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Koh Lipe, Satun is a famous tourist destination along the Andaman Sea, Southern Thailand where linguistic landscape is structured mainly in English. Monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual signage in this island displays distinctiveness of linguistic elements and linguistic diversity manifested in a variety of English lexicons. Thus, this study aims to analyze lexical characteristics of English in 370 signs along three popular beaches of the island -- Pattaya Beach, Sunrise Beach, and Sunset Beach. It also discusses a reflection of the features on glocalization of English. Through the use of Linguistic Landscape, Multilingualism, and World Englishes approaches, an analysis of photographed data showed that textual formations of the signage highlight outstanding lexical and semantic dimensions of words. There appear to be English nouns, affixation, proper nouns in register of English, English compound nouns, hybrid compound nouns, acronyms, clipping, loanwords, loan translation, phrasal verbs, coinage, Tinglish words, and lexical repetition. Moreover, these lexical items present crucial linguistic formation in English that contacts other indigenous, Asian, and European languages, and they are formed to provide governmental information and to advertise local products and services of tourism for local and international tourists. Hence, these characteristics mirror glocalized English in a southern Thai context of tourism.

Manuscripts are known to transmit cultural heritage across generations along with thoughts, knowledge, customs, and people's behaviors. The current study aimed to examine the influence of Arabic manuscripts on the Malay and the Acehnese tradition with the spread of Islam. For this purpose, an Acehnese manuscript, "Kitab Tauhid" (KT), was sampled as the primary data to find out the orthography of Acehnese and the Malay language, a domain that has so far been underrated and understudied. This qualitative study used a descriptive research design and note-taking method, i.e., transcribing and translating for retrieving the absorption of the Malay language and the Jawi orthography. The objective was to obtain a deep analysis of the sampled text and classify the Jawi Script and Malay language into the description. The retrieved data was analyzed by classifying them into different types of loanwords and to examine the Jawi script's orthography and the variety of Malay used in the KT manuscript. The results revealed that after Islam's arrival in Nusantara, the Jawi scripts were influenced by the Malay language. This influence included using diacritical marks or "harakat" as vowel markers being removed and replaced with "alif," "wau," and "ya." The implications include evidence of the Arabic vocabulary and the influence of Arabic phonemes and phrases in the KT manuscript.

This study aims at investigating how loanwords from Japanese and Korean are used in informal written Cantonese media discourse, including print and social media. Data from these media were collected from designated websites for 15?min every other day over a two-week period. The results show that loanwords from Korean, being written in a phonographic script "hangul" ([foreign characters omitted]), are rendered into written Cantonese typically through phonetic adaptation using Chinese morpho-syllables, while their Chinese-specific morphographic meanings are ignored. By contrast, lexical items from Japanese written in "kanji" tend to be borrowed directly through graphic borrowing, paying no regard to their Japanese pronunciation. Japanese being written with mixed scripts, "kanji" and two "kana" syllabaries, graphic borrowing from "hiragana" or "katakana" is rare, with the Japanese grammatical particle [foreign character omitted] being a notable exception. We conclude that lexical items written in a phonographic script tend to be rendered into written Cantonese phonetically, while those written in character-based "hànzì" are borrowed directly through graphic borrowing but assigned Cantonese pronunciation. In informal interaction between Cantonese-dominant Hongkongers, colloquial written Cantonese relies on the affordance of script mixing for its vitality, in print as much as in internet-mediated social media discourse.

For many Spanish speakers, Spanglish is perceived as a bastardized form of Spanish that does not count as "real" Spanish. This view rests on the assumption that there is a "real" Spanish, which operates by a set of grammatical, lexical and morphological rules such that when bilingual speakers mix into these rules elements that belong to English, they produce "ill-formed" expressions like "Mamá, púshame en el columpio" and "Porque no me llamas pa' tras," and macaronic languaging like "Creo que she's not wachando la movie." In this paper, I argue that this portrayal of Spanglish is based on prescriptive, deficit models that ignore socio-cultural transborder realities of Spanish and English and bilingual language users in contact. Drawing on examples from bilingual children's literature, bilingual (hybrid) discourse, and bilingual cultural models, I show that Spanglish is not only linguistically well-formed, but also a genuine reflection of bilingual transborder identity affiliations for many Spanglish users living along the US-Mexican regions of the United States. Based on the analyses of the examples, I present the case that serious study of Spanglish within bilingual communities needs to place it within the socio-cultural, transborder contexts that contribute to its development and use.

