Search

The article analyzes the dictionary «Hutsul dialect vocabulary and phrasemics in the Ukrainian literary language» as a source of modeling the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in Ukrainian fiction. The main provisions of the article are based on the fact that the basic components of the linguistic picture of the world are words as nominative units. In each national language, the designation (name) of the elements of the conceptual picture of the world is carried out primarily with the help of nominative units. In addition to the concept of a national linguistic picture of the world, there are regional linguistic pictures of the world, the linguistic basis of which are local dialects. The specificity of the regional-linguistic picture of the world is determined by dialectal language forms, as they name the realities of extralinguistic reality, for which no names were needed in the national language outside the dialectal area. The framework of the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in its artistic version consists of key dialectisms within certain thematic layers of vocabulary, lexicographically elaborated in the mentioned dictionary. Lexical elements of the linguistic picture of the world in the Ukrainian artistic language cover the most various spheres of life and activity of Hutsuls: life, production sphere, material and spiritual, culture, beliefs, demonology, nature, etc. The dictionary also deals with stable phrases - phrasemics, paremias, curses, etc., which significantly complement and enrich the artistic version of the Hutsul language picture of the world. The dictionary as a whole provides extensive information in the semantic characteristics of dialectal nominative units and in the context of their use in literary texts and in figurative and stylistic remarks, which allows to model the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world through the prism of Ukrainian artistic language.

The article examines the phraseological units of the Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with phraseologisms-entonyms; it was found that in the phraseological systems of East Slavic languages there are many stable compounds with the names of insects (entonyms), the world of which is extremely rich and diverse; it was noted that they clearly show the features of the national mentality, refl ect the specifi cs of worldview, thinking of the Eastern Slavs; Although most phraseological units with an entomonym component have the same semantics in East Slavic languages, each of them reveals specifi cs regarding the functioning of phraseological units. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phraseological units’ structure with entomonymic component, represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian, in a comparative aspect; to single out the phraseologisms-entonyms, the meanings of which is closely connected with the cultural and historical traditions of the people. The results of the study showed that comparative linguistic and cultural analysis allows us to state that entonyms in the East Slavic phraseological space are a powerful factor in forming the national image of the world; interlingual comparison of the structure of phrases with the phraseology-entomonym refl ects mainly negative connotations, which mainly characterize any quality of a person - his intellect, actions, behavior, appearance, shortcomings of character. For the future, there remains the analysis of stable expressions with a phraseologeme-entomonym in East Slavic languages in the linguoculturological aspect, their further interlingual comparison and the discovery in them of differences and common features associated with the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a particular people.

In the monograph the comprehensive analysis of the communicative specifi city of the elitist linguistic personality (ELP) in the scientifi c discourse focusing on a wide range of its presentation originality. It clarifi es the dimensions of the elitist linguistic personality objectifi cations in various aspects (psychological, social, philosophical, cultural ones), explains the ELP concept essence, substantiates the criteria of its isolation basing on the typical features inherent for the high speech culture mediums , which is respectively tested on the famous personalities’ media, epistolary, artistic, diary discourses, and the famous Ukrainian linguists’ communicative explications material.

The article is devoted to the language creation of Father Kyrylo Seletskyi - a cler gyman of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, founder of two monastic congrega tions, an advocate of the spiritual and national Order in Galicia, a sower of “healthy grain for our people”, a stalwart supporter of the Ukrainian word. K. Seletskyi’s literary works serve as an excellent illustration for understanding a complex and often contradictory process of the Ukrainian literary language for mation in Galicia, an insight into a folk polyphony of dialectal words of that epoch, dialectical interaction of the living language and Church Slavonic at all levels. Not only does the dialectal variability of many lexemes give a colorful expression to the characters’ speech, but also illustrates the evolutionary stages of development of the Transnistrian branch of the Ukrainian language. The author emphasizes that in K. Seletskyi’s artistic discourses, the Church Sla v onic language as a historically and culturally important segment of the Ukrainian language becomes a special text- and style-building category, organically intertwines with its living canvas. Numerous Church Slavonicisms explicate the semantic speci fi city of the text and its general sacral-didactic intention through grammatical, lexical and phonetical adaptation to dialectal speech. Literary theological-educational, informative-moralizing texts are full of reli gious vocabulary, which gives the impression of a spiritual cliche, yet they (the texts) remain inherently Ukrainian and do not create any barriers in the process of percep tion, as they retain a clearly articulated Ukrainian-language basis. The author concludes that the Church Slavonic language-style played a special role in the process of the modern Ukrainian literary language formation - the role of its spiritual variant.

The purpose of the article is to describe the semantic and functional parameters of stereotypical culturally and ethnically determined etiquette formulas that Bukovinians use in typical communicative situations. The study was conducted on the basis of artistic texts of the famous Bukovinian writer S. Vorobkevych.Systematic use of etiquette constructions, the ability to reproduce in typical situations of interpersonal communication has predetermined to their stability, stereotyping, standardization, has given them the character of stable formulas, forming a number of semantic and functional varieties. The article identifi es and describes the following typical etiquette situations of communication: greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, apologies, hospitality, consolation.It was found that the literary texts of S. Vorobkevych represent the language etiquette of Bukovynians as an integral part of the Ukrainian ethnic group. The speeches of the characters of his works are fi lled with constructions of respectful communication of the inhabitants of Bukovina, based on local traditions, customs, rites and beliefs. The politely well-disposed constructions of language etiquette developed over the centuries, recorded in the writer’s texts, illustrate the national character of the Bukovynians, their mentality, original way of thinking and worldview. Various types of traditional constructions have mostly desirable character and religious theme, contain colloquial, dialectal lexemes and phrases, demonstrate the paremic creativity of the Bukovinians. They not only express the language culture and picture of the world of the inhabitants of Bukovina, but also emphasize their ethnopsychological features such as friendliness, politeness, sensitivity, sincerity, respect, piety, religiosity, emotionality.Further analysis of the selected writer’s texts on the functioning of language etiquette units relevant to communicative situations of congratulations, courtship, blessing, approval, advice, kindness, consent or refusal etc. as identifi ers of the mental worldview of Bukovina residents is perspective.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the emphasis of qualitative adjectives that differentiate the Ukrainian dialect. This is clearly evidenced by the maps of the Atlas of the Ukrainian language, which reflect the dialectal features of the stress of adjectives. The question arises of the genesis of accentuation types found in Ukrainian dialects, as well as the directions of accent changes: from root to prefix, suffix, inflection or vice versa. The expediency of not only identifying but also explaining the functioning of modern accent types is emphasized. A detailed analysis of the emphasis of adjectives is carried out on the basis of dialect texts as a whole, which are presented in collections of dialect texts, in particular in the textbook of dialect texts - Dialekts of the Ukrainian language. Collection of texts (Texts), which represent the south-eastern, south-western, northern, as well as descriptive works. To clarify the history of the emergence of accent types used works on historical accentology, in particular L.A. Bulakhovsky, V.M. Ilyich-Svitich, V.G. Sklyarenko, Z.M. Veselovskaya. As a result of the research, modern accent types were identified and analyzed as reflexes of late Proto-Slavic accent paradigms. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that qualitative adjectives in Ukrainian dialects retain the old place of emphasis, and acquired a new type of emphasis. Factors that influenced the emphasis of adjectives are: loss of former intonation and temporal-quantitative relations; change of intonations (descending emphasis in the non-article form passed to ascending - root - in the article form); mixing of two types of stress in the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article; in particular, when article and non-article forms of adjectives have different emphasis. In the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article there was not only a change in the structure of the word, but also a change in intonations: the descending stress in the non-article form was transformed in the article form of adjectives into ascending - root. The proposed study presents only a fragment of the research of the functioning of modern accent types in Ukrainian dialects as reflections of Proto-Slavic paradigms of adjectives. That is why it remains promising to study the processes and phenomena of stressing adjectives that both differentiate and integrate the Ukrainian dialect space.

