Search

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which TQM has influenced the legal system in Australia, an area seldom investigated in the quality or legal literature. Design/methodology/approach: Documentary and policy analysis of legislation, rules and rulemaking documentation based on a partial application of historical-policy analysis (HPA). Textual analysis was based on Dean and Bowen's (1994) definition of TQM and Vinni's (2007) review of new public management and Swiss (1992) "reformed TQM" concepts. Findings: Australia's Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act of 2011 and supporting legal documents such as Guidance Notes include language reflective of TQM principles, providing evidence that present-day administrative law schemes include TQM practices and tools to undergird procedures of regulatory expectations (sometimes in the form of standards), monitoring and general operations. Oftentimes, it is the supporting legal documentation where TQM practices are found and operationalized. Research limitations/implications: This is a proof-of-concept research study to determine the feasibility to identify TQM concepts within the existing language of legal statutes and supporting regulatory documentation. As such this study worked out the preliminary research challenges in performing this type of analysis. Practical implications: Understanding TQM's impact on legal systems expands the system's perspective of organizations that do not always factor in the influence government policy has on organizational behaviours and outlooks. More specifically, understanding TQM's influence sheds insight on regulatory requirements imposed on a sector and the normative aspects of regulatory compliance that impact the operations and strategic planning of organizations. Social implications: The article provides an example of how legal administrative rulemaking influences organizational operational and strategic activities to remain viable in the organization's business or industrial sector. Originality/value: There are few research papers or literature reviews pertaining to the subject of TQM concepts embedded in laws and regulations, most of which date from the 1980s through early 2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-induced breaches in the dikes of the major river systems were a common phenomenon in late imperial China. The article examines cases mainly related to the Yellow River and how these cases were dealt with on the basis of the legal code. While the extensive coverage of such cases in legal documents is an important reminder of the high degree of attention that the state paid to hydraulic installations, the phenomenon also needs to be understood as an manifestation of societal conflicts resulting from the pressures of the demographic and environmental developments of China in the late imperial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding in myriad industries and systems. This study sought to investigate public trust in using AI in the criminal court process. While previous research has identified factors that influence trust in AI, such as perceived accuracy and transparency of algorithms, less is known about the role of influential leaders—such as judges—in shaping public trust in new technology. This study examined the relationship between locus of control, anthropomorphism, cultural values, and perceived trust in AI. Participants completed a survey assessing their perceptions of trust in AI in determining bail eligibility, bail fines and fees, sentencing length, sentencing fines and fees, and writing legal documents (e.g., findings and disposition). Participants were more likely to trust AI performing financial calculations rather than determining bail eligibility, sentence length, or drafting legal documents. Participants' comfort with AI in decision-making also depended on their perceptions of judges' trust in AI, and they expressed concerns about AI perpetuating bias and the need for extensive testing to ensure accuracy. Interestingly, no significant association was found with other participant characteristics (e.g., locus of control, anthropomorphism, or cultural values). This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of judges as influential leaders in shaping public trust in AI and examining the influence of individual differences on trust in AI. The findings also help inform the development of recommended practices and ethical guidelines for the responsible use of AI in the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that are applied in climate-smart agricultural practices and address ethical concerns of deploying those technologies from legal perspectives. As climate-smart agricultural AI, the study considers those AI-based technologies that are used for precision agriculture, monitoring peat lands, deforestation tracking, and improved forest management. The study utilized a systematic literature review approach to identify and analyze AI technologies employed in climate-smart agriculture and associated ethical and legal concerns. The study findings indicate several ethical concerns for deploying AI in climate-smart agricultural practices pertaining to data inaccuracy, other technical errors based on wrong recommendations or wrongful acts, data ownership and intellectual property issues, and economic issues resulting in digital division and privacy and security related issues. In this study, the ethical concerns were further examined based on criminal law, tort law, privacy and data protection law, and intellectual property law. In this regard, the study finds that the current tort law pattern is more suitable than the criminal law pattern to address some