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1. Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Author

Alimena, Juliette, Beacham, James, Borsato, Martino, Cheng, Yangyang, Vidal, Xabier Cid, Cottin, Giovanna, Curtin, David, De Roeck, Albert, Desai, Nishita, Evans, Jared A, Knapen, Simon, Kraml, Sabine, Lessa, Andre, Liu, Zhen, Mehlhase, Sascha, Ramsey-Musolf, Michael J, Russell, Heather, Shelton, Jessie, Shuve, Brian, Verducci, Monica, Zurita, Jose, Adams, Todd, Adersberger, Michael, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Apresyan, Artur, Bainbridge, Robert John, Batozskaya, Varvara, Beauchesne, Hugues, Benato, Lisa, Berlendis, S, Bhal, Eshwen, Blekman, Freya, Borovilou, Christina, Boyd, Jamie, Brau, Benjamin P, Bryngemark, Lene, Buchmueller, Oliver, Buschmann, Malte, Buttinger, William, Campanelli, Mario, Cesarotti, Cari, Chen, Chunhui, Cheng, Hsin-Chia, Cheong, Sanha, Citron, Matthew, Coccaro, Andrea, Coco, V, Conte, Eric, Cormier, Flix, Corpe, Louie D, Craig, Nathaniel, Cui, Yanou, DallOcco, Elena, Dallapiccola, C, Darwish, MR, Davoli, Alessandro, de Cosa, Annapaola, De Simone, Andrea, Delle Rose, Luigi, Deppisch, Frank F, Dey, Biplab, Diamond, Miriam D, Dienes, Keith R, Dildick, Sven, Dbrich, Babette, Drewes, Marco, Eich, Melanie, ElSawy, M, del Valle, Alberto Escalante, Facini, Gabriel, Farina, Marco, Feng, Jonathan L, Fischer, Oliver, Flaecher, HU, Foldenauer, Patrick, Freytsis, Marat, Fuks, Benjamin, Galon, Iftah, Gershtein, Yuri, Giagu, Stefano, Giammanco, Andrea, Gligorov, Vladimir V, Golling, Tobias, Grancagnolo, Sergio, Gustavino, Giuliano, Haas, Andrew, Hahn, Kristian, Hajer, Jan, Hammad, Ahmed, Heinrich, Lukas, Heisig, Jan, Helo, JC, Hesketh, Gavin, Hill, Christopher S, Hirsch, Martin, Hohlmann, M, Holmes, Tova, Hulsbergen, W, Huth, John, and Ilten, Philip

Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, beyond the Standard Model, long-lived particles, Large Hadron Collider, high-luminosity LHC, collider phenomenology, high-energy collider experiments, hep-ex, hep-ph, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Nuclear and plasma physics, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract

Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments-as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER-to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity 'dark showers', highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.