The aim of the article is a linguo-cultural analysis of the concept of “freedom” in the language of H. Skovoroda’s works, which verbalizes the code of the national con sciousness of Ukrainians and the linguistic consciousness of the writer-philosopher. Within this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the semiotic content of the concept of “freedom” in the cognitive-semantic fi eld of life and work of H. Skovoroda and in the context of Ukrainian culture was clarifi ed; its connotations were revealed. The concept of “freedom” is one of the determinants of the linguistic consciousness of the Ukrainian pe ople and an individual speaker, the evidence of which is the verbal oral folk and professional creativity of Ukrainians and a number of connotations to it. The language of H. Skovoroda’s works is a syncretic example of Old Slavonic, as the oldest literary language of the Slavs, and colloquial Ukrainian of the time of the writer-philosopher, as well as modern Ukrainian literary language. The word-deno tation “freedom” and connotations to it (“equal inequality”, “happiness”, “related work”, “freedom”, “Bogdan the Hero”, “cheerful spirit”, “deep heart”, “the world tried to catch me but failed” and others) have a mental and ideological specifi cs, as they conceptualize the teachings of H. Skovoroda about man and the meaning of life. The writer-philosopher mostly uses in his speech a lexical way of expressing the con notative meaning of the concept of “freedom” through such tropes as comparisons, epithets, phraseologisms and other means of poetic speech, sometimes authorial in novations that give dynamism to this lexical-semantic fi eld allegory as the dominant features of his style.Prospects for further research are related to the linguistic and cultural substan tiation of the concept of “freedom” in the language of the works of Lesya Ukrainka, who, like H. Skovoroda, represents the Ukrainian philosophical and literary tradition of existential orientation.

The article reveals information obtained on the basis of language philosophy, synergetic approach and systematic analysis of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of Indo-European word formation by large prehistoric proto-Ukrainian communities of their own names, inherited in Ukrainian as horonyms Bessarabia, Bukovina, Halychyna (Galicia), Hutsulschyna, (Hutsulia), Carpaty (Carpathians).

Article is about necessity of studying elements of lexicology in ukrainian language classes in elementary school, features of lexical material processing by younger students are pointed out; the importance of studying elements of lexicology is emphasized that they assist in enrichment of younger students vocabulary, express speech, allow to express their own opinion more clear and convincingly. The research notes that a rich vocabulary helps the speaker to master better ones native language, its basic norms, helps to improve verbal and written speech. It emphasizes the need for the younger students to know ambiguous words, synonyms, antonyms, homony ms, the importance of using these groups of words, as well as words with a fi gurative meaning in their own speech. Special attention is drawn to the implementation of a communicative-active approach to the processing of basic lexicology concepts by elementary school students, since this approach provides the studying of language and speech in an inseparable relationship, which allows students to use the acquired theoretical knowledge of lexicology in specifi c speech situations. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to prove the importance of knowledge in lexicology for the formation of the linguistic personality of the younger student, enriching his linguistic competence; emphasize the role of the communicative-active approach in the holistic perception of language and speech by younger students. As, according to leading scientists, methodologists, the most effective way of implementing a communicative-activity approach of studying linguistic phenomena is the reliance on the text, the author of the article proposes his own separate texts for a deeper acquaintance of the students with lexicological concepts, the study of which is provided by current programs of Ukrainian language. Based on the research, the conclusion is that proper speech development of younger students, which today is in priority, is only possible with ommunicative-active approach to the study of elements of lexicology in elementary school. The problem of our research is relevant and requires further investigation.

The purpose of the article is to identify the essence of the concept of “freedom” in the cognitive-semantic fi eld of I. Franko’s verse “Still not lost!”. In the framework of the defi ned goal, the following tasks have been solved: the features of the verbal representation of the concept of “freedom” in poetic discourse of the poetry by Ivan Franko have been clarifi ed; its compliance with the linguistic and cultural profi le of the Ukrainian language has been substantiated. I t is established that the linguistic design of the text of the poem is an example of the discursive confi guration of the concept, which refl ected the individual and author’s understanding of the world and himself in it. The concept of “freedom” is culturally relevant, which manifests itself on the lexical, phraseological and syntactical levels, in various means of objectification, in syntagmatic fullness, peculiarities of metaphorical comprehension and paremic interpretation. The concept is a mental entity that is scattered among the signs of the language and can be implemented by a number of verbal / nonverbal means. In the author’s mind there is a certain individual associative relationship between the concept and the sign, which is based on their own life experience, due to the physical, psychological, emotional state, the purpose of discourse, etc. Conclusions: socio-cultural dynamics of the national language allows changes in the artistic and poetic conceptualization of the concept of “freedom”. In this sense, the writer and his work, as well as the linguistic means of the discourse are the transfer-transmitter of the concept and its signifi cance in the bonds of generations, epochs,cultures, etc. The valorative scope of the concept of “freedom” in the text of the verse is determined by its author’s discourse as the value of the existence of man and nation, which corresponds to the philosophical and mental guidelines of the Ukrainian linguistic and cultural community. Prospects for further research are the study of the conceptosphere of other latest poems by Ivan Franko.

To study the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words the author uses mathematical methods that describe language phenomena. Linguistic models help to reveal the regularity of the phoneme combinability in two componential words that enables to point out the interrelation between the language facts. To determine the line of the development of the phoneme combinability it is necessary to state the reasons of the emergence of the restrictions of the combinability. The detailed analysis of the structure of the two phonemic combinations regarding the word forms of a certain lexeme of the native words and borrowings helps to reveal the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words. The article is designed to reveal the phonemic content of two phonemic words in the Ukrainian Language, to defi ne the combination ability of certain phonemes, to establish the models of the two phonemic words in modern Ukrainian literary language. In modern Ukrainian among the two componential models with the first vowel component the most typical are the following: O(/o/)F – 6, O/a/)F – 5, that is the combination of a vowel with the following fricative. The combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structure with the first vowel phoneme as “vowel+fricative” (18) and “vowel+half open” (12) are common in the Ukrainian language. Combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structures with the first consonant component “fricative+vowel” (22), “half open+vowel” (14) “plosive+vowel” (13) appear to be typical. The words containing such structures belong to the periphery of the lexical system in the Ukrainian Language. These distributive structures of two phonemes are not typical for the modern Ukrainian. This fact is evidenced by the low percentage of the two componential combination of the vowel phonemes with vowels and consonants (16.6%) as well as consonants with consonants and vowels (37.5%). Further research enables to study three phonemic words and fi nd out the peculiarities of phoneme combinability in three phonemic words of the Ukrainian language.

The article considers the phraseological units of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with components-names of water space’s animals; It has been clarifi ed that humanity refl ects its observation of the appearance and behavior of animals in stable compounds; It has been established that the phraseology of the Eastern Slavic languages fi xes the names of animals of water such as cancer, fi sh (perch, pike, crucian, duck, herring), frog, turtle, leech. The purpose of the article is to compare the structure o f Ukrainian, Russian and Byelorussian phraseological units with the name of animals of water represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of the studied languages; to separate the components-symbols in them, refl ecting the cultural codes of different nations and they are the powerful factor in the formation of a nationally-shaped picture of the world. A comparative analysis of the structure of phraseological units of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages, denotes animals of water space, demonstrates the peculiarity of the perception of the respective cultures. The common and distinctive features conditioned by the similarity of socio-historical living conditions of native speakers, general patterns of development of human being. Comparison of established expressions denotes animals of water in the interlinguistic aspect reveals mostly negative connotations, which mainly refl ect a person’s character traits, behaviors and actions. The prospect of further research is expansion of our investigation observed expressions with the component of water animals in East Slavic languages, further their comparison and isolation them as single, individual, and general features related to the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a people.

