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CONCLUSION Prolonged intubation used in severe COVID-19 patients is associated with significant laryngeal disorders including laryngeal edema, posterior glottic stenosis, granuloma, laryngeal necrosis, or vocal fold insufficiency. • COVID-19 patients who were intubated >14 days mainly reported posterior glottic stenosis, posterior commissure hypertrophy or laryngeal diffuse edema, and granuloma 51.6 days after the hospital discharge. The number of intubation days was significantly higher in patients with posterior glottic stenosis (26.1 ± 9.4) compared with those presenting posterior commissure hypertrophy (11.5 ± 2.9) or granuloma (15.1 ± 5.8; I p i < 0.001). Keywords: complications; coronavirus; COVID-19; intubation; laryngeal; larynx; otolaryngology; SARS-CoV-2; stenosis; voice EN complications coronavirus COVID-19 intubation laryngeal larynx otolaryngology SARS-CoV-2 stenosis voice 779 784 6 08/17/23 20230901 NES 230901 Key Points • At the start of the pandemic, many COVID-19 patients were intubated more than 14 days in intensive care units. [Extracted from the article]

The development of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) was an important step in the history of conservative laryngeal surgery. TLM reported comparable oncological outcomes and better functional postoperative and rehabilitation outcomes than open partial laryngectomy. TLM is currently considered as the standard surgical approach for early-stage laryngeal carcinoma. However, TLM has many limitations, including the limited view of the surgical field through the laryngoscope, exposure difficulties for some tumor locations, and a long learning curve. The development of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) appears to be an important issue to overcome these limitations. The current robotic technologies used in surgery benefited from the research of the U.S. Military and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1970s and 1980s. The first application in humans started in the 2000s with the first robotic-assisted cholecystectomy in the US, performed by a surgeon located in France. The use of robots in otolaryngology occurred after the development of the Da Vinci system in digestive surgery, urology, and gynecology, and mainly concerns cT1-T2 and some selected cT3 oropharyngeal and supraglottic carcinomas. With the development of a new robotic system with smaller arms and instruments, TORS indications will probably evolve in the next few years, leading to better outcomes for laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, surgery was the first-choice therapy for early, intermediate and advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Partial laryngeal surgery has evolved in recent decades and was influenced by many historic events and the development of new technologies. Partial laryngectomies may be performed by open, endoscopic or transoral robotic approaches. In this historic paper, we describe the evolution of open partial laryngectomy techniques, indications and surgical outcomes. Since the first partial laryngectomy in 1788, many U.S., U.K. and European surgeons, including Henry Sands, Jacob da Silva Solis-Cohen and Theodor Billroth, performed this surgical procedure under local anesthesia for tuberculosis, cancer or syphilis. Partial laryngectomy gained reputation in the medical community in 1888 due to the laryngeal cancer and death of the prince of Prussia, Frederick III. Frederick III's death represented the turning point in the history of partial laryngectomies, calling attention to the importance of semiotics, biopsy and early diagnosis in laryngeal cancers. Hemi-laryngectomy was indicated/proposed for lateral laryngeal tumors, while thyrotomy was indicated for cancers of the middle part of the vocal fold. The second landmark in the history of partial laryngectomies was the discovery of cocaine, novocaine and adrenaline and the related development of local anesthetic techniques, which, together with the epidemiological and hygienic advances of the 19th century, allowed for better perioperative outcomes. General anesthesia was introduced in the second part of the 20th century and further improved the surgical outcomes. The diagnosis of laryngeal cancer was improved with the development of X-rays and direct laryngoscopies. The 20th century was characterized by the development and improvement of vertical partial laryngectomy procedures and the development of horizontal partial laryngectomies for both supraglottic and glottic regions. The history and the evolution of these techniques are discussed in the present historical paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors performed hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring (HEMII-pH) in patients with vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) to evaluate the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). The detection of pepsin and other gastroduodenal enzymes in VFL is the missing element to really support more than a simple association between pharyngeal reflux events and the development of VFL. [Extracted from the article]