Published
2020

2. Long-lived particles at the energy frontier: the MATHUSLA physics case

Author

Curtin, David, Drewes, Marco, McCullough, Matthew, Meade, Patrick, Mohapatra, Rabindra N, Shelton, Jessie, Shuve, Brian, Accomando, Elena, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Antusch, Stefan, Arteaga-Velázquez, Juan Carlos, Batell, Brian, Bauer, Martin, Blinov, Nikita, Caballero-Mora, Karen Salomé, Chang, Jae Hyeok, Chun, Eung Jin, Co, Raymond T, Cohen, Timothy, Cox, Peter, Craig, Nathaniel, Csáki, Csaba, Cui, Yanou, D’Eramo, Francesco, Delle Rose, Luigi, Dev, PS Bhupal, Dienes, Keith R, Dror, Jeff A, Essig, Rouven, Evans, Jared A, Evans, Jason L, Tellez, Arturo Fernández, Fischer, Oliver, Flacke, Thomas, Fradette, Anthony, Frugiuele, Claudia, Fuchs, Elina, Gherghetta, Tony, Giudice, Gian F, Gorbunov, Dmitry, Gupta, Rick S, Hagedorn, Claudia, Hall, Lawrence J, Harris, Philip, Helo, Juan Carlos, Hirsch, Martin, Hochberg, Yonit, Hook, Anson, Ibarra, Alejandro, Ipek, Seyda, Jung, Sunghoon, Knapen, Simon, Kuflik, Eric, Liu, Zhen, Lombardo, Salvator, Lubatti, HJ, McKeen, David, Molinaro, Emiliano, Moretti, Stefano, Nagata, Natsumi, Neubert, Matthias, No, Jose Miguel, Olaiya, Emmanuel, Perez, Gilad, Peskin, Michael E, Pinner, David, Pospelov, Maxim, Reece, Matthew, Robinson, Dean J, Cahuantzi, Mario Rodríguez, Santonico, Rinaldo, Schlaffer, Matthias, Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire H, Spray, Andrew, Stolarski, Daniel, Vasquez, Martin A Subieta, Sundrum, Raman, Thamm, Andrea, Thomas, Brooks, Tsai, Yuhsin, Tweedie, Brock, West, Stephen M, Young, Charles, Yu, Felix, Zaldivar, Bryan, Zhang, Yongchao, Zurek, Kathryn, and Zurita, José

Subjects
Large Hadron Collider, long-lived particles, hierarchy problem, dark matter, baryogenesis, neutrinos, simplified models, hep-ph, hep-ex, Mathematical Sciences, Physical Sciences, General Physics
Abstract

We examine the theoretical motivations for long-lived particle (LLP) signals at the LHC in a comprehensive survey of standard model (SM) extensions. LLPs are a common prediction of a wide range of theories that address unsolved fundamental mysteries such as naturalness, dark matter, baryogenesis and neutrino masses, and represent a natural and generic possibility for physics beyond the SM (BSM). In most cases the LLP lifetime can be treated as a free parameter from the [Formula: see text]m scale up to the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis limit of [Formula: see text] m. Neutral LLPs with lifetimes above [Formula: see text]100 m are particularly difficult to probe, as the sensitivity of the LHC main detectors is limited by challenging backgrounds, triggers, and small acceptances. MATHUSLA is a proposal for a minimally instrumented, large-volume surface detector near ATLAS or CMS. It would search for neutral LLPs produced in HL-LHC collisions by reconstructing displaced vertices (DVs) in a low-background environment, extending the sensitivity of the main detectors by orders of magnitude in the long-lifetime regime. We study the LLP physics opportunities afforded by a MATHUSLA-like detector at the HL-LHC, assuming backgrounds can be rejected as expected. We develop a model-independent approach to describe the sensitivity of MATHUSLA to BSM LLP signals, and compare it to DV and missing energy searches at ATLAS or CMS. We then explore the BSM motivations for LLPs in considerable detail, presenting a large number of new sensitivity studies. While our discussion is especially oriented towards the long-lifetime regime at MATHUSLA, this survey underlines the importance of a varied LLP search program at the LHC in general. By synthesizing these results into a general discussion of the top-down and bottom-up motivations for LLP searches, it is our aim to demonstrate the exceptional strength and breadth of the physics case for the construction of the MATHUSLA detector.