There were determined the features of the poetic text with strong positions in its composition. There were found out and added the defi nitions of non-equivalency phenomenon in lexical system of modern Ukrainian. The non-equivalent lexicon in poetic text was investigated and determined as one type of strong positions on the basis of the analysis of poetic contexts. The comparisons of other language contexts helped to fi nd out a compositional role of non-equivalent lexicon in the poetic text as a strong position which creates ethic-cultural picture of the world within the borders of a poetic model, as well as non-equivalent lexical unit in asymmetrical relations with other dominants of the text. The found out specifi c character of non-equivalent lexical units determines the peculiarity of their translation.

The article analyzes the embodiment of the concept Monte / Berg / Gore in Italian, German and Ukrainian poetic texts as the means of revealing of the man’s inner world, the transfer of emotional, evaluative and expressive feelings, the reproduction of philosophical ideas in the author’s world outlook. The attention of scholars, within the framework of modern linguo-cultural studies of the conceptosphere of certain language communities, is increasingly attracted by the extend study of cultural concepts through the prism of the other ethnic awareness and their analysis with the reference to national peculiarities. The conducting of typological studies of linguistic worldimage makes it possible to characterize the explication peculiarities of concepts in literary text and their implementation in the linguo-cultural aspect, the metaphorization processes and symbolization. The article reveals semantic characteristics of the concept Monte / Berg / Gore in various fi gurative-associative speech patterns and conducts lexical-semantic analysis of poetry regarding the individual symbolism of the artistic word and the peculiarities of poetic perception in the Italian, German and Ukrainian languages

By means of stress, as well as sounds and phonemes, the word is shaped, its various meanings are expressed and accuracy and unambiguousness of an utterance is perceived by speakers. Still, differentiation of semantics via stress has not become an integral part of language competence yet. At the time of expanding opportunities of the oral form of the Ukrainian literary language researches on the distinctive function of accent are being actualized. Autochthonous verbatives of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois are characterized by the productivity of lexico-semantic processes, which made the derivation of lexico-semantic variants possible, some of them acquiring homonymous (homogeneous) relations in the process of historical development of the language. To study the problem a continuous selection of Structural Class III polysemantic verbatives-onomatopes of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois has been carried out, homonymous relations have been found in them. It has been found out that they were formed due to transforming one of the sememes with the dominant onomatopoetic archiseme into processual (with peripherality or neutralization of the sound constituent) which caused shifting the stress onto the stem class suffi x. The process of the corresponding lexico-semantic variant of polysemantic verbatives acquiring homonymous semantics caused gradual recessive shifting accent to the stem class suffi x and because of this for a certain period the newest derivate in the patois (one or more) or variants of the literary language could have functioned with variant (root and suffi x) accent. And it is only afterwards that this formation adopted the latest accent type (suffi xal) which fi xed the differential function of stress.

The article is aimed at analyzing the Hutsul language picture of the world, which is modeled by the Ukrainian language of fi ction, by focusing on the nominative unit polonyna. The substratum of the regional and dialectal picture of the world constitutes subdialect as linguistic and territorial phenomenon, characterized by the predominant part, which corresponds to a literary language, and number of language units of different levels, characteristic only of this subdialect or of other closely related subdialects along with it. The specifi c nature of the regional and dialectal picture of the world is determined by dialectal language units naming extralinguistic realia, corresponding names for which were not needed in the national language beyond dialect area. The lexical Hutsul dialecticism polonyna is an example of de-dialectization of a dialectal lexeme and its inclusion in the vocabulary of a literary language, although it remains an important component of the Hutsul language picture of the world, represented by the Ukrainian language of fi ction. In fi ction, the lexical meaning of polonyna – “a high-mountain meadow used as a pasture in summer” – with different added semantic connotations form the basis of the semantic body of this dialecticism. These added semantic connotations include location, which extends beyond the one expressed by the lexical meaning, a landform, established ownership, an element of the culture of distant shepherding, identifi cation with and attribution to the Hutsul region, the Carpathians, etc. In this fragment, the H utsul language picture of the world is analyzed from the perspective of the Ukrainian language of fi ction, which introduced its components to it, associated, fi rst and foremost, with metaphorization, the fi gurative use of the dialecticism polonyna that expands and enriches its semantic body.

The article deals with one of the problems of modern Ukrainian linguistics – the extension of sentence units. Theoretical statements concerning the categori cal status of the sentence extenders are represented taking into consideration the compositional and semantic functioning in the context. The concept as to the place of semantic components studied in linguistic dimension is suggested based on the system of scientifi c paradigms, methodological aspects and analytical intentions. Syntactic semantics is updated with modern linguistic researches dedicated to the identifi cation of the kernel specifi city of sentence units, components, systems, complexes, etc. as composite elements in inter-category cut. Taking into consideration that the sentence, its structural pattern, which forms a unity of surface and remote meanings, is a sphere of functioning of syntactically organized elements, and therefore a multiaspect unit, in which formal, syntactic, semantic and functional features of sentence entities interact, the extenders are defi ned in terms of multiaspectuality of the sentence. In this case special attention is focused on the functional and semantic dimension, making it possible to analyze the dualism of semantics and the functions in the kernel of extending components and complexes that are manifested primarily in the sentence, acquiring the latest polyfunctional and polysemantic variants.

The anaphor agreement effect (AAE) is the crosslinguistic inability for anaphors to covary with φ-agreement (Rizzi 1990, Woolford 1999); languages use various strategies that conspire to circumvent this effect. In this squib, I identify and confirm a prediction arising from two previous observations by Woolford (1999) concerning the scope of the AAE, based on new evidence from Inuktitut (Eastern Canadian Inuit). I propose that anaphors in Inuktitut are lexically specified as projecting additional syntactic structure, spelled out as oblique case morphology; because φ-Agree in Inuktitut may only target ERG and ABS arguments, encountering an anaphor inevitably leads to failed Agree in the sense of Preminger 2011, 2014. I moreover argue that this exact AAE pattern is previously unattested, yet is predicted to arise given the range of existing strategies. Finally, this squib provides evidence against previous detransitivization-based approaches to reflexivity in Inuktitut (e.g., Bok-Bennema 1991).

The aim of the present article is to provide an overview of the current state of affairs regarding foreign language education and bilingual education in the different parts of Belgium. In a brief historical contextualisation, we explain how language education in Belgium has been shaped by the country’s political and economic history, which has led to legal constraints concerning the language(s) of instruction as well as foreign language education. A paradoxical situation has now emerged: on the one hand, an apparently straightforward organisation of language education according to a ‘one community – one language’ principle; on the other hand, a complex and heterogeneous reality with respect to the organisation of the school system in general and language education in particular. We illustrate the present situation with figures from the different language communities (Dutch-, French-, and German-speaking) on (a) foreign languages learned at school in regular settings, and (b) alternatives to the regular framework that bypass the constrictive legislation, such as CLIL. The data reveal the intricate make-up of language education in Belgium, reflecting a tailor-made approach taken by each of the three official language communities.

This article is a study of the morphosyntax of the clausal periphery in Wolof, specifically the two layers commonly labeled CP and IP. It has long been noted that (a) C and I share a number of properties, and (b) languages differ in the amount of structure over which functional features are distributed. I propose a structure-building mechanism that can both explain the C-I relationship and derive the variation in the distribution of features over syntactic heads. I argue that features of C and I are bundled together and that this feature bundle can be divided into multiple heads via Head Splitting, which allows parts of feature bundles to reproject. The proposal is illustrated through a detailed exploration of the C-I domain in Wolof, which bundles C and I into one head in some structures and splits them in others.