major ethical concerns, such as data inaccuracy and other technical errors based on wrong recommendations or wrongful acts. Finally, the study recommends that at the global level, all countries need to fill up the current gap of international law on climate-smart agriculture through agreeing on a standard set of legal provisions and enhancing collaboration in innovation and deployment of climate-smart agricultural AI. It further recommends that at the local level, countries need to adopt suitable regulations addressing multi-stakeholders' interests associated with the deployment of climate-smart agricultural AIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While major advances have been made over the past years in comparing citizenship laws globally, most measures remain restricted to the law-on-the-books. Knowledge about the implementation of these laws remains limited. This poses the question to what extent these measures correspond with the law as experienced by targeted populations. In order to overcome the implementation gap when comparing and measuring citizenship law globally, this paper addresses the question of how to gain a coherent understanding of implementation. Developing a comprehensive typology, the paper distinguishes three crucial elements of implementation: (1) the entry into force of legal provisions (capturing the applicable state of citizenship law), (2) the interpretation of law (the specific interpretation of legal provisions used by the authorities responsible for their execution), and (3) the application of law (executing legal provisions in practice by the authorities). Subsequently, the paper illustrates how this typology can be applied to the analysis of citizenship law implementation by a case study of dual citizenship acceptance, focusing on the renunciation requirement for naturalisation and dual citizenship treaties. The paper concludes by outlining directions for a comparative research agenda that better corresponds with the lived experience of citizenship laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simplified proceedings, such as immediate coercion and direct coercion, are the subject of consideration in this study. The discussion focuses on the essence and aspects of proceedings referred to in Article 117 and 150 § 3 of the Act of 17 June 1966 on enforcement proceedings in administration. The aim of the research is to attempt to evaluate simplified proceedings as a tool in the system of protection of the most important human values. The research mainly used the legal-dogmatic method of interpreting the content and ordering the legal structure. The analytical method was also applied, by means of which analyses were made of legal provisions concerning the basis for the application of the simplified procedures in administrative enforcement proceedings. From the conducted research, it is clear that the primary goal of these proceedings is to counteract the indicated threats. The collected research material allowed confirming the thesis and presenting a de lege ferenda motion regarding the necessity to amend Article 117 of the Administrative Enforcement Act. The changes should consist in waiving the necessity to serve a reminder to the debtor before applying this procedure. The provision currently in force omits such a possibility, and the waiver itself may be the result of the need to save important values in an emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the present situation of gender inequality in the workplace in India, examine the legal provisions that address gender inequality in India and evaluate and assess the recommendations made to eliminate gender imbalance at workplaces in India. Design/methodology/approach: This study will adopt an exploratory research design to help identify and describe the most pressing problems and developments in the field. For this purpose, a secondary data collection approach is adopted. This study will acquire data through secondary means. This study will gather secondary data through the course of existing literature, judicial decisions and other authentic and published sources. Findings: Legislative and judicial efforts alone are not enough to achieve gender equality. The mindset of people, in general, has to change through awareness. Unless a law is supported by public opinion, it cannot achieve its goal. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to gender inequality in the workplace only. In addition, the judicial perspective on gender disparity in India is examined in this paper. As a result, the findings cannot be applied to other situations. Originality/value: This study deals with gender inequality in the workplace from legal and judicial perspectives and discusses that social change can be brought only by enacting laws but by public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam has promulgated many legal documents as a basis for the organization and operation of criminal judgment enforcement. However, most of them focus mainly on the execution of prison and death penalty without really paying enough attention to the execution of punishments without deprivation of liberty. The system of legal documents on penalty enforcement without deprivation of liberty was issued at different times, so there are still many shortcomings, many contents have not been specified, leading to many difficulties and obstacles in law enforcement. Because it is an administrative-judicial activity, the execution of punishments does not deprive freedom of many subjects, and the order and procedures for judgment execution are relatively complicated, errors may occur, reducing the sense of justice. The meaning of punishment is not deprivation