Published
2019

3. Explore the lifetime frontier with MATHUSLA

Author

Lubatti, Henry, Alpigiani, Cristiano, Arteaga-Velázquez, Juan Carlos, Ball, Austin, Barak, Liron, Beacham, James, Benhammo, Yan, Caballero-Mora, Karen Salomé, Camarri, Paolo, Cao, Tingting, Cardarelli, Roberto, Chou, John Paul, Curtin, David, de Roeck, Albert, Di Sciascio, Giuseppe, Diamond, Miriam, Drewes, Marco, Eno, Sarah C., Essig, Rouven, Evans, Jared, Etzion, Erez, Fernández Téllez, Arturo, Fischer, Oliver, Freeman, Jim, Giagu, Stefano, Gomes, Brandon, Haas, Andy, Heng, Yuekun, Iaselli, Giuseppe, Johns, Ken, Karagoz, Muge, Kvam, Audrey, Lazic, Dragoslav, Li, Liang, Liberti, Barbara, Liu, Zhen, Marsella, Giovanni, Paye Mamani, Piter A., Hernández, Mario Iván Martínez, McCullough, Matthew, McKeen, David, Meade, Patrick, Mizrachi, Gilad, Morrissey, David, Moshe, Meny Raviv, Policicchio, Antonio, Proffitt, Mason, Reggiani-Guzzo, Marina, Rodríguez-Cahuantzi, Mario, Rothberg, Joe, Santonico, Rinaldo, Schioppa, Marco, Shelton, Jessie, Shuve, Brian, Silver, Yiftah, Stolarski, Daniel, Subieta Vasquez, Martin A., Muñoz, Guillermo Tejeda, Thayil, Steffie Ann, Tsai, Yuhsin, Torro, Emma, Watts, Gordon, Young, Charles, and Zurita, Jose

Subjects
Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hodoscope, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Atlas (anatomy), 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, Physics, Missing energy, Large Hadron Collider, Interaction point, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, hep-ph, medicine.anatomical_structure, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The observation of long-lived particles at the LHC would reveal physics beyond the Standard Model and could account for the many open issues in our understanding of our universe. Long-lived particle signatures are well motivated and can appear in many theoretical constructs that address the Hierarchy Problem, Dark Matter, Neutrino Masses and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe. With the current experiments at the particle accelerators, no search strategy will be able to observe the decay of neutral long-lived particles with masses above GeV and lifetimes at the limit set by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, cτ ∼ 107–108 m. The MATHUSLA detector concept (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) will be presented. It can be implemented on the surface above ATLAS or CMS detectors in time for the high-luminosity LHC operations, to search for neutral long-lived particles with lifetimes up to the BBN limit. The large area of the detector allows MATHUSLA to make important contributions also to cosmic-ray physics. We will also report on the analysis of data collected by the test stand installed on the surface above the ATLAS detector, the on-going background studies, and plans for the MATHUSLA detector. The observation of long-lived particles at the LHC would reveal physics beyond the Standard Model, could account for the many open issues in our understanding of our universe, and conceivably point to a more complete theory of the fundamental interactions. Such long-lived particle signatures are fundamentally motivated and can appear in virtually every theoretical construct that address the Hierarchy Problem, Dark Matter, Neutrino Masses and the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe. We describe in this document a large detector, MATHUSLA, located on the surface above an HL-LHC $pp$ interaction point, that could observe long-lived particles with lifetimes up to the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis limit of 0.1 s. We also note that its large detector area allows MATHUSLA to make important contributions to cosmic ray physics. Because of the potential for making a major breakthrough in our conceptual understanding of the universe, long-lived particle searches should have the highest level of priority.

Published
2020

4. Multilepton and lepton jet probes of sub-weak-scale right-handed neutrinos.

Author

Izaguirre, Eder and Shuve, Brian

Subjects
*LEPTONS (Nuclear physics), *STERILE neutrinos, *RADIOACTIVE decay, *LARGE Hadron Collider, *STANDARD model (Nuclear physics), *GAUGE bosons
Abstract

We propose new searches that exploit the unique signatures of decaying sterile neutrinos with masses below MW at the LHC, where they can be produced in rare decays of Standard Model gauge bosons. We show that, for few-GeV-scale sterile neutrinos, the LHC experiments can probe mixing angles at the level of 10-4-10-3 through powerful searches that look for a prompt lepton in association with a displaced lepton jet. For higher-mass sterile neutrinos, i.e., MN ≳ 15 GeV, run II can explore similarly small mixing angles in prompt multilepton final states. This represents an improvement of up to 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity to the sterile neutrino production rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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5. Revision of the LHCb limit on Majorana neutrinos.

Author

Shuve, Brian and Peskin, Michael E.