Jenks (2018) argues that Mandarin bare NPs cannot be classified as definites simpliciter. Adopting the distinction between weak- and strong-article definites in Schwarz 2009, he proposes that Mandarin makes a lexical distinction between the two types of definites: bare nouns are weak definites, demonstratives are strong definites. He further proposes that their distribution is regulated by a principle called Index!. In this article, we first point out some problems with the empirical generalizations presented in Jenks’s description of Mandarin and then sketch an alternative approach to the distinction between Mandarin demonstratives and bare nouns. We end with some comments about the kind of further empirical work that needs to be done before definitive claims can be made about the competition between demonstratives and other types of definites.

Introduction: Fundamental notions of mapping hypothesis and canonicity were scrutinized in Persian-speaking aphasics. Methods: To this end, the performance of four age-, education-, and gender matched Persian-speaking Broca's patients and eight matched healthy controls in diverse complex structures were compared via the conduction of two tasks of syntactic comprehension and grammaticality judgment. Results: The tested structures included subject agentive, agentive passive, object experience, subject experience, subject cleft, and object cleft constructions. Our results, while corroborating the predictions of the mapping hypothesis, showed that in structures, in which linguistic elements were substituted and dislocated out of their canonical syntactic positions, namely, agentive passive, subject experiencer, object experiencer, and object cleft constructions, Broca’s problems escalated. In contrast, in those structures whose constituent concatenations were aligned with canonical syntactic structures, namely subject agentive, and cleft structures, patients had above the chance performance. Ultimately, the theoretical and clinical implications of the study were discussed. Conclusion: The number of predicates in a sentence, predicate types (psychological and agentive), as well as semantic heuristics and canonicity all by all could be regarded as the major culprits for aphasics' poor performance.

Introduction. Contemporary language situation in Ukraine is characterized as bilingual one. However, despite the mass character of Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism, the bilingualism in Ukraine is not balanced: less than half of the respondents, who assessed their language competence as fluent ability to use Ukrainian and Russian, possess, during the use of the two languages, the same feeling of easiness, while the other respondents gave advantage of the one over two languages. The difference in amount of people in Ukraine who use language and what they think about their language behaviour and the behaviour of others, is the indicator that points at the distortion of language situation in Ukraine.Purpose. The paper aims at defining the position of different-age-group speakers towards Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism on the basis of the results of sociolinguistic studies and examining the changes in speakers' assessment of language prestige.Methods.Analytical and statistical analyses of sociolinguistic and sociological investigations’ results, published after 2000 and showing the position of respondents to bilingualism and language prestige regarding the age parameter, comprise the main methods of the research.Results. The comparison of the results of sociolinguistic studies from 2006 and 2017 confirmed the growth of the prestige of the Ukrainian language. With regard to the attitude towards the bilingualism, Ukrainian speakers are not of equal opinion. The fact that most of the speakers understand the information in Ukrainian and Russian without any problems does not explicate that many of them are considered to be bilingual. Also, there is no consensus on the assessment of language environment: 44,6 % of respondents consider the inhabitants of their city/town to be bilingual (the „no“ response was chosen by 45,3% of them); the inhabitants of their region – 46,5 % („no“ – 37%); according to almost 53 % of respondents, the inhabitants of Ukraine are bilingual (23% of them do not agree with that opinion). There is a tendency according to which the inhabitants speak Ukrainian, as opposed to those who speak Russian, in relation to self-identification, and they strongly define themselves as monolinguals. Such self-identification is different from the conclusions resulted in previous studies, when larger language stability was more visible in speakers who spoke Russian. The more defined position, when it is about the national language self-identification, is more significant for the youth.Conclusion. The basis for a different assessment of language situation in Ukraine regarding the age, can be found in the attitudes towards language and culture, widespread in the society, that is, the attitude towards the language which is seen as the language prestige. The results of the recent studies have shown a constant tendency of the growth of the prestige of the Ukrainian language.

Introduction. A part of fundamental phonetical and morphological principles of the Ukrainian language were abolished by the occupation government of Russia in the course of the 1933 orthographic reform. This reform aimed at erasing distinctive features of the Ukrainian orthography and assimilating it into the Russian orthography. The current orthographic rules in Ukraine are based almost completely on the aforesaid centrally imposed changes. On August 15, 2018, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine proposed its Draft Orthography as a step toward restoration of the traditional Ukrainian orthography.Purpose. The article aims at analysing the 2018 Draft Ukrainian Orthography and the main changes it seeks bringing to the orthographic rules currently in force in terms of their historical roots, and to reveal possible associated issues.Methods. Secondary research was used for collecting necessary data. Comparative analysis allowed revealing the source of proposed changes in the Ukrainian orthography. Deductive thinking was applied to investigate and assess possible issues.Results. The detailed consideration of the Draft Orthography has shown that the proposed changes are rooted in the orthographic rules stipulated in pre-1933 editions of the Ukrainian Orthography and academic Ukrainian dictionaries. Bringing these elements back to use and recognizing them officially as correct and inherent of the Ukrainian language system shouldbe seen as indispensable for subsequent harmonious development of the language. However, the 2018 Draft Ukrainian Orthography also has several significant shortcomings. Namely, it permits variance in almost all rules proposed, which might bring ambiguousness in a number of contexts. Also, the Draft Orthography fails to take into account other traditional rules ofthe Ukrainian language such as the dual number, certain flexions, etc., which have remained eliminated since 1933.Conclusion. The 2018 Draft Ukrainian Orthography aims at restoring traditional orthographic rules of the Ukrainian language and is based on pre-1933 editions of the Ukrainian Orthography and academic Ukrainian dictionaries. A number of issues should be addressed appropriately in order to integrate the new rules effectively.

Introduction. Ukrainian language does not develop in isolation. It is influenced by other languages in all areas of linguistic communication, which is demonstrated by the presence of borrowings serving as one of the most powerful means of replenishing its vocabulary. Extensive use of loanwords and expansion of their structural and semantic types in the Ukrainian vocabulary in the beginning of the 21st century call for their continuous registration and a comprehensive study.Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to study the lexical and semantic adaptation of the latest English borrowings, to study the stages of their development, application and features of functioning in the modern Ukrainian language.Methods. In the process of researching the newest words of English origin, the thematic classification method has been used, which has contributed to the distribution of the newest borrowings into lexical and semantic groups. The newest English loanwords have been captured by the method of continuous sampling, that is, by selecting borrowings in the order of their detection in the texts of the source base of the study. A functional approach has been applied, which made it possible to identify the functioning of the newest loanwords.Results. It has been found out that the process of mastering the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is carried out step-by-step. Intensive introduction and functioning of the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is due to many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors are different in nature, impact and intensity of manifestation, but they act in any language in close interaction, rather than separately.By the type of use, the newest English borrowings form two groups in the Ukrainian language.These are lexemes with a wide scope of application and lexical units with a narrow scope of application. The widely used newest words of English origin include words with their inherent high frequency of use in Ukrainian speech. A group of English loanwords with a narrow scope of use is structured by words, the specificity of which lies in the fact that they are used by separate groups of people related by professional activities. English slangisms and occasionalisms distinguished by sentiments and stylistic markings are also part of this group.Conclusion. English loanwords prevail among neo-borrowings that have fallen into Ukrainian directly or through other languages. The dominant group in their composition is formed by direct borrowings. This is primarily due to the influence of globalization processes and increased interest of the Ukrainians in learning English. Wide introduction of newest words of English origin into the Ukrainian vocabulary has resulted in the emergence of interrelated extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors, though different in nature, impact and magnitude.The newest English loanwords at the present stage of development of Ukrainian society have entered almost all spheres of life. Some of them are not yet fully mastered by linguistic consciousness and are not fixed in Ukrainian dictionaries, but they are already widely used in language communication.

