morgan, A. Peacock, G. Murphy, J. G. Krom, W. Zhang, M. Salisbury, S. Clement, C. Gormezano, P. Nielsen, K. D. Lawson, G. Conway, M. J. Watson, D. Godden, O. Pogutse, G. Saibene, H. Guo, T. Wade, J. W. Farthing, J. L. Hemmerich, P. Svensson, S. Puppin, S. K. Erents, J.A. Dobbing, M. Johnson, P. Strachen, Henrik Bindslev, L. Rossi, P. Twyman, K. Blackler, H. Jaeckel, T. Bonicelli, S. E. Dorling, G. Matthews, M. L. Browne, B. Schokker, P. van Belle, A. C. Maas, J. F. Jaeger, H. Duquenoy, A. Rolfe, H. McBryan, P. Ageladarakis, Filippo Sartori, O.N. Jarvis, S. Ericsson, T. Hender, A. Paynter, T. Businaro, V. Riccardo, M. Huart, M. J. Mantsinen, F. Milani, A. Rossi, M. Keilhacker, P. Brennan, P. J. Lomas, Robin Barnsley, Annika Ekedahl, M. Endler, G. Radford, J. F. Junger, A. V. Chankin, P. Stubberfield, Jan Egedal, E. M. Jones, N. Davies, H.P.L. de Esch, B. Balet, D.D.R. Summers, C. Perry, A. Santagiustina, G. T. A. Huysmans, V. V. Parail, K. Thomsen, D. Bailey, J. Mart, A. Dines, M. Irving, G.J. Sadler, V.P. Bhatnagar, E. Righi, E. Oord, R. Stagg, A. C. C. Sips, W. J. Brewerton, R. T. Ross, H. D. Falter, F. Jensen, Sean Conroy, V. Marchese, Nicholas Watkins, M. Lennholm, J. Spence, M.F. Stamp, T. Budd, P. J. Harbour, M. Schmid, M. Buzio, B. Macklin, S. L. Dmitrenko, P. Smeulders, R. Middleton, D.H.J. Goodall, F.B. Marcus, J. Dorr, S. J. Cox, K.-D. Zastrow, A. Perevezentsev, A. J. Bickley, R. J. H. Pearce, D. N. Borba, M. Tabellini, J. Lingertat, E. Bertolini, R. Cusack, R. Lasser, J. Plancoulaine, N. Peacock, M. Wheatley, J. Ellis, M. Baronian, R. Prentice, A. Haigh, W. Obert, and C. J. Hancock

Subjects
Jet (fluid), Materials science, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Shear (sheet metal), Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Tritium, Neutron
Abstract

All major JET systems have been fully commissioned for D-T and the DTE1 series of experiments has started with the D-T fuel mixture and operating conditions foreseen for ITER. In the area of ITER physics, significant results have been produced in both D-D and D-T. In D-D, the LH threshold power database has been extended, the bounds on edge-electron temperature and density in ELMy H-modes have been defined and the advantages of Types I and III ELMy discharges have been compared. In D-T plasmas, the isotope effect on H-mode threshold power and transport has been determined so that a more accurate assessment can be made of the ignition margin and heating requirements for ITER. Trace tritium experiments have provided first particle transport measurements and an assessment of the ITER reference ion-cyclotron resonance-frequency heating scenarios has been started, In the area of fusion performance, record D-D neutron yields have been obtained by controlling the plasma and current profiles in hot ion ELM-free H-modes and optimized shear modes. In D-T, internal transport barriers have been readily established in optimized shear discharges and Alfven eigenmodes have been observed.

Published
1997

19. Acoustic emission monitoring to study sodium sulphate crystallization in monumental porous carbonate stones

Author

L. M. Suárez Del Río, M. Montoto, M. Laurenzi-Tabasso, C. M. Grossi, and R. M. Esbert

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Sodium, Salt (chemistry), Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Conservation, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Acoustic emission, law, Sodium sulfate, Carbonate, Composite material, Crystallization, Porosity, Porous medium
Abstract

Soluble salts inside porous stone can induce stresses. Under these circumstances, elastic waves (acoustic emission/microseismic activity, AE/MS) can be generated spontaneously. In the present study, acoustic emission monitoring of salt crystallization tests performed on monumental stones was carried out in order to determine the deterioration processes occurring during the test. The studied materials were porous carbonate stones from Spanish monuments with different porosity and pore opening radius distribution. Sodium sulphate was the selected salt. AE/MS recorded during the different cycle stages (immersion, drying and cooling) was related to sodium sulphate characteristics and pore space characteristics of the stones.