of liberty. Therefore, studying the principles of punishment without deprivation of liberty in the provisions of the law has scientific and practical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Black writers throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries produced a critical knowledge of how legal documentation functions to produce racialized structures of power and Black vulnerability at law. In literature that reckons with slavery's legal afterlife, particularly antebellum slave narratives, post-Reconstruction novels, and neo-slave narratives, Black authors frequently represent legal documents as pivotal to legal personhood and theorize how these documents produce vulnerability to violence and dispossession. The adversarial relationship with contract law that Black people have experienced throughout US history has uniquely positioned Black writers to produce a critical knowledge of law's structures of power. These writers reveal the mechanisms by which legal authorities manipulated the legal contracts that as texts stipulated protections for Black subjects yet in practice failed to accomplish those protections when white legal authorities refused to carry them out. Building on critical race theory and law and literature scholarship, this article proposes a heightened awareness for how race interacts with legal procedure, particularly during the material processes involved in a document's creation and execution. Focusing on law's materiality, this article uncovers an understudied literary vein in which Black authors represent documents as materially fragile and vulnerable to destruction in order to theorize law as a series of practices enacted by persons inhabiting bodies marked by race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Word embeddings have become important building blocks that are used profoundly in natural language processing (NLP). Despite their several advantages, word embeddings can unintentionally accommodate some gender- and ethnicity-based biases that are present within the corpora they are trained on. Therefore, ethical concerns have been raised since word embeddings are extensively used in several high-level algorithms. Studying such biases and debiasing them have recently become an important research endeavor. Various studies have been conducted to measure the extent of bias that word embeddings capture and to eradicate them. Concurrently, as another subfield that has started to gain traction recently, the applications of NLP in the field of law have started to increase and develop rapidly. As law has a direct and utmost effect on people's lives, the issues of bias for NLP applications in legal domain are certainly important. However, to the best of our knowledge, bias issues have not yet been studied in the context of legal corpora. In this article, we approach the gender bias problem from the scope of legal text processing domain. Word embedding models that are trained on corpora composed by legal documents and legislation from different countries have been utilized to measure and eliminate gender bias in legal documents. Several methods have been employed to reveal the degree of gender bias and observe its variations over countries. Moreover, a debiasing method has been used to neutralize unwanted bias. The preservation of semantic coherence of the debiased vector space has also been demonstrated by using high-level tasks. Finally, overall results and their implications have been discussed in the scope of NLP in legal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of femicide was created within the feminist theoretical field of studies influencing Law reform in Latin America. Eighteen countries throughout the region have criminalized femicide based on different legal provisions, in intimate and nonintimate relations. This article aims to provide a comparison of legal definitions of femicide as adopted in Latin American legal frameworks and to analyze the challenges of using law to give a name to the gender-based killings of women. The transition of the concept to law may partially impact its potential since other forms of gender-based violence may be hidden in a general clause of 'gender prejudice'. It may also lead to restricted recognition in the legal system since traditionally this system operates in a conservative way wherein individual criminal liability has limitations in addressing institutional discrimination. Despite regional challenges, criminalization has contributed to raising social awareness on gendered killings. It has induced improvements in statistics and pushed for more attention on prevention policies and support for survivors and relatives. Nevertheless, current conservative movements tend to stress only the punitive approach and entail backlash on gender equality policies. This comparative study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the concept in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Where the force of the laws and the authority of their defenders cease, there can be neither liberty nor safety for any", wrote Shakespeare. The rule of law presupposes the obligation to respect the Constitution and the laws, as provided by the provisions of art. 1 paragraph (5) of the Constitution. In order for the law to be accepted and respected, it must present a certain legal security, assuming the requirements of accessibility and predictability, logical coherence and stability, features designed to capture the trust of citizens in its provisions. The need to match laws with time and not time with laws has been emphasized since antiquity. But, as we will show in the present study, the belief in the perfectibility of the law was gradually