Introduction. The use of high-quality general and specialised dictionaries is indispensable for professional translators and other users to work effectively with foreign languages. A lack of such dictionaries affects the opportunities of cross-cultural communication and is an evidence of an inferior condition of national lexicography. The issues of the quality of Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries have been paid minor attention in scientific research. While they are used widely, no analysis has been carried out to justify whether such dictionaries are appropriate in terms of quality.The purpose of the article is to analyse the lack of originality and use of plagiarism in English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries, emphasising how these factors precondition the dictionaries’ inferior quality.Methods. Secondary research was used for collecting necessary data. Comparative analysis allowed revealing the original sources from which Ukrainian dictionaries copy information. Translation analysis was performed to illustrate the dictionaries’ inferior quality. Deductive thinking was used to investigate the implications for translators and the public.Results. The findings of the research testify that all major English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries are based on the use of plagiarism and direct copying of information from Russian dictionaries. The authors resort to Russian-Ukrainian translation, often with the use of automated translation software, to present the results as authentic Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries. These academically dishonest practices result in the dictionaries’ systemically inferior quality: incorrect terminological translations, domination of Russian calques, and violation of orthographic standards. Both professional translators and the public are thus deprived of any opportunity to use high-quality and genuine Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries.Conclusion. The most widely used English-, French-, and Italian-Ukrainian dictionaries are rooted in copying from Russian dictionaries, which is the main factor preconditioning their inferior quality. This approach testifies the poor condition of Ukrainian lexicography today and illustrates the relevance of the issue.

Introduction. The relevance of the proposed article is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the signs of synthetism and analytism in modern Ukrainian literary language, in particular, on the material of linguistic terminology. This will make it possible to clarify the informationon the relation between synthetism and analyticity in the modern Ukrainian language, as well as to clarify the peculiarities of modern Ukrainian terminology, which is constantly searching for the most effective ways of nominating scientific concepts. To find out the relation betweensynthetism and analytism is important not only for the exact typological qualification of the language, but above all for ascertaining the priority trends in its development.The purpose. The paper aims at the studying of the correlation between synthetism and analytism in modern Ukrainian linguistic terminology.Methods. The investigation is grounded on the observation method and descriptive method, structural method (for the analysis of the structure of terms) and the method of functional analysis (to determine the functional advantages of the terms).Results. The article proves the productivity of analytical linguistic terms, since they reveal a number of advantages, in particular a high degree of semantic accuracy of the nomination of the scientific concept; motivation; less probability of polysemy development, which is not desirable for terminology; a high level of semantic connections that promote hierarchy and systematization of terminology.Despite the dominance of analytical terms in contemporary Ukrainian linguistic discourse, a tendency towards their synthetizing is revealed, which is manifested in the emergence of one-word correspondences, terms-composites and abbreviations. The paper proves: synthetizing of terms-phrases are promoted by the communicative needs of speech dynamics, as well as the fact that it corresponds to the dominant synthetic models of Ukrainian word-formation.Conclusion. The author emphasizes that neither synthetizing nor analytizing is a purely positive or purely negative trend. Analytical terms provide semantic transparency, clarity, academic presentation, synthetic – contribute to the dynamics of communication. The choice of a synthetic or analytical model of a term in linguistic discourse depends on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker, his stylistic preference.The paper suggests practical recommendations to avoid as excessive analytical cumbersome term construction, as well as ambiguous synthetic terms.

Většina studentů, kteří se dnes v Ukrajině učí česky, jsou Ukrajinci, ovládající v podstatě dva jazyky – ukrajinštinu a ruštinu, které mají s češtinou příbuzné mluvnické systémy, protomusíme jako učitelé při výuce češtiny brát v potaz jak společné aspekty, tak i rozdíly mezi našimi jazyky. Ve svém článku bychom se chtěly zaměřit na minikomparatistiku, porovnání ukrajinštiny a češtiny při výuce zvláště rozdílných momentů – co pomáhá a co naopak, ztěžuje osvojení studenty-bohemisty materiálu a na krátkou analýzu nejčastějších chyb., Introduction. The topicality of the work is determined by the direction of present-day linguistic researches on the study of the influence of the Ukrainian-language interference on the structure of the Czech language, the establishment and interpretation of the causes of interference and the disclosure of the mechanisms of its generation, the establishment of regularities of functional changes that accompany this phenomenon.Purpose. The aim of the article is to focus on analysis of the most common mistakes while studying the Czech language by Ukrainian students for taking them into considerationin the teaching process.Methods. The investigation is grounded on the observation method, descriptive method, contrasting method and the method of structural analysis.Results. The results of the investigation showed that students make the biggest mistakes in grammar and spelling. Studying the ways of teaching the Czech language as foreign one approved the necessity of applying of such complex methodology of teaching, which covers translation, comparison, audio-linguistic and audiovisual practice, as well as communicative method.Conclusions. The interference of the features of the Ukrainian language takes place at all levels of the language skills of the Czech language. The interference in the phonetic level in the speech of the Bohemian students is manifested in their subconscious orientation towards the system of the native language during the implementation of the Czech language, that is, the application of its own articulation base and the spoken language skills of the native language.At the grammatical level, the interference of native-language peculiarities lies in the misuse of case endings and іn incorrect construction of phrases. At the lexical-semantic level, interference leads to the use of words that are inappropriate in a particular context.The inclusion of interference while studying the Czech language allows to prevent students’ mistakes and reduce their number, thereby facilitating the learning process and identifying it, contributes to a more effective development of secondary linguistic competence, reduces the learning time to master the new material and allows to prevent the emergence of interference phenomena among students., Вступ. Актуальність роботи зумовлена загальним спрямуванням сучасних лінгвістичних досліджень на вивчення міжмовних впливів, інтерпретацію інтерференції,розкриття механізмів її виникнення, установлення закономірностей функціональних змін, що супроводжують це явище.Мета статті полягає у виявленні труднощів, з якими стикаються українські студенти у вивченні чеської мови з огляду на вплив їхньої рідної мови. Завдання дослідження – проаналізувати типові приклади інтерференції української мови на фонетичну, лексичну та граматичну системи чеської мови й запропонувати оптимальні методи її подолання.Методи. Дослідження виконано за допомогою дескриптивного, зіставного та структурного методів.Результати. З'совано, що усне та письмове мовлення українських студентів, що вивчають чеську мову, містить чимало помилок, зумовлених впливом рідної мови.Найбільшої кількості помилок студенти припускаються в граматиці й орфографії.Аналіз викладання чеської мови як іноземної довів необхідність застосування комплексної методології навчання, що охоплює граматичний переклад, порівняльний, аудіо-лінгвістичний, аудіовізуальний та комунікативний методи.Висновки. Інтерференція ознак української мови відбувається на всіх мовних рівнях опанування чеської мови. Інтерференція на фонетичному рівні в усному мовленні студентів-богемістів виявляється у їхній підсвідомій орієнтації на систему рідної мови під час звукової реалізації чеської мови, тобто у застосуванні власної артикуляційної бази і вимовних навичок рідної мови. На граматичному рівні інтерференція рідномовних особливостей полягає в неправильному використанні відмінкових закінчень і побудові дієслівних конструкцій. У межах синтаксичної інтерференції поширене ненормативне вживання керованих форм іменників з прийменником або без нього. На лексико-семантичному рівні інтерференція призводить до вживання слів невідповідної в певному контексті семантики. Для швидкого та правильного засвоєння чеської мови студентами-іноземцями, українцями зокрема, необхідно, щоб викладачі, особливо носії мови, мали базові знання про типологічні особливості рідної мови студента, про його мовну систему, схожість і відмінність чеської та української мов.