Subjects
*LARGE Hadron Collider, *MAJORANA fermions, *NEUTRINOS
Abstract

We revisit the recent limits from LHCb on a Majorana neutrino N in the mass range 250-5000 MeV [R. Aaij et al. (LHCb Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 131802 (2014).]. These limits are among the best currently available, and they will be improved soon by the addition of data from Run 2 of the LHC. LHCb presented a model-independent constraint on the rate of like-sign leptonic decays, and then derived a constraint on the mixing angle Vμ4 based on a theoretical model for the B decay width to N and the N lifetime. The model used is unfortunately unsound. We revise the conclusions of the paper based on a decay model similar to the one used for the t lepton and provide formulas useful for future analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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6. Rare Z boson decays to a hidden sector.

Author

Blinov, Nikita, Izaguirre, Eder, and Shuve, Brian

Subjects
*Z bosons, *PARTICLE decays, *LARGE Hadron Collider
Abstract

We demonstrate that rare decays of the Standard Model Z boson can be used to discover and characterize the nature of new hidden-sector particles. We propose new searches for these particles in soft, high-multiplicity leptonic final states at the Large Hadron Collider. The proposed searches are sensitive to low-mass particles produced in Z decays, and we argue that these striking signatures can shed light on the hidden-sector couplings and mechanism for mass generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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7. A facility to Search for Hidden Particles at the CERN SPS: the SHiP physics case

Author

Marco Drewes, Joerg Jaeckel, Belen Gavela, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Lesya Shchutska, Osamu Seto, Jessie Shelton, Simone Marcocci, Rabindra N. Mohapatra, Stefania Gori, Oleg Ruchayskiy, Andreas Ringwald, Fedor Bezrukov, Dmitry Gorbunov, Martin Wolfgang Winkler, Juan Carlos Helo, Kathryn M. Zurek, Maxim Pospelov, Christophe Grojean, Anurag Tripathi, Sacha Davidson, Brian Shuve, Valery Rubakov, Rouven Essig, Andrew Spray, Wolfgang Altmannshofer, Alberto Guffanti, David E. Morrissey, Mary Hall Reno, Takehiko Asaka, Sean Tulin, Kyrylo Bondarenko, Emmanuel A. Paschos, Choong Sun Kim, Patrick deNiverville, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, Alejandro Ibarra, Cristóbal Corral, Ingo Schienbein, Valery E. Lyubovitskij, Ki-Young Choi, Pilar Hernández, Adam Ritz, Yonatan Kahn, Felix Kahlhoefer, Steen Honoré Hansen, P. S. Bhupal Dev, Gian F. Giudice, Anthony Fradette, Francesco Vissani, Daniel Schmeier, Matt Strassler, Alexey Boyarsky, Maksym Ovchynnikov, Brian Batell, Daniel Stolarski, Herbi K. Dreiner, Björn Garbrecht, Sergey Alekhin, Kai Schmidt-Hoberg, Eder Izaguirre, David Curtin, Francesco Tramontano, Michael Spannowsky, Vladimir Tello, André de Gouvêa, Mark D. Goodsell, Thomas Hambye, Apostolos Pilaftsis, Goran Senjanovic, Shintaro Eijima, Gordan Krnjaic, Robert Shrock, Sergey A. Kovalenko, Yu Seon Jeong, Leszek Roszkowski, David McKeen, Pedro Schwaller, Stefano Dell'Oro, Artem Ivashko, Matthew McCullough, Nathaniel Craig, Sven-Olaf Moch, Florian Staub, Andrey Katz, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alekhin, Sergey, Altmannshofer, Wolfgang, Asaka, Takehiko, Batell, Brian, Bezrukov, Fedor, Bondarenko, Kyrylo, Boyarsky, Alexey, Choi, Ki Young, Corral, Cristóbal, Craig, Nathaniel, Curtin, David, Davidson, Sacha, De Gouvea, André, Dell'Oro, Stefano, Deniverville, Patrick, Bhupal Dev, P. S., Dreiner, Herbi, Drewes, Marco, Eijima, Shintaro, Essig, Rouven, Fradette, Anthony, Garbrecht, Björn, Gavela, Belen, Giudice, Gian F, Goodsell, Mark D, Gorbunov, Dmitry, Gori, Stefania, Grojean, Christophe, Guffanti, Alberto, Hambye, Thoma, Hansen, Steen H, Helo, Juan Carlo, Hernandez, Pilar, Ibarra, Alejandro, Ivashko, Artem, Izaguirre, Eder, Jaeckel, Joerg, Jeong, Yu Seon, Kahlhoefer, Felix, Kahn, Yonatan, Katz, Andrey, Kim, Choong Sun, Kovalenko, Sergey, Krnjaic, Gordan, Lyubovitskij, Valery E, Marcocci, Simone, Mccullough, Matthew, Mckeen, David, Mitselmakher, Guenakh, Moch, Sven Olaf, Mohapatra, Rabindra N, Morrissey, David E, Ovchynnikov, Maksym, Paschos, Emmanuel, Pilaftsis, Apostolo, Pospelov, Maxim, Reno, Mary Hall, Ringwald, Andrea, Ritz, Adam, Roszkowski, Leszek, Rubakov, Valery, Ruchayskiy, Oleg, Schienbein, Ingo, Schmeier, Daniel, Schmidt Hoberg, Kai, Schwaller, Pedro, Senjanovic, Goran, Seto, Osamu, Shaposhnikov, Mikhail, Shchutska, Lesya, Shelton, Jessie, Shrock, Robert, Shuve, Brian, Spannowsky, Michael, Spray, Andy, Staub, Florian, Stolarski, Daniel, Strassler, Matt, Tello, Vladimir, Tramontano, Francesco, Tripathi, Anurag, Tulin, Sean, Vissani, Francesco, Winkler, Martin W, and Zurek, Kathryn M.