This paper examines recent lexical expansion in New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) in the context of change in the status of the language and ongoing contact with other (spoken and signed) languages. We categorised 917 new signs documented in the past five years according to their source, semantic field, and sign formation mechanism(s), both language-internal and language-external (contact induced). Lexical expansion in NZSL uses known sign formation mechanisms with a high proportion of (iconic) depicting constructions but also a large number of contact-induced signs including loans, calques and bimodal loan-shifts. Differences were found between planned (curriculum-related) terminology and community generated neologisms both in semantic field and prevalence of sign formation mechanisms. Variation in neologisms and non-lexical paraphrases were common, suggesting that while the semiotic repertoires of signers are diversifying, acceptance and standardisation of neologisms are uncertain. Our findings indicate that lexical expansion reflects new contexts of NZSL use (including pressure to disseminate information through interpreting and translation, and use in education) and interaction with the culture of wider society.

Anchored on Labov's notion that some linguistic features may exhibit variants among speakers of the same language within the same community as well as on Parker and Riley's language variation theory, this inquiry which employs a qualitative-content [manifest] analysis assumes that "Surigaonon" exhibits some linguistic variations hence the identification of its lexical and syntactic variants, determination of the morphological processes revealed by the variants, and documentation of the rules of morphological unit combinations established by the morphological processes. This inquiry is propelled by the belief that intermarriages and employment among others have steered "Suriganonons" to encounters with people who speak other languages thus speak some of these languages themselves in formal circumstances resulting into the "adoption and use of non-"Surigaonon" terms" [and structures] and "nativizing" them. Data were sourced from published studies, "Surigaonon" dictionary and handbook, as well as recorded responses from "Surigaonons" obtained by adapting Labov's "rapid and anonymous observations" technique. Findings prove that "Surigaonon" exhibits some linguistic variations which reveal a number of morphological processes establishing several rules of morphological unit combinations. Although some are distinctively native "Surigaonon" alternatives, many are evidently results of the identified morphological processes which include [among others] lexical borrowing, affixation including circumfixation, alternation, clipping, compounding, metathesis, and stylistic syntactic variation through contraction, exclusion, and single morpheme equivalents. Moreover, despite following rules in word formations with majority of the lexical and syntactic variants, "Surigaonons" speak other alternatives that imply language innovation without apprehension of any deviation from established universal convention. Some display nonconformity which might also be the rationale for many of the complex word formations in the same collection despite prior described and established patterns.

Although lexical borrowing from the English language into Bangla has been reported in the literature, not many studies have investigated the nature and the extent to which this borrowing has taken place in relation to Bangla short stories. This study examined five Bangla short stories, which were selected based on purposive sampling. Our analysis of the textual data drew upon thematic analysis. The findings of the study illustrated four types of borrowings, which were classified as 'with Bangla equivalents', 'without Bangla equivalents', 'with close Bangla equivalents', and 'hybridised'. The borrowed words were further studied to understand the domains in which lexical borrowing took place. Findings reported in this study indicate that an increasing number of English lexis is gradually getting their place within creative writings published in Bangla. These findings provide the basis for the argument that while lexical borrowings can enrich Bangla, this practice may also contribute to marginalising the language by replacing some of its lexis. The study contributes to our understanding of the nature of lexical borrowings from the English language into the contemporary short stories written in Bangla, notably by illustrating the domains in which the borrowings have taken place.

The paper presents the results of a complex study of ?onsonantal phonemes' syntagmatics, registered at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word throughout the historical development of the English language. The analysis of frequencies of consonantal clusters' actualization allowed the author to characterize the regularities of their occurring within the word structure as well as describe dynamics of their changes during the history of English. The following issues common for different languages are the main aspects for consideration of the problem elaborated in the paper: the emergence of new phonemic sequences (combinability), the occurrence of phonemic changes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word, the emergence of new phonemes and phonologization processes of the already existing ones, new functional load of phonemes and their ability to combine, the suitability of consonants to join new clusters, the study of the phenomenon of phonemic borrowing, substitution processes, the study of the consonantal clusters' structures as well as frequencies of their occurrence. The research methodology is based on the classification of linguistic features of consonantal clusters as well as envisages their description in correlation with the historical period of the feature manifestation, the position of the cluster in the word, the number of phonemes in a cluster, the ratio of voice and noise, the place and manner of consonant articulation.