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the study of semantic innovations and peculiarities of the lexicographic interpretation of lexical units used to designate colors in Soviet times based on the analysis of the materials of the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” in 11 volumes(1970–1980). The importance of this research is caused by the need of a thorough study of the influence of Soviet ideology on the semantics of words from various thematic groups, including those perceived as non-politically significant having initially neutral meanings.Purpose. The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of Soviet ideology on the lexicographic description of the names of colors, to study the functional-semantic transformationsof the lexemes denoting the names of colors, that was induced by socio-political factors of the Soviet period.Methods. The investigation is grounded on the methods of descriptive and componential analysis, as well as contextual analysis.Results. It has been found out that the names of colors became ideologically connoted under the conditions of functioning in the Soviet totalitarian discourse. First of all, the changes were found in the semantics of archetypal color names such as red, white and black, as well as golden. Expansion of the compatibility of analyzed lexemes and formation of new figurative and symbolic meanings in them have been revealed. Changes in the antonymic relationshipsbetween the words used to designate colors as compared to their traditional semantic relationships in the national world view have been established.Analysis of vocabulary items aimed at revealing the semantic content of color names enabled to determine the lexicographic methods of their ideologization, namely, their use in the definitions and illustrative material of ideological-evaluative adjectives, pejorative components, illustrations from authoritative in the Soviet society sources characterized by an expressive valuation from the communist ideology point of view, use of contradistinction.Conclusion. Consequently, the names of colors in the Soviet period became the bearers of a distinct positive or negative valuation conditioned by ideological factors. They were verbal expressions of the value priorities of society and contributed significantly to the dissemination of mental stereotypes and the formation of the official linguistic picture of the world.

Introduction. The study of national and lingual picture of the world remains topical for linguistic studies. This kind of investigation involves the integrated, systematic approach to the analysis of language phenomena, taking into account the data of various branches of knowledge (history, sociology, cultural studies, religious studies, ethnography), carried out inthe context of anthropocentric facet. National-cultural component reflects the specific of the Turkish worldview. The problems of maintenance of the nationally cultural component (national and cultural specifics, connotation, differences in the word associations etc.) are investigated.Purpose. The paper aims at analyzing the specific features of the national-cultural components in Turkish lingual picture of the world actualized in the Ukrainian linguocultural space.Methods. The given research is based on the descriptive method, which includes observation, generalization, and typology of the factual material, a contrastive analysis.Results. Author’s definition of “national and cultural components” is given. The main lexical-thematic groups with national-cultural component of the Turkish lingual picture of the world and of the Ukrainian language picture of the world are determined. The variants of their translation into the Ukrainian language are interpreted. The level of openness of thesethematic groups to substitutions is determined.Conclusion. The Turkish and Ukrainian lingual pictures of the world are not isomorphic due to many reasons (extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors). There are many thematic groups with the national-cultural information (religion, traditions, clothes, meals and drinks, musical instruments, dances, games etc.). The level of openness of these thematic groups to substitutions is very different according to the national and cultural information, intentions of the translator.The translator must preserve the specifics of another cultural space without overloading the text by unrecognizable to the Ukrainian reader realities and without changing the register of the narrative.

Introduction. The paper focuses on the accentual specifics of the VIIth Structural Class verbs with disposable semantics in the south-western patois in correlation with those in late pre-Slavic language community and Ukrainian literary language.Purpose. The paper aims at tracing back the process of root accentuation formation in the verbs under investigation, finding their stress tendencies; defining the role and place of the patois in the process of establishing accent norms in variants of the Ukrainian literary language, and thus in present day Ukrainian language; explaining the causes of stressincompatibility of the verbatives in the patois under analysis as well as in south-western variants of the literary language and present day literary Ukrainian.Methods. To achieve the aim of the work the following methods of investigation have been applied: comparative-historic and that of internal reconstruction, inductive and deductive, synchronic and diachronic.Results. It has been revealed that the process derivatives, performing as the bearers of process semantics of influence on the object (subject) and movement in space, mainly accompanied by sound, are characterized by usage and derivation productivity, completeness of the grammatical paradigm, perfective aspect grammeme, morphological, phonetical and stress variance with the root one prevailing. It has also been found out that the majority of the verbatives belong to the derivative possessions of the Ukrainian language proper, root accentuation of which having been caused by the analogy to the derivatives of the mentioned paradigms.The stress shift from the root to the stem class suffix in the infinitive, and more rarely to the flexion in presence in the group of the verbative analyzed are motivated by rhythmic organizing of song lyrics, stress specifics of Lemcovian dialects, technical omissions of the compilers of thecorresponding lexicographic sources and functional load of the stress.Conclusion. The sporadicity of variance accentuation (root and suffix-flexional) of some verbs is motivated by crossing two (South-western and South-eastern) stress tendencies of the Ukrainian language. Suffix-flexional accentuation of the part of the defined derivatives in south-eastern variant of the Ukrainian literary language and present day Ukrainian is explained by the influence of the Russian language lexicographic tradition.

Introduction. The article focuses on the lexico-semantic units of the neology as a means of enriching figurative Ukrainian speech and as an important aesthetic component of the author's picture of the writer’s world.Purpose. The aim of the article is to describe and analyze the lexico-semantic innovations by using various criteria suggested by Liuko Dashvar, Dara Kornii, Lesia Romanchuk, Iren Rozdobudko.Methods. Systematization of the known directions and aspects applied while conducting the research within the descriptive method with its methods of external and internal interpretations proved it expedient to study the lexico-semantic units using the semantic-and-structural method,in particular the method of component and distributional analysis.Practical value of the results. The paper defines and describes the main varieties of lexico-semantic neologisms that function in contemporary fiction female prose. We suggest that these innovations may be classified according to the following criteria:1) the form of the linguistic unit: neolexemes (the novelty of the form is combined with the novelty of the content); transnominational neologisms (the combination of a new form of word with the expressed meaning of the already existed form); neosemems (new meaning is expressed by the form available in the language); neophrase;2) the degree of novelty (and by the way of nomination): absolute (strong) and relative as a result of borrowings;3) the functional purposes: nominative and nominative-expressive;4) the parameter of language – norm – speech: conventional (generally-accepted) and occasional (accidental).Conclusion. The conducted research shows that the role of contemporary authoresses in the development of the Ukrainian language is poly-dimensional. Thus, in particular, is the creation of neoforms with abstract-and-conceptual meaning and neosemantic units within the lexemeand its interconnectivity as well as actualization of the linguistic experience of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the late XIXth – early XXth centuries and the connection with the cultural and written tradition of the Ukrainian language during historically ancient layers. Linguistic investigationsby Liuko Dashvar, Lesia Romanchuk, Iren Rozdobudko are aimed at discovering and developing natural, evolutionarily motivated content units of thinking. Their new discoveries are not sharply distinguished on the background of well-known words. The most vivid and most numerous lexicosemantic innovations are neosemantic units, performing the evaluative-expressive function.

