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States have developed a range of ways of interacting with the organizational structures of religions. US and European laws are used primarily to facilitate rather than to control religious activity. This is not to say that the legal systems in question do not control problematic behavior. It simply means that other tools in the state's legal arsenal such as criminal laws and administrative sanctions are used to address problems. Modern societies are experiencing increased pluralism, and the need to respond in fair ways to different religious communities has created the need for neutral structures that are easily adaptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal systems' provisions for recognizing religious groups as legal entities are important because they facilitate public interaction, shape views of the state, and, when faulty, hurt human dignity and restrict contributions to society. Rule of law should replace rule by law. The European Court of Human Rights' decisions demonstrateinternational consensus on the right to legal recognition based upon freedom of religion and freedom of association. Necessary features of religious association laws include eleven attributes such as neutrality and impartiality. Limitations are permissible only if they are imposed by law, they further critical social interests, and they are genuinely necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]