Published
1997

20. Results from the MAST spherical tokamak

Author

D Taylor, C. Byrom, R. J. Akers, M. B. Hood, I. Lehane, S.J. Fielding, K. Stammers, G. Cunningham, E. R. Arends, G.J. McArdle, H. R. Wilson, C. Ribeiro, A. W. Morris, Mikhail Gryaznevich, A. Kirk, S.J. Manhood, M. R. Tournianski, G. F. Counsell, M. J. Walsh, P. G. Carolan, R.J. Buttery, A. Sykes, J. Dowling, R.J. Hayward, S. Warder, Romualdo Martín, M. Valovic, D.C. Robinson, N. J. Conway, D. Ciric, A. R. Field, M. Price, J.-W. Ahn, Vladimir Shevchenko, G. P. Maddison, G.M. Voss, Per Helander, T. Pinfold, K.B. Axon, S. Gee, M. R. Dunstan, M. Mgrath, A. Tabasso, M. Cox, H. F. Meyer, A. Darke, M. P. S. Nightingale, and B. Lloyd

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Mast (sailing), Tokamak, High plasma, law, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Plasma diagnostics, Spherical tokamak, Plasma density, law.invention
Abstract

The MAST (Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak) experiment has been operational since Jan 2000. Results from MAST are important both in evaluating the potential of future ST fusion devices, and in developing understanding of processes relevant to conventional aspect ratio tokamaks. In this paper methods of initiating, ramping up, and sustaining the high plasma currents associated with ST fusion devices are discussed. New physics results, including the effectiveness of inboard gas puffing, the threshold power required for the L-H transition, and the 'natural' divertor configuration are given. Plans for improvements during 2002 are outlined.

Published
2003

21. A review of plasma boundary phenomena in the mega ampere spherical tokamak

Author

A. Kirk, R.J. Akers, H. R. Wilson, S.J. Fielding, H. F. Meyer, A. Tabasso, G. F. Counsell, Per Helander, Y. Yang, E. R. Arends, and J.-W. Ahn

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak, Tokamak, Chemistry, Divertor, Biasing, Plasma, Fusion power, Wetted area, Spherical tokamak, law.invention, Computational physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, General Materials Science
Abstract

Enhanced diagnostics and an expanded operational space in Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) has lead to a wealth of data on the plasma boundary becoming available over the last year of operations and has significantly advanced the understanding of this region in the spherical tokamak and, more generally, is contributing to an improved understanding of the underlying plasma phenomena for this important region of the tokamak. Amongst the observations reported in this paper are that MAST is able to achieve simultaneous high confinement and high density with Type III ELMs for connected double-null discharges in which most (>93%) of the power efflux from the core observed at the targets (including during ELMs) arrives at the large wetted area outboard targets and is evenly distributed between the upper and lower divertor regions. Significant particle fluxes are reported well beyond the outboard separatrix during ELMs (up to 20 cm distant from the plasma) and appear to be associated with the radial expansion of a localised structure at around 1 km s −1 . The result of preliminary experiments to broaden the SOL by asymmetric divertor biasing are also presented which show an encouraging, qualitative agreement with theory and demonstrate clear evidence for both SOL broadening and target power reduction.

Published
2003

22. The poloidal distribution of turbulent fluctuations in the Mega-Ampère Spherical Tokamak

Author

A. Kirk, G. F. Counsell, Y. Yang, J.-W. Ahn, G. Antar, M. Price, and A. Tabasso

Subjects
Physics, Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak, Turbulence, Divertor, Plasma, Spherical tokamak, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Computational physics, Radial velocity, symbols.namesake, law, Intermittency, symbols, Langmuir probe, Atomic physics
Abstract