This study aims at investigating how borrowed nouns from English are inflected for plural and gender in Colloquial Saudi Arabic (CSA). The attempt is also made to account for the possible linguistic factors which may affect this inflection in light of some theories in morphology. The analysis is based on more than 250 loanwords collected from different sources (dictionaries, social, media, and TV series). The results showed that foreign nouns are found to be marked for all types of plural (broken plural (BP), female sound plural (FSP), and masculine sound plural (MSP)). More than 77% of borrowed nouns are inflected for FSP. However, this result disagrees with the plural formation rule operating in native nominal stems, which states that BP is the most common, and SP seldom occurs. Views from morphology theory as proposed by Abd-Rabbo (1990) and McCarthy and Prince (1990a; 1990b) were employed to account for this phenomenon. Another feature which is also peculiar to FSP formation is related to the attachment of "--ha:t" and "--ya:t" to singular borrowed nouns to form FSP instead of "--a:t." Like plural marking, gender assignment to borrowed nouns is also subject to the CSA rules. All English loan nouns are inflected either for masculine by attaching the [phi] morpheme (the unmarked) or feminine gender by attaching "--ah" (the marked). Out of the three functions of the feminine marker "--ah" introduced by Drozdík (1998), the inflectional function is the only function that is found at work within foreign nouns. The study concludes with recommendations for further research on loanword variation with regard to plural formation and other morpho-syntactic processes across the different dialects of Arabic.

Kriol, an English-lexifier contact language, has approximately 20,000 speakers across northern Australia. It is the primary language of the remote Aboriginal community of Ngukurr. Kriol is a contact language, incorporating features of English and traditional Indigenous languages. The language has been perceived both positively and negatively, although recent literature suggests a shift towards more favorable views. This paper investigates how community members in Ngukurr responded to the question of non-Indigenous residents (known locally as "Munanga") learning Kriol. Interviews with local Indigenous residents showed positive attitudes to Kriol, with respondents providing a number of perceived benefits for outsiders learning the language. Our interviews provide empirical evidence for pride in the language, affirming a shift to more positive attitudes.

This paper proposes a tripartite model describing the lexical categories across different registers and levels of formality in the Cantonese language in contemporary Hong Kong: (1) native Cantonese words; (2) Sino-Cantonese words, and (3) Anglo-Cantonese words. Examples of authentic Cantonese use were used to illustrate the histories and etymology of key lexical categories and sub-categories as found in the city's linguistic landscape. As a sensitising device, the proposed classificatory model highlights the role of lexical borrowings in the constitution of contemporary Cantonese lexis, whilst decentring a primarily Mandarin-based approach to research and practice. Given the authenticity and omnipresence of Cantonese use across spoken and written modalities in contemporary Hong Kong, this paper argues that there is much scope for disambiguating and systematising the place of Cantonese lexis in the local Chinese language curriculum. In this regard, the case of Chinese language provision for ethnolinguistic minority learners with Chinese-as-an-Additional-Language (CAL) needs in post-handover Hong Kong is put forth to call attention to the utility of this descriptive model in mitigating against the learning and pedagogical issues associated with the disconnect between the curriculum and authentic language use, as well as linguistic disintegration.

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper "The Dawn" since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. The results show that, when the Urdu language loan words are morphologically integrated in Pakistan English, they do not change their grammatical category. Moreover, four distinguished morphological process are identified in integration of these loan words. The results also reveal that deficit hypothesis is the main reason of this lexical borrowing.

This article discusses the features, reasons, and values of the mushrooming Chinese English neologisms (CENs). Generally speaking, CENs are a variety of English words, namely Chinese English words, some of which have entered Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Based on data from Web Corp Live, the author finds that: (1) CENs take on the grammatical and morphological characteristics of English words, such as inflection and derivation, which are not found in the previous related studies; and (2) CENs belong specific semantic domains, which are closely related to China's latest social, economic, cultural development in the network era. CENs are the production of language contact between Chinese and English in the time of Internet. CENs possess important values to observe or understand Chinese new social phenomena and to promote the communications between the Chinese and the English world.