Introduction. Terms knowledge, language abilities and skills are central in the presentday Ukrainian linguodidactics. Their studying is predetermined by the necessity to find the most correct definition of them, to draw the microparadigm of notions they embody. Comparing the ways of key points understanding and explanation with those in English, Polish, and Russianlanguages allows to work out their categorial components.The purpose of the article is to analyze the terms of knowledge, skills, skills in the professional language of Ukrainian linguodidactics.The method of componental analysis makes it possible to describe the semantics of the terms under research.Results. Particularly, it was discovered that knowledge is a component of the content of learning comprising a collection of information that students acquire or have. The term language ability refers to the capacity to carry out activities in foreign language whereas skill denotes actions that became automatic based on multiple repetitions while doing group and individual exercises and creative tasks. The microparadigms special for each of these terms were singled out according to different criteria and the definition of each term was given. Besides the difference between the Ukrainian system of investigated terms and the Polish, English and Russian systems was discovered. The meaning of the analyzed terms was compared with the term competence that is defined as the totality of theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities that are the purpose of language learning.Conclusion. In Ukrainian language teaching the terms knowledge, language abilities and skills function actively with the existing subsystems of concepts, however ambiguity arises at the level of harmonization with the foreign language correspondences. Sometimes the discrepancies demonstrate the redundancy or inaccuracy arising within the Ukrainian terminology system but sometimes they show the specificity of the Ukrainian system of special units. New analytical constructions containing the units of knowledge, language abilities and skills may appear with the development of the methods of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language.Thus, their analysis will be the prospect of our research.

WHEN IS ORAL NARRATIVE POETRY? GENERATIVE FORM AND ITS PRAGMATIC CONDITIONS Dell Hymes I want to persuade you of three things: (1) that spoken narrative has a level of patterning that is likely to be found everywhere, or nearly so, but that has been missed in most research (in the common kinds of entextualization (Blommaert 1997: 15-24)); (2) that we are only beginning to grasp the complexity of such patterning as a part of narrative competence; (3) that such patterning may be present to different degrees, or even absent, in ways dependent upon personal and community circumstances and concerns. A fair amount has come to be known in regard to the first point (see 1. below). Something has begun to be known in regard to the second. What it would be like to know something about the third can be suggested. The first point has to do with transcending two conventional practices. One is the long-standing assumption that the narratives consist of paragraphs. Of course one knows that epics like the Iliad and Odyssey, and many other long narratives, are organized in terms of lines. We readily recognize their lines because they are organized internally. There are patterns in terms of which a line has a certain number of stressed syllables, alliterating initial consonants, feet of types defined by a tradition. We have a name for such lines, metrical. When metricality is absent, internal organization has been taken to be absent. Even those devoted to avoiding imposition of alien frameworks on languages, to describing the organization of languages inductively in terms of relations within the languages themselves, scholars such as Boas and Sapir, have left that devotion behind at the sentence's edge.Much of the traditional oral narrative of the world is published only in terms of paragraphs. Today there is a great deal of work that transcribes oral narratives in terms of lines. The working assumption is to attend to pauses, phrases, tone groups and the like. Such features are noted to divide a narrative. Largely ignored are features that enter into relationships to organize a narrative (see discussion of John L's story below). In recent years it has become clear that in many languages, perhaps all, there is an organization of lines in terms of which the shape of a narrative can be discovered inductively and shown on the page. The relations are not internal to lines, not metrical, but among lines, 'measured'. There are regularities in the relations among measured lines, just as there are regularities in metrical lines. Especially clear accounts of the identification of lines in spoken narratives are given by Virginia Hymes (1987) and Joel Sherzer (1987, ch.4; 1990, pp.17). On the vocal articulation of lines in ritual wailing in three South American cultures, see Urban (1991), pp. 110-1, 152-9. These regularities have to do with cultural patterns, but also with the explorations and skill of narrators. In terms of cultural patterns, communities appear to build upon one of two alternatives: Relations in terms of two and four, or relations in terms of three and five. English narratives in the United States appear to work in terms of three and five, but in parts of Ireland in terms of two and four. Among Native American groups, Navajo, Zuni and others build in terms of two and four, while Chinookan and Sahaptian build in terms of three and five. In a flourishing narrative tradition one may find a variety of ways of making use of such relations, and of varying their aesthetic effect. A set of three or of five may be a set of three or five pairs. A sequence of ten lines may be a single rhetorical unit. A set of lines may be balanced internally, or a run from start to end. Uses of quoted speech and of catalogs are variables also. (See Hymes 1994, 1999) For many narrative traditions, discovering lines and relations is pretty much all that we can do. To be sure, it can lead to understanding and interpretation otherwise not possible. We can recognize artistry and subtleties of meaning otherwise invisible. For a true account of the human capacity for verbal art, this is crucial. But as with the Iliad and Odyssey, there are no people to observe and question, only texts. The second and third points have to do with when and where and to what degree narrators are conscious of such relations, or sensitive to them, vary in their deployment of them, as in regard to gender, are perhaps unconsciously affected by their presence. Pragmatic research should not be ignorant of the first point, when dealing with narrative. It can make major contributions to the second and third.

This article suggests that much of the use of the Navajo language in contemporary Navajo written poetry, especially English dominant poetry, serves as an icon of proper Navajo usage. It is a purist view of the Navajo language. Navajo poetry is implicated, even if tacitly, in a discourse of linguistic purism that is tied to an oppositional linguistic ideology that sees Navajo and English as discrete and distinct “objects.” Navajo poetry erases the contemporary sociolinguistic diversity - including bilingual Navajo - on the Navajo Nation. And in so doing, it closes off parts of Navajo sociolinguistic realities and in its stead creates an imagined Navajo language community.

This article investigates forms of address, in particular the T/V distinction in German, in conversational interviews with German-speaking immigrants to English-speaking Canada and their descendants. From among 77 interviews conducted in two urban areas in Canada, we discuss instances of both the interactional use of and metalinguistic comments on forms of address. Our analysis is largely guided by conversation analysis and interactional sociolinguistics (e.g. Goodwin & Heritage 1990). Using Clyne, Norrby and Warren’s (2009) model of address as a backdrop, we investigate the construction of group identity and group socialization through the lens of positioning theory (e.g. van Langenhove and Harré 1993; Dailey-O’Cain and Liebscher 2009). This combination of analytical tools can explain shifts in both usage of and attitudes toward the T/V distinction that cannot be explained through language attrition arguments alone.

This paper investigates two different views concerning the number of deictic degrees of demonstratives in Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The first view claims that CA has a medial category of demonstratives in addition to proximals and distals; the second view postulates that there are only proximals and distals in CA. The study examines the dialectal origin of singular and dual CA demonstratives based on writings of ancient grammarians in addition to investigating the Semitic origin of these demonstratives. It is argued that the demonstrative system in CA is the result of a combination of two dialectal demonstrative systems: one of these had been used in Old ?ijaazi, while the other had been used in Old Tamiimi Arabic. Each of these dialects had only proximals and distals but no medials. Demonstratives in these dialects had dissimilar forms for distals. ?ijaazi distals had two suffixes attached to the proximal base, while Tamiimi ones had one suffix only. The presence of these different forms led grammarians representing the first view to the fallacy that demonstratives with one suffix are medials, while those with two suffixes are distals. However, the supposed medials are in fact the distals that were used in Old Tamiimi; their distance value is the same as that of Old Hijaazi distals.

In this article we combine a concern with speech play and language ideologies to investigate contemporary Navajo terminology development. This article presents some recent cases of lexical elaboration in context, and argues that neologisms in Navajo are often fleeting, shifting, or humorous practices that reflect and recreate individual agency, intimate grammars, and local language ideologies. They also reflect an unexpected continuity in what is considered to be a context of rapid language shift. Such practices are one form of resistance to English and should be seen as a sociocultural, rather than purely referential, phenomenon.