deprived of rights. The lack of accessibility and predictability of legal provisions is increasingly invoked before the Constitutional Court, which ruled, in numerous cases, on the violation of these requirements, by reference to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, as the existence of interpretation problems and law enforcement is inherent in any legal system, given the fact that, inevitably, legal norms have a certain degree of generality. As the Constitutional Court ruled in its jurisprudence, the obligation to respect the laws does not imply, by its content, the provision of an inflexible legislative framework. Legislative intervention is necessary both to adapt the normative acts to the existing economic, social and political realities, but also to ensure a unitary legislative framework, which contributes to a better application of the law and to the removal of any ambiguous situations or inequities in the application of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social relations are in a permanent dynamic, a situation in which the legal system must react promptly and qualitatively to these changes. These reactions, which from a legal point of view materialize through the intervention of amendments, additions and repeals of legal provisions that do not correspond to reality, only lead to the inapplicability or misinterpretation of the law, and respectively lead to judicial errors. The judicial error refers to a certain vice that is so fundamental that it completely invalidates a final judicial decision and once it is known, it can determine another judicial solution to the one affected by this vice. The decision based on a judicial error must not extend its existence, even if it is vested with the power of res judicata. However, we note that in its practice, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova mentions that the criminal law cannot exceed in explicative texts. No matter how clearly a legal rule is drafted, there is an unavoidable element of judicial interpretation, including the rule of criminal law. Although certainty is desirable, it could lead to excessive rigidity. The decision-making role conferred on the courts aims precisely to remove the doubts that appear when interpreting the law. At the same time, it is highlighted that the institution of the revision of the criminal process has undergone essential changes, through the additions made on the basis of Law no. 66/2012, according to which, currently, the grounds for revision have been exposed in a new wording and implicitly in article 458 paragraph (3) point 4) the criminal procedure code of the Republic of Moldova is established: "the review can be requested in cases where the Constitutional Court declared as unconstitutional the provision of the law applied in the respective case". For this reason, in the present study, we will try to analyze the importance and necessity of completing the basis for reviewing the situation when the "Constitutional Court recognized as unconstitutional the provision of the law applied in the respective case", emerging from the concrete legal situation both of the given norm and by determining the importance of such a regulation and revealing the conclusions regarding the applicability of this procedural institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study of the history of brain injury, I take up the discursive study of medical cases as a genre for the purposes of illustrating clinically important, philosophically meaningful and socially pertinent elements of medical patients' lives. My objective is to assert the value of single cases, which derives from the way they allow others insight into significant and otherwise often overlooked elements of personal, social and future experience that speak to the harm from such injuries. Drawing on examples of brain damage recorded in clinical literature, textbooks, legal documents and popular books published over the last two centuries, I contrast the power of those texts' single cases with qualifications and equivocations about the status of such evidence as it emerges in clinical practice and courtroom settings. I argue that single cases illustrate loss, redemption, context and narrative in ways that cannot be dismissed as merely anecdotal and that they point the way towards clinical discovery and patient survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is an empirical juridical research, namely the method or procedure used to solve the problem in this research by collecting and processing primary data first and then analyzing it based on secondary data. The primary data analysis in question is an analysis of the data obtained directly by the researchers themselves in the field, namely Jehovah's Witness Surabaya and the Surabaya Free Catholic Church which were used as locations in this study. Meanwhile, secondary data analysis is an analysis of the legislation, literature and legal documentation relating to the formulation of the problem. Interviews were conducted by meeting directly with the informants and in the process of researching the quantity of informants and respondents. Pancasila must be interpreted in a broad scope. Pancasila as an ideology is the main thing in Indonesia along with the legality of the Balai Kerajaan Saksi Yehuwa and the Free Catholic Church. This must also have the support of Balai Kerajaan Saksi Yehuwa and the Free Catholic Church where information disclosure will be effective when there is resistance from the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: access to abortion is restrictive in Cameroon. The legislation authorizes the act in two cases: when the pregnancy results from a rape or when