Recently, it was shown that intermittency observed in magnetic fusion devices is caused by large-scales events with high radial velocity reaching about 1∕10th of the sound speed (called avaloids or blobs) [G. Antar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 065001 (2001)]. In the present paper, the poloidal distribution of turbulence is investigated on the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak [A. Sykes et al., Phys. Plasmas 8 2101 (2001)]. To achieve our goal, target probes that span the divertor strike points are used and one reciprocating probe at the midplane. Moreover, a fast imaging camera that can reach 10μs exposure time looks tangentially at the plasma allowing us to view a poloidal cut of the plasma. The two diagnostics allow us to have a rather accurate description of the particle transport in the poloidal plane for L-mode discharges. Turbulence properties at the low-field midplane scrape-off layer are discussed and compared to other poloidal positions. On the low-field target divertor plates, avaloids bursty signatu...

Published
2005

23. Steady state advanced scenarios at ASDEX Upgrade

Author

Michael Kaufmann, H. D. Murmann, Thomas Zehetbauer, Dirk Hartmann, Marco Brambilla, W. Kraus, J. Neuhauser, S. Riondato, H. Maier, J. Gafert, F. Leuterer, D. Merkl, A. Lorenz, J. Gernhardt, R. Riedl, J.-M. Noterdaeme, H. W. Müller, Philipp Lauber, Julia Fuchs, W. Becker, A. Bergmann, Gerhard Raupp, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, F. Ryter, J. Stober, A. C. C. Sips, H. Zohm, D. Meisel, O. J. W. F. Kardaun, K. K. Kirov, R. Kochergov, C. F. Maggi, P. Franzen, D. Wagner, S. D. Pinches, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, A. Lohs, Alexander Kendl, G. Pautasso, H. Kollotzek, V. Rohde, R. Arslanbekov, U. Wenzel, K. Krieger, Martin Jakobi, W. Treutterer, Sibylle Günter, A. Gude, T. Ribeiro, G. Neu, F. Hofmeister, Frank Jenko, T. Eich, F. Wesner, G. Gantenbein, Bastiaan J. Braams, W. Suttrop, Peter Lang, S. Schade, E. Strumberger, H. P. Zehrfeld, G. V. Pereverzev, L. D. Horton, K. Engelhardt, Patrick J. McCarthy, O. Vollmer, F. Braun, K. Mank, S.M. Egorov, M. Münich, S. Saarelma, A. Tabasso, M. Foley, Robert Wolf, G. Becker, C. Sihler, O. Gruber, K.-H. Steuer, A. G. Peeters, S. Schweizer, K.H. Behringer, R. Bilato, Bruce D. Scott, Helmut Faugel, E. Wolfrum, M. Troppmann, Q. Yu, A. Keller, S. Sesnic, Martin Laux, G. Haas, R. Drube, A. Mück, E. Speth, R. Dux, D. P. Coster, O. Gehre, C. Tichmann, E. Quigley, B. Kurzan, J. Hobirk, J. Roth, R. Merkel, D. Bolshukhin, K. F. Mast, H.-U. Fahrbach, Bernd Heinemann, M. E. Manso, H. Hohenöcker, A. Stäbler, Emanuele Poli, H. B. Schilling, V. Mertens, F. Monaco, P. Varela, U. Seidel, A. Buhler, C. Atanasiu, Fernando Meo, B. Heger, K. B. Fournier, V. Igochine, M. Proschek, M. Maraschek, D. Jacobi, W. Sandmann, A. Kallenbach, A. Geier, G. Tardini, R. Neu, G. Schramm, K. Borrass, K. Behler, A. Tanga, D. Zasche, Y.-S. Na, Ursel Fantz, F. Serra, I. Nunes, H. Meister, B. Streibl, Junghee Kim, R. Pugno, Albrecht Herrmann, Garrard Conway, and E. Würsching

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Atomic physics, Edge-localized mode
Abstract