Subjects
dark photons, Particle physics, Physics beyond the Standard Model, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Baryon asymmetry, Tau neutrino, heavy neutral leptons, 0103 physical sciences, beyond the standard model physics, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], ddc:530, heavy neutral lepton, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, intensity frontier experiment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Supersymmetry, hidden sector, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], dark photon, beyond the standard model physic, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hidden sectors, Neutrino, neutrino Physics, Lepton
Abstract

Reports on progress in physics 79(12), 124201(2016). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/79/12/124201, This paper describes the physics case for a new fixed target facility at CERN SPS. The SHiP (search for hidden particles) experiment is intended to hunt for new physics in the largely unexplored domain of very weakly interacting particles with masses below the Fermi scale, inaccessible to the LHC experiments, and to study tau neutrino physics. The same proton beam setup can be used later to look for decays of tau-leptons with lepton flavour number non-conservation, →τμ3 and to search for weakly-interacting sub-GeV dark matter candidates. We discuss the evidence for physics beyond the standard model and describe interactions between new particles and four different portals—scalars, vectors, fermions or axion-like particles. We discuss motivations for different models, manifesting themselves via these interactions, and how they can be probed with the SHiP experiment and present several case studies. The prospects to search for relatively light SUSY and composite particles at SHiP are also discussed. We demonstrate that the SHiP experiment has a unique potential to discover new physics and can directly probe a number of solutions of beyond the standard model puzzles, such as neutrino masses, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, dark matter, and inflation., Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

Published
2016

8. Discovering true muonium at LHCb.

Author

Vidal, Xabier Cid, Ilten, Philip, Plews, Jonathan, Shuve, Brian, and Soreq, Yotam

Subjects
*BOUND states, *PHOTONS, *LARGE Hadron Collider, *MUONIUM
Abstract

We study the potential of the LHCb experiment to discover, for the first time, the μ+μ- true muonium bound state. We propose a search for the vector 1³S1 state, TM, which kinetically mixes with the photon and dominantly decays to e+e-. We demonstrate that a search for η→γTM, TM→e+e- in a displaced vertex can exceed a significance of 5 standard deviations assuming statistical uncertainties. We present two possible searches: an inclusive search for the e+e- vertex, and an exclusive search which requires an additional photon and a reconstruction of the η mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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