it puts the pregnant woman at serious risk for her health. Abortion outside this legal framework is considered illegal. This article identifies and analyses the opinions of women living in the capital Yaounde, on national legal provisions relating to abortion. Methods: thirty-five (35) semi-structured interviews were conducted in Yaounde with women aged 19 to 40. Study participants recruited from consultations (family planning or maternal and child health service) contributed to the selection of other respondents using the snowball method. The data collected were the subject of a thematic analysis of content. Results: more than half of those surveyed are against decriminalization. The transgressive dimension associated with abortion constitutes the main argument supporting the refusal of a possible relaxation of the legislation. The reason for health security is advanced in the opinions encouraging decriminalization. The difficulty of positioning oneself or the participants silence is an illustration of the sensitive nature of the subject of abortion. Conclusion: abortion in its essence carries tensions emanating from interactions between institutional logics, social group norms and individual aspirations. The polarization of debates is a brake on the examination of the issue of decriminalization from a multidimensional perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study employs sentiment analysis (SA) to examine the semantic structures of restrictive and protective abortion bills enacted in 2019. SA is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique that uses automation to extract affective indicators (emotive language) from text data. Assessing these indicators can help identify whether legal texts are framed, or intentionally biased in their wording. Identifying framing is important for understanding potentially biased interpretations of these laws. Methods: We identified a sample of 2019 abortion bills using the legislative tracking tool Legiscan and included those that met specified criteria (N = 19 bills). We categorized each bill as restrictive (n = 12) or protective (n = 7). We ran aggregate (i.e., all bills) and separate (protective × restrictive) SA, generating scores that we interpreted qualitatively (higher scores indicated predominance of positive wording). Results: In the aggregate analysis, 56% of text comprised negative terms (44% positive). Restrictive bills contained more negative language than protective bills (67% vs 58%). Although SA scores varied from −222 to +13, two laws scored 0, indicating neutrality. For comparison, the US Constitution's score equaled 1. Conclusion: Our findings confirm SA is useful to examine legal documents for language biases. The abortion bills we assessed seem framed along political ideologies, although the sample provided evidence that neutral wording is possible. Policy Implications: With the recent additions of conservative-leaning Justices to the US Supreme Court, Roe v. Wade is again at the center of partisan conflict. Thus, how abortion laws are framed draws further implications for how they may be interpreted when challenged in the court system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several dimensions are specific to human activity, but the most important is the normative dimension, because it imposes on individuals a certain model of behavior (ethical, religious, political, etc.) in relation to certain social values. law represents the normative framework of social life that includes a set of rules of conduct, traditions, customs and social practices experienced over time by people and which have acquired mandatory and coercive characteristics in the normative system of society. Non-compliance with social norms and values determines a society's reaction embodied in a series of sanctions based on the coercion and social pressure that the community or society exerts against non-conformist or deviant behaviour. Legal sanctions are represented by punishments provided by legal provisions and applied through the use of coercive force by specialized agents of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As existing scholarship demonstrates, although the Chosŏn state (1392–1910) aimed to be a society "without litigation," people understood the use of law and employed it to resolve various disputes in the local community. At the same time, a plethora of legal cases reveal that many parties chose alternative ways of airing their grievances rather than going directly to the local court. Centered on the eighteenth-century litigation over a case of attempted rape, this article examines the complex, multifaceted factors that influenced people's use of different strategies to appeal their justice at the local level. It asks what resources ordinary people in the late Chosŏn had in navigating legal conflicts, how they strategized over the choices they had, and why they finally exercised particular options when trying to win their cases. Investigating these questions, this article not only offers insights into the meaning of litigation that entailed strenuous document preparation to inscribe grievance, but also probes the impulses of individual actors in the legal terrain when attempting to achieve their goals through the dynamics of social interactions and existing resources in eighteenth-century Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to identify the law within a narrative, using the example of Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita." It explains how to read the novel as a prolonged sentencing memorandum that casts the narrator as the defendant writing pro se. It shows how an entire legal document may be redrawn as a narrative.