Recent experiments at ASDEX Upgrade have achieved advanced scenarios with high β N (>3) and confinement enhancement over ITER98(y, 2) scaling, H H98y2 = 1.1-1.5, in steady state. These discharges have been obtained in a modified divertor configuration for ASDEX Upgrade, allowing operation at higher triangularity, and with a changed neutral beam injection (NBI) system, for a more tangential, off-axis beam deposition. The figure of merit, β N H ITER89-P , reaches up to 7.5 for several seconds in plasmas approaching stationary conditions. These advanced tokamak discharges have low magnetic shear in the centre, with q on-axis near 1, and edge safety factor, q 95 in the range 3.3-4.5. This q-profile is sustained by the bootstrap current, NBI-driven current and fishbone activity in the core. The off-axis heating leads to a strong peaking of the density profile and impurity accumulation in the core. This can be avoided by adding some central heating from ion cyclotron resonance heating or electron cyclotron resonance heating, since the temperature profiles are stiff in this advanced scenario (no internal transport barrier). Using a combination of NBI and gas fuelling line, average densities up to 80-90% of the Greenwald density are achieved, maintaining good confinement. The best integrated results in terms of confinement, stability and ability to operate at high density are obtained in highly shaped configurations, near double null, with δ = 0.43. At the highest densities, a strong reduction of the edge localized mode activity similar to type II activity is observed, providing a steady power load on the divertor, in the range of 6 MW m -2 , despite the high input power used (> 10 MW).