The English system of address constitutes an exception among the European languages, in that it does not have a grammatical distinction between a formal pronoun of address and an informal one. Rather, English speakers exploit lexical strategies (i.e. nominal vocatives). This study aims to shed light on the address strategies used by students and members of the teaching staff in academic interactions, with reference to the University of Reading (UK). Data from semi-structured interviews and video-recordings outline an unmarked pattern of asymmetry between the parties, in which students mainly employ formal vocatives towards lecturers (title+surname, honorifics), while lecturers frequently use first names and other informal expressions. Reciprocal informal vocatives, by contrast, emerges as a marked practice, which is resisted or delayed in time. This asymmetrical distribution of forms questions classical models and previous research on address and calls for the necessity of new components for the understanding of the phenomenon.

Language can be examined as a rich resource for understanding the ways in which speakers represent themselves, how they represent others, and how they are represented by others. In this paper we explore a set of language beliefs in conjunction with language practices of Kreydl speakeis. We are interested in how metalinguistic telms used by Haitians regarding varieties of spoken Kreydl manifest themselves in debates regarding which orthography best repreients the language. This is followed by an analysis of competing orthographies in teims of how tt "y rnit" the language looi and which sounds are.given graphirepresentation. We view the pro..r, of Jreiting an orthography for Kreydl not is u n"utril activity which simply reduces an oral language to witten form, but as an important symbolic vehicle for'representing its speak"ers In terms of national and international identity. We propose thai conteste-d orthographies be viewed as sites of contested identities iather ittun ur neutral academic or fnguistic arguments without political, social or educational consequences. We suggest that the debates regarding the sounds of Kreydl as well as how those sounds should be written are about different representations of its speakers. These different arguments and the

This study explores the use of the first person plural pronoun “we/wij” by government and opposition party members in panel debates from the Flemish talk show De Zevende Dag. Both groups of politicians enter this arena with divergent communicative goals, which has clear implications (i) for the type of propositions in which subclasses of “we/wij”-pronouns are generally involved and (ii) for the politicians’ assessment of the status of these propositions. Patterns with regard to these three implications are analyzed by means of a systemic functional approach supported with quantitative data. It is claimed that government and opposition party discussants either employ distinct patterns in accordance with their different aims, or that they use similar ones, albeit with divergent discourse functions. The former scenario turns out to be true in the case of exclusive uses of “we/wij” and the latter in the case of inclusive meanings. In that way, the paper sheds light on subtle differences in how government and opposition party discussants argue and deal with the invisible presence of an overhearing broadcast audience.

The purpose of this study is to show that direct speech in narratives introduced by “von wegen” (‘like’) and “nach dem Motto” (‘along the lines of’) can be analyzed as a powerful means to transform a stretch of talk into a massive “stance index” which transcends the boundaries between the narrator’s world and the narrated world in terms of narrative metalepsis. “Von wegen” and “nach dem Motto” are non-canonical reporting frames which are syntactically flexible and semantically facilitate a transformation of direct speech into a “category-animation”. For these reasons, they can be employed spontaneously in spoken talk-in-interaction and make it possible to shape a stretch of direct speech creatively in order to position oneself, other discourse participants and narrated characters as committed or non-committed to what is seen to be a relevant normative point of reference. The way direct speech introduced by “von wegen” and “nach dem Motto” can be used to construct positions in order to evaluate discourse participants and narrated characters can be grasped schematically by means of a slightly revised and extended version of Du Bois’ “stance triangle”.

This study examines requests in Vietnamese, a much under-researched language, with a view to expanding the range of languages under inquiry. Open role-plays in six scenarios with differing social power and perceived imposition levels were used to elicit requests from nine Vietnamese native speakers. Data were analyzed with reference to the categorization of Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989) for level of directness, choice of request strategy and use of modification. The findings suggested that unlike requests in some European languages reported in the literature, requests in Vietnamese as a native language were realized predominantly by means of imperatives in equal power situations and query preparatories in low-to-high power situations, regardless of imposition levels. Requests were modified preferably by means of supportive moves such as steers and grounders, and lexical means such as address terms, honorifics, modal particles, and appealers. These findings are discussed with implications for cross-cultural communication and the teaching and learning of Vietnamese as a second language.

Negative polar particles have generally been characterized as items for expressing disagreement or responding negatively to polar questions. What has been lacking in these accounts is attention to embodied activities. This paper studies the usage of the Estonian negative particle ei as a preface in realtime activities, showing that it halts the ongoing action, often for the sake of achieving intersubjective understanding and establishing epistemic authority. The paper shows how other matters besides logic and truth-conditions define the meaning of the negative particle. Analysis of linguistic function demands transgressing the boundaries of language and scrutiny of co-present interaction in its temporal emergence. The paper argues that several discourse functions of ei are also more accurately described from the vantage point of its usage in multimodal face-to-face settings than from the logical properties that the item happens to display in limited sequential contexts after yes/no interrogatives.

The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.

This article examines the complex intersection of language ideologies shaping alphabetic choices in Ukrainian outdoor advertising and shop signs, focusing on alphabet mixing through the insertion of Latin letters into Cyrillic texts and the juxtaposition of parallel or alternating texts using both of these writing systems. Drawing upon ethnographic data from work with graphic designers and consumers as well as analysis of language use in signs, I argue that while alphabet mixing is often characterized as “faddish” or “youth-oriented” these practices also reflect Soviet-era ideological stances towards both Latin typefaces, seen as “plastic” letters associated with Western capitalism, and Cyrillic typefaces, seen as “rigid” forms subject to strong central control by the Soviet state. The increasing availability of personal computers with word-processing and graphic design software in Ukraine has both increased access by individuals to print technology, and promoted a new typographic aesthetic through the dissemination of Cyrillic fonts based on Latin, not Soviet or pre-Soviet Cyrillic, models.

All sociolinguistic systems, presumably, provide some means of expressing respect (or disrespect); but only some systems have grammaticalized honorifics. This paper compares several languages Javanese, Wolof, and Zulu, plus a glance at ChiBemba with regard to honorific expressions and the social and cultural frameworks relevant thereto.2 The main question to be explored is whether one can identiff any special cultural concomitants of linguistic systems in which the expression of respect is grammaticalized. Javanese "language levels" are a classic and well-described example of a system for the expression of respect. In the sense in which I shall define "grammaticalized honorifics," Javanese provides an apt illustration. Wolof, on the other hand, does not. Of course, Javanese is only one of several Asian languages well known for honorific constructions, while Wolof, spoken in Senegal, comes from another part of the globe. But the presence or absence of honorifics is not an area characteristic of Asian languages as opposed to African languages. As we shall see, Zulu has a system of lexical alternates bearing a certain typological resemblance to the Javanese system. Moreover, many other Bantu languages (such as ChiBemba) also have grammaticalized honorifics, but in the morphology rather than in the lexicon. Focusing on social structure instead of on geographical area, one might hypothesize that grammaticalized honorifics occur where there are royal courts (Wenger 1982) and in societies whose traditions emphasize social rank and precedence. Honorifics would be a linguistic means of expressing conventionalized differences of rank. The languages I shall compare will make it evident, however, that a hypothesis causally linking honorifics with court life or with entrenched class differences cannot be

During the last few years, mobile phones and social networks have deeply changed relationships and, insidiously, the use and representations of languages in Vanuatu. In spite of being very recent, it seems that new ways of communication imply changes regarding the various ways of using and adapting languages, amongst which are code-switching and language-shifting. Bislama, the national local lingua franca, is becoming more and more used in phone conversations. Internet and especially social networks (such as Facebook) are revealing new language strategies in social intercourses. This article examines interactions of languages that are mediated through social networks and mobile phone exchanges. More specifically, this paper discusses different language ideologies that are manifest in and deployed over forms of telecommunication.