The Civil Code of 1864 did not recognize the institution of the preemptive right. The current civil code includes an extensive regulation dedicated to the priority right to purchase a good. Its provisions are equally applicable when the source of the right is the law but also when the source is the will of the parties. These legal provisions outline the legal regime applicable whenever a special rule establishing a legal right of preemption does not also regulate a special procedure for exercising it or applicable whenever by their will, the parties who have generated a conventional preemptive right did not establish other contractual clauses. There is a preemptive right only when the owner decides to dispose of his good by sale. As a legal nature, the preemptive right seems to be a potestative right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the analysis and formulation of requirements for judicial documents. The relevance of the stated topic is explained by the need to improve the communication process and improve the efficiency of justice. The most developed are the issues of requirements for judicial acts. At the same time, the requirements for other judicial documents - petitions, statements, written evidence are important. The most important are the requirements of legality, validity, motivation. However, we must not forget such requirements as completeness, consistency, literacy. As part of the general characteristics of judicial documents, attention was paid to the requirement of fairness and expediency. Close attention is paid to the language and style of court documents. The requirements for the form and content of court documents are formulated. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to legislate the requirements for some varieties of judicial documents, just as the requirements for judicial acts are fixed.

The thematic aspect of this paper is the analysis of diplomatic and political marketing of the Corfu Declaration, events in Bosnia and Herzegovina before the First World War, which preceded the declaration and then political situation in the region of the Balkan’s between neighbors whom they aspired its territories, ex, between Austro-Hungarians and other west powers which they designed strategically programs and long-term aims. Since the year 1908, Austro-Hungary abolished Bosnian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina by affirming so-called, internal Serbo-Croatian language. Therefore, Bosnians were denied from the right of language, cultural identity and distinctiveness. Such political instability of Bosnians, including diplomatic level of its aspirations, was used by all parties of First World War, particularly Serbia. Through Corfu declaration, they formulated their great-aspirational program in overall the Balkan’s, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. From this aspect incurred all those political and diplomatic activities, leading to aggressive and total Serbianization of Bosnia and Herzegovina ethnical and cultural area. Today's political and diplomatic activities are trying to overcome the cruelty of the last war, to declare it civil, the crimes were allegedly committed by everyone (including the one who defended himself on the doorstep!), reconciliation is demanded, but genocide over the seized territory. The right insists that Serbia is a factor of stabilization in the Balkans - and again the aspirations and the right to great power. With that, they want to enter Europe and make the new Corfu (European) declaration official. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we investigate the aesthetic and material qualities of South Asian paper, and paper-like mediums including leaves, scrolls, and cloth – and the means through which they invite the gaze. The very materiality of paper, we suggest, structures the reception and interpretation of what is written upon it. In Western bureaucracy, the transition from oral to print culture, during the 15th – 16th centuries, made use of the empty page as a surface upon which to create chart-based forms that could reduce the mediations of narrative, thereby increasing legibility and directing the gaze in an economical and forensic manner. While similar acts of transposition have taken hold in South Asian bureaucracies, largely in consequence of Western colonial practices, we claim that South Asian material practices persist in giving contemporary paper documents a different significance. Our essay considers the artifice enabled by paper and its precursors – not through abstract demonstrations of sovereignty, but through the immanent capacities of paper for rolling, folding, and covering. That legal authority can be represented through the grand symbolism of office (coats of arms; state emblems) has been analysed by recent scholars. Our concern, however, is with the corporeal and visual, with handling and viewing, and with way documents can be manipulated in ways that betray their power. Picking up paper from the ancient, medieval, colonial and contemporary periods, across South Asia, we investigate the palm-leaf printed manuscript, calligraphic documents, and other paper forms, while also attending to the present-day documentary practices of litigants in the Indian lower courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many questions facing legal scholars and practitioners can be answered only by analysing and interrogating large collections of legal documents: statutes, treaties, judicial decisions and law review articles. I survey a range of novel techniques in machine learning and natural language processing - including topic modelling, word embeddings and transfer learning - that can be applied to the large-scale investigation of legal texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectivity is widely recognized as a fundamental value in the sciences. Yet objectivity may be deployed as a filter or screen that discourages scientists from reflecting on the political consequences of their work. This article examines the relationship between scientific commitment to objectivity and recent critiques of the influence of corporations on research. It does so by analysing legal documents and examples of 'life writing', including a prominent environmental sociologist's candid reflections on his decision to consult for Exxon after 1989 Valdez oil spill in Alaska. The article considers how objectivity may facilitate participation in research intended to promote doubt and uncertainty about the harm caused by corporations. It asks whether such decisions are better understood as unavoidable blind spots or examples of wilful blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses impact of laws on morality and ethics. Topics discussed include how legality demand autonomy and self-sufficiency to craft documents; influence of legality on association between Morality and Ethics; and role of Ethics to keep Legality from public view and affair between Money and Morality.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the "trust me" tradition of civil document discovery under the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Topics discussed include the benefits of requiring transparency in modern civil document discovery and the challenge of developing a framework for greater transparency under the FRCP.