24. Overview of ASDEX Upgrade results

Author

Kallenbach, A., Aguiam, D., Aho-Mantila, L., Angioni, C., Arden, N., Parra, R. Arredondo, Asunta, O., Baar, M., Balden, M., Behler, K., Bergmann, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Beurskens, M., Biancalani, A., Bilato, R., Birkenmeier, G., Bobkov, V., Bock, A., Bogomolov, A., Bolzonella, T., Boswirth, B., Bottereau, C., Bottino, A., Brand, H., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Bruhn, C., Buchanan, J., Buhler, A., Burckhart, A., Cambon-Silva, D., Camenen, Y., Carvalho, P., Carrasco, G., Cazzaniga, C., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Cavedon, M., Challis, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Costea, S., Coster, D. P., Croci, G., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D Arcangelo, O., Day, C., Delogu, R., Marne, P., Denk, S., Denner, P., Dibon, M., D Inca, R., Di Siena, A., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Drube, R., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Engelhardt, K., Erdos, B., Erofeev, I., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fantz, U., Faugel, H., Felici, F., Fietz, S., Figueredo, A., Fischer, R., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Freethy, S., Froschle, M., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, J. C., Funfgelder, H., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Munoz, M., Geiger, B., Cianfarani, C., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Gleason-Gonzalez, C., Gloggler, S., Gobbin, M., Gorler, T., Goodman, T., Gorini, G., Gradic, D., Grater, A., Granucci, G., Greuner, H., Griener, M., Groth, M., Gude, A., Gunter, S., Guimarais, L., Haas, G., Hakola, A. H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Hatch, D., Hauer, V., Hayward, T., Heinemann, B., Heinzel, S., Hellsten, T., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Herrmann, A., Heyn, E., Hitzler, F., Hobirk, J., Holzl, M., Hoschen, T., Holm, J. H., Hopf, C., Hoppe, F., Horvath, L., Houben, A., Huber, A., Igochine, V., Ilkei, T., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacob, W., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquot, J., Janky, F., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Joffrin, E., Kasemann, C., Kalvin, S., Kantor, M., Kappatou, A., Kardaun, O., Karhunen, J., Kasilov, S., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kimmig, S., Kirk, A., Klingshirn, H. -J, Koch, F., Kocsis, G., Kohn, A., Kraus, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kramer-Flecken, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurzan, B., Lackner, K., Laggner, F., Lang, P. T., Lauber, P., Lazanyi, N., Lazaros, A., Lebschy, A., Li, L., Li, M., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y., Lohs, A., Luhmann, N. C., Lunt, T., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maier, H., Maj, O., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, E., Manas, P., Mancini, A., Manhard, A., Manso, M. -E, Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manz, P., Maraschek, M., Martens, C., Martin Oberkofler, Marrelli, L., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mayer, A., Mayer, M., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcdermott, R., Meisl, G., Meister, H., Medvedeva, A., Merkel, P., Merkel, R., Merle, A., Mertens, V., Meshcheriakov, D., Meyer, H., Meyer, O., Miettunen, J., Milanesio, D., Mink, F., Mlynek, A., Monaco, F., Moon, C., Nazikian, R., Nemes-Czopf, A., Neu, G., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nocente, M., Noterdaeme, J. -M, Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrcil, T., Olsen, J., Orain, F., Palermo, F., Papp, G., Perez, I. Paradela, Pautasso, G., Enzel, F., Petersson, P., Pinzon, J., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Plaum, B., Plockl, B., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poli, E., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Prisiazhniuk, D., Putterich, T., Ramisch, M., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J., Raupp, G., Refy, D., Reich, M., Reimold, F., Ribeiro, T., Riedl, R., Rittich, D., Rocchi, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Ross, A., Rott, M., Rubel, M., Ryan, D., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, G., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scarabosio, A., Schall, G., Schmid, K., Schmitz, O., Schneider, P. A., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Sehmer, T., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shao, L., Sharapov, S., Siccinio, M., Sieglin, B., Sigalov, A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simon, P., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spolaore, M., Stejner, M., Stober, J., Stobbe, F., Stroth, U., Strumberger, E., Suarez, G., Sugiyama, K., Sun, H. -J, Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Terranova, D., Tierens, W., Told, D., Tudisco, O., Trevisan, G., Treutterer, W., Trier, E., Tripsky, M., Valisa, M., Valovic, M., Vanovac, B., Varela, P., Varoutis, S., Verdoolaege, G., Vezinet, D., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Vierle, T., Viezzer, E., Toussaint, U., Wagner, D., Wang, N., Wang, X., Weidl, M., Weiland, M., White, A. E., Willensdorfer, M., Wiringer, B., Wischmeier, M., Wolf, R., Wolfrum, E., Xiang, L., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., Yu, Q., Zagorski, R., Zammuto, I., Zarzoso, D., Zhang, W., Zeeland, M., Zehetbauer, T., Zilker, M., Zoletnik, S., Zohm, H., Team, Asdex Upgrade, Team, Eurofusion Mst, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institute of Applied Physics (IFA - CSIC), GRIDSEN, IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), CEA Cadarache, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut für Geophysik [Clausthal-Zellerfeld], Technische Universität Clausthal (TU Clausthal), Association EURATOM-ÖAW, University of Innsbruck, Institut für Plasmaforschung [Stuttgart] (IPF), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN (DF_TORINO), Dipartimento di Fisica infi & Università di Torino, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes (InESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for World Forestry, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Sygen International Plc, Genus Plc, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Experimental Medical Science, AUTRES, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Euratom/CCFE Fusion Association, Atomic Energy Research Institute [Budapest], Centre for Energy Research [Budapest] (MTAE), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy, affiliation inconnue, Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dept of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] (DB CSE UCSD), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, F. Hoffmann-La RocheAG, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institute of Applied Physics ( IFA - CSIC ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), Laboratoire de Science et Génie des Matériaux et de Métallurgie ( LSG2M ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine ( INPL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Institut fur Geophysical, IPF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] ( UMASS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino and INFN ( DF_TORINO ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux ( LSPM ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), J. W. Goethe-University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand ( LPC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), university college cork, University College Cork ( UCC ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ), Database group, Computer Science and engeenering Department [San Diego] ( DB CSE UCSD ), University of California [San Diego] ( UC San Diego ), Aguiam, D, Aho-Mantila, L, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Asunta, O, Debaar, M, Balden, M, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Beurskens, M, Biancalani, A, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Bogomolov, A, Bolzonella, T, Boeswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van den Brand, H, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Cambon-Silva, D, Camenen, Y, Carvalho, P, Carrasco, G, Cazzaniga, C, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Croci, G, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, Day, C, Delogu, R, de