The present paper investigates three terms that were all used to refer to acts of writing in the early imperial administration: shu 書, xie 寫, and shu 署. Based on an analysis of their usage in administrative and legal texts, it illustrates the semantic differences of these terms, which also bear implications for our understanding of the production and use of administrative documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Research has shown that the EU's politico-legal influence over member states is contained through two political strategies: contained compliance and anticipatory obedience. Previous studies on gambling policies in the EU have quite uncritically presumed that the EU is capable of inducing changes, or even forcing changes, in national gambling policies. In this article, the objective was to investigate whether member states have adopted the two strategies allowing a containment of the EU's influence on their national gambling policies. Design: The politico-legal influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Commission on national gambling policy is analysed in the case of Finnish monopoly-based gambling policy. The analysis is based on case law and policy documents. Results: The results indicate that Finland has adopted both anticipatory obedience and contained compliance when striving to safeguard its gambling monopoly system. Contained compliance was adopted during the early period of Finland's accession (1995–2001). Anticipatory obedience was exercised between the years 2004 and 2013, a period characterised by several critical legal cases and the infringement procedure commenced by the European Commission against Finland. During the third period (2014-2017), when the merger of three monopoly operators into a single state-owned company was on the agenda, neither strategy was adopted, indicating little EU influence (despite public justifications of the same). Conclusion: The EU's opportunities to induce changes in the gambling policies of member states should not be overemphasised because member states are able to contain the EU's politico-legal influence. Future analyses of national gambling policies in the EU would benefit from taking the interaction between member states and the EU into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world property is the material basis and a means to meet the material and spiritual needs of the population, so it needs protection against criminal attacks. Robbery and robbery are among the most serious crimes in which criminals infringe not only on human life and health, but also on wealth. Actuality is that the sharp increase in robberies and looting in need of improvement and continuous improvement of methods of investigating these crimes. The problem features in the study of theoretical problems of investigating robberies and robberies involved scientists, criminologists, Y.P. Alenin, L.I. Arkusha, V.D. Basay, V.P. Bahin, V.D. Bernа, R.S.Belkin, V.А. Zhuravel, V.A. Konovalova, M.V. Saltevskiy, V.Y. Shepitko. The investigation of these crimes depends on circumstances which were at the time of their commission. This is a crime scene, or his commission, the subject of attack, attack method, a way of obtaining property or cash, the presence of criminal groups, especially the characteristics of the crime. Looting and robbery are specific inherent properties and characteristics that distinguish them from other crimes. Starting from these crimes forensic point of view have much in common that allows them to give a generalized description. The investigation of robberies and armed assaults characterized investigating the situation and circumstances that characterize them. This makes it possible to develop the main directions of the preliminary investigation, that is, to determine a set of investigative actions and operational activities. Thus, establishing the conditions and reasons for the implementation of looting and robbery is one of the components of the investigative process. Most of these conditions can be set when questioning victims and witnesses (c. 224-226 Code of Ukraine), during the inspection of the scene (art. 237 Code of Ukraine), questioning of defendants and other actions. Unfortunately, some employees of pre-trial investigation underestimate the importance of these investigations, which results in the future to incomplete pre-trial investigation and the improper collection of information about the crimes committed. The successful investigation of robberies and looting must use every opportunity to obtain the necessary information, its processing and implementation of the norms of current legislation and features provided as criminology and other precise legal sciences.