Marne, P, Denk, S, Denner, P, Dibon, M, D'Inca, R, Disiena, A, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Freethy, S, Froeschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Fuenfgelder, H, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Cianfarani, C, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gleason-Gonzalez, C, Gloeggler, S, Gobbin, M, Goerler, T, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gradic, D, Graeter, A, Granucci, G, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guenter, S, Guimarais, L, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Hatch, D, Hauer, V, Hayward, T, Heinemann, B, Heinzel, S, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hoelzl, M, Hoeschen, T, Holm, J, Hopf, C, Hoppe, F, Horvath, L, Houben, A, Huber, A, Igochine, V, Ilkei, T, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jacobsen, A, Jacquot, J, Janky, F, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kaesemann, C, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasilov, S, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kimmig, S, Kirk, A, Klingshirn, H, Koch, F, Kocsis, G, Koehn, A, Kraus, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kraemr-Flecken, A, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazanyi, N, Lazaros, A, Lebschy, A, Li, L, Li, M, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maier, H, Maj, O, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Martens, C, Martin, P, Marrelli, L, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mayer, A, Mayer, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Meisl, G, Meister, H, Medvedeva, A, Merkel, P, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Mertens, V, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Meyer, O, Miettunen, J, Milanesio, D, Mink, F, Mlynek, A, Monaco, F, Moon, C, Nazikian, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odstrcil, T, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Papp, G, Paradela Perez, I, Pautasso, G, Enzel, F, Petersson, P, Pinzon, J, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plaum, B, Ploeckl, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Prisiazhniuk, D, Puetterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Rittich, D, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, G, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scarabosio, A, Schall, G, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Scott, B, Sehmer, T, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shao, L, Sharapov, S, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simon, P, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Stobbe, F, Stroth, U, Strumberger, E, Suarez, G, Sugiyama, K, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Tierens, W, Told, D, Tudisco, O, Trevisan, G, Treutterer, W, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Verdoolaege, G, Vezinet, D, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, N, Wang, X, Weidl, M, Weil, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Xiang, L, Yang, Q, Yang, Z, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zarzoso, D, Zhang, W, van Zeeland, M, Zehetbauer, T, Zilker, M, Zoletnik, S, Zohm, H, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Institute of Atomic Physics, Université de Roumanie, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), University College Cork (UCC), Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), National Technical University of Athens [Athens] (NTUA), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering [Univ California San Diego] (MAE - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), General Atomics [San Diego], Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (Consorzio RFX), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), Culham Science Centre, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] ( CNR ), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, IST, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Max Planck Society, Department of Applied Physics, TEC, JET EFDA, Culham Sci Ctr, Technische Universität München, Consorzio RFX, IRFM, Assoc EURATOM FZJ, Euratom, Julich Research Center, Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Energy & Climate Res, University of Lorraine, ENEA, Istituto Fisica del Plasma 'Piero Caldirola' (IFP-CNR), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Innsbruck Medical University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Swedish Research Council (VR), General Atomics & Affiliated Companies, University of Sevilla, University of Texas at Austin, Max Planck Comp & Data Facil, Ecole Polytechnique, Hochschule der Medien, Technical University of Denmark, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, University of California at Santa Barbara, School services, SCI, LPP-ERM/KMS EURATOM Association, Vienna University of Technology, Assoc EURATOM Hellen Republ, NCSR Demokritos, IPP, York University, CCFE Fusion Assoc, BSC, Univ Coll Cork UCC, Princeton University, Ghent University, Chinese Acad Sci, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natl Astron Observ, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Univ Aix Marseille 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Aix-Marseille, Universite de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, UMR 6098, CNRS, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, White, Anne E., Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arslanbekov, R, Atanasiu, C, Becker, G, Becker, W, Behringer, K, Bolshukhin, D, Borrass, K, Brambilla, M, Braun, F, Carlson, A, Egorov, S, Fahrbach, H, Finken, K, Foley, M, Franzen, P, Gafert, J, Fournier, K, Gantenbein, G, Gehre, O, Geier, A, Gernhardt, J, Gruber, O, Gunter, S, Hartmann, D, Heger, B, Hofmeister, F, Hohenocker, H, Horton, L, Jacchia, A, Jakobi, M, Kaufmann, M, Keller, A, Kendl, A, Kim, J, Kirov, K, Kochergov, R, Kollotzek, H, Kraus, W, Lasnier, C, Laux, M, Leonard, A, Leuterer, F, Lorenz, A, Lorenzini, R, Maggi, C, Mank, K, Martines, E, Mast, K, Meisel, D, Meo, F, Merkl, D, Muck, A, Muller, H, Munich, M, Murmann, H, Na, Y, Neuhauser, J, Nguyen, F, Nishijima, D, Nishimura, Y, Nunes, I, Peeters, A, Pereverzev, G, Pinches, S, Proschek, M, Pugno, R, Quigley, E, Roth, J, Sandmann, W, Savtchkov, A, Schade, S, Schilling, H, Schneider, W, Schramm, G, Schwarz, E, Schweizer, S, Seidel, U, Serra, F, Sesnic, S, Sihler, C, Sips, A, Speth, E, Stabler, A, Steuer, K, Streibl, B, Tabasso, A, Tanga, A, Tichmann, C, Troppmann, M, Urano, H, Vollmer, O, Wenzel, U, Wesner, F, Westerhof, E, Wursching, E, Yoon, S, Zasche, D, Zehrfeld, H, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, EUROfusion MST1 Team, Adamek, J, Aho Mantila, L, Akaslompolo, S, Amdor, C, Bardin, S, Orte, L, Belonohy, E, Boom, J, Brochard, T, Bruedgam, M, Casson, F, Curran, D, da Silva, F, Eixenberger, H, Endstrasser, N, Gal, K, Munoz, M, da Graca, S, Hangan, D, Haertl, T, Hauff, T, Hoehnle, H, Ionita, C, Janzer, A, Kasparek, W, Kocan, M, Konz, C, Koslowski, R, Kubic, M, Kurki Suonio, T, Leipold, F, Lindig, S, Lisgo, S, Makkonen, T, Mehlmann, F, Menchero, L, Merz, F, Mueller, S, Mueller, H, Muenich, M, Neuwirth, D, Nold, B, Podoba, Y, Pompon, F, Polozhiy, K, Pueschel, M, Rathgeber, S, Rooij, G, Sauter, P, Sempf, M, Sommer, F, Staebler, A, Teschke, M, Tsalas, M, Van Zeeland, M, Veres, G, Viola, B, Vorpahl, C, Wachowski, M, Wauters, T, Weller, A, Wenninger, R, Wieland, B, Wuersching, E, Zhang, Y, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Max Planck IPP-EURATOM Assoziation, Universidade de Lisboa, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Technical University of Munich, IRFM-CEA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Université de Lorraine, and École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Energies [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 114 Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, H-MODE DISCHARGES, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, ASDEX Upgrade, overview, ASDEX Upgrade, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, Fusió nuclear, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 010306 general physics, tokamak, DEMO, tokamak physic, Fusion reactions, nuclear fusion, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, [ SPI.GPROC ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, ___, Plasma parameter, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, tokamak physics
Abstract

The ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) programme is directed towards physics input to critical elements of the ITER design and the preparation of ITER operation, as well as addressing physics issues for a future DEMO design. Since 2015, AUG is equipped with a new pair of 3-strap ICRF antennas, which were designed for a reduction of tungsten release during ICRF operation. As predicted, a factor two reduction on the ICRF-induced W plasma content could be achieved by the reduction of the sheath voltage at the antenna limiters via the compensation of the image currents of the central and side straps in the antenna frame. There are two main operational scenario lines in AUG. Experiments with low collisionality, which comprise current drive, ELM mitigation/suppression and fast ion physics, are mainly done with freshly boronized walls to reduce the tungsten influx at these high edge temperature conditions. Full ELM suppression and non-inductive operation up to a plasma current of I p = 0.8 MA could be obtained at low plasma density. Plasma exhaust is studied under conditions of high neutral divertor pressure and separatrix electron density, where a fresh boronization is not required. Substantial progress could be achieved for the understanding of the confinement degradation by strong D puffing and the improvement with nitrogen or carbon seeding. Inward/outward shifts of the electron density profile relative to the temperature profile effect the edge stability via the pressure profile changes and lead to improved/decreased pedestal performance. Seeding and D gas puffing are found to effect the core fueling via changes in a region of high density on the high field side (HFSHD). The integration of all above mentioned operational scenarios will be feasible and naturally obtained in a large device where the edge is more opaque for neutrals and higher plasma temperatures provide a lower collisionality. The combination of exhaust control with pellet fueling has been successfully demonstrated. High divertor enrichment values of nitrogen E N ⩾ 10 have been obtained during pellet injection, which is a prerequisite for the simultaneous achievement of good core plasma purity and high divertor radiation levels. Impurity accumulation observed in the all-metal AUG device caused by the strong neoclassical inward transport of tungsten in the pedestal is expected to be relieved by the higher neoclassical temperature screening in larger devices.

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