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bamboo & Silk is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South African Department of Home Affairs (DHA) officials 'seem to get angry with honest people', shared a Congolese immigrant from the Kivu region who now resides in Cape Town. Some DHA officials get money through illicit transactions for 'papers' and they become visibly frustrated with immigrants who try to obtain documents by lawful means. While there has been much focus on xenophobia associated with immigration in South Africa, there has been little attention paid to the illicit market in immigrant papers such as asylum seeker permits (Section 22 permits), refugee status permits (Section 24 permits), and work permits. These immigrant documents assist individuals--namely those who otherwise lack status, or 'papers', or both--to obtain abilities to work, travel safely, register themselves or their children for school, access non-emergency healthcare, and gain banking privileges. In providing an account of the market in immigrant papers, the article focuses on how these documents relate to status and survival. By purchasing papers in Cape Town, immigrants (referring to asylum seekers, refugees, and cross border migrants) aim to secure their legal status and gain productive agency in their lives. This paper is based on an ethnographic research methodology and participant observation, and shows how immigration challenges South Africa's post-apartheid, constitutionally-mandated socio-economic rights and democratic aims and has fostered an illicit market in immigrant documents. This work furthers debates on immigration governance in the global south, corruption in state institutions, and the vulnerability of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the data protection activities in Turkey. Topics discussed include history of Turkish Personal Data Protection legislation; political and security challenges in Turkey due to terrorist attacks; need of the legal documents regarding the data protection by the member states and the European Union authorities; and the aim of the European Union in protecting the data from various activities such as cookie usage, civil drone rules and social media law.

The article offers information on rules and right of data protection. Topics discussed include knowledge of the data protection lawyers on the data quality of the personal data with accuracy; legal documents mentioning about the qualitative difference between the principles of national application and international application; and views of law professor Ronald Dworkin on the difference between rules and principles on the data protection.

Purpose This paper aims to facilitate and accelerate the enforcement of binding banking documents and to decrease the enforcement burden of the registration offices, courts and judicial authorities and to transfer it to the banks.Design/methodology/approach A new mechanism for “enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents in Rastin Banking” is proposed. In the proposed regulations, a part of the executive path for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents is transferred into a newly established unit located in every bank. The method considers all financial, legal and executive issues.Findings Promotion of practical justice is a main factor to promote social and economic circumstances; the proposed model can prepare a way to improve the social and economic well-being.Research limitations/implications Codifying the law and regulations is a highly sophisticated task, and the art of codification can be examined after scrutinizing and executing the full text of the law.Practical implications Though this paper presents the concept, the detailed proposed regulations are presented in two drafts of the bill and bylaw for enforcement of the purports of binding banking documents and handling complaints against executive operations in Rastin Banking.Social implications This procedure is a model that can be adapted for other countries, especially those countries that have a large number of legal disputes and where the process of dispute settlement is very lengthy and cumbersome.Originality/value It fulfils an identified need to solve the practical legal problem in vindication of rights that can lead to positive and important effects towards creating public trust in financial obligations and increasing the speed of collecting demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to carry out an analysis of metaphors in a corpus of legal documents, within the theoretical framework of the cognitive metaphor theory as conceived by . There is a notable use of conceptual metaphors and framings in the law we live by which, undoubtedly, have a major impact on the way millions of people in the world act and react in their attempt of decoding legal messages. Since metaphors are basically cognitive constructs, their meaning can be grasped only through a process of transfer of significance from a source domain to a target one, leading thus, to an interpretation of the legal discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]