The article is aimed at the analysis of a linguistic problem of the use of Anglo-American loanwords in the Ukrainian language connected with the English globalisation and transformation into the language of international communication. The authors argue that the Anglo-Americanisms can be transferable to the original Ukrainian synonymous words because there are analogues and one-word equivalents for them. The youth slang is considered as a separate part of the national language, which represents the development of society. Therefore, the authors make an attempt to identify its role in globalisation processes. The hypothesis of the research is that the use of Anglo-Americanisms depends on the age, gender and educational dimensions. The analysis of linguistic behaviour based on empirical data was carried out. In order to achieve the aim of the research, a set of scientific methods was used, namely: analysis, synthesis, comparing, generalisation, questioning and interviewing. The study involved 300 people, 150 women and 150 men. Gender has a certain influence on the degree of the use of Anglo-Americanisms in the speech of youth: young men use English loans more often than young women. The participants were divided into two age groups of 17-18 years old and 19-20 years old. The difference between two groups is not significant. Participants were also subdivided into two groups depending on the factor where they received their education. One group consisted of the students studying in higher educational institutions, and the second one was made up of students from colleges and technical schools. The loanwords are typical of the speech of all the young people regardless of their speciality. The youth slang affects the use of English loanwords in the Ukrainian language. The majority of respondents (64%) showed the increasing number of Anglo-Americanisms in their vocabulary. Most of young people prefer them to the Ukrainian equivalents. The Ukrainian youth slang is full of Anglo-Americanisms and this process is getting more intense.

This research aims to identify the types of interference and factor of interference. The object of this research is the daily conversations of the students at a University in Indonesia. The research focused on English interference that occurs in Javanese Language and Indonesian Language in everyday conversation. Data is obtained by observation attentively method and participatory observation techniques. The data is analyzed by the equivalent technique. It is described in a basic technique by translational competence-in-dividing. The determinant tools are other languages namely Indonesian and Javanese. The results of the data analysis are presented in an informal method. The results of the study showed that the interference found in the daily conversation of students. It occurred in the types of morphology and lexicology. In the type of morphology, interference occurs in the use of Javanese and Indonesian language patterns in its formation. As for the type of lexicology, interference is caused by the use of English vocabulary used in Indonesian and Javanese. The factor of emergence of interference is caused by language contact, the term from the influence of technological progress, and the prestige of the source language and language style. The influence of technological progress is the most impacting factor.

Mandarin speakers tend to adapt intervocalic nasals as either an onset of the following syllable (e.g. Bruno [right arrow] "bù.lu.nuò"), as a nasal geminate (e.g. Daniel [right arrow] "dan.ní.er"), or as one of the above forms (e.g. Tiffany [right arrow] "dì.fú.ní" or "dì.fen.ní"). Huang and Lin (2013, 2016) identified two factors that may induce the nasal gemination repair: (1) when stress falls on the pre-nasal vowel and (2) when the pre-nasal vowel is a non-high lax vowel. They hypothesized that Mandarin Chinese speakers insert a nasal coda to perceptually approximate the stronger nasalization and longer syllable duration associated with the stressed syllables, and the shorter vowel duration of a lax vowel because the vowels in closed syllables are shorter in Mandarin. The results from two forced-choice identification experiments and an open-ended transcription task showed that although Mandarin speakers' choices of different repairs were indeed biased by the different phonetic manipulations, suggesting an effect of perceptual similarity, their decisions were mainly guided by native phonotactics. The overall findings suggest that phonotactic, phonetic, as well as non-linguistic (i.e. frequency) factors interact with each other, resulting in the variable adaptation pattern.

English as an international language has left its impact on all the languages being spoken in the world. This impact has led to a world-wide language variation on a large scale. This variation can be evidently observed in the form of code-mixing and code-switching. The study explores and analyzes the frequency of code-mixing in the TV ads broadcasted in Pakistan so as to determine the level of variation that took place in Urdu due to English. Seventy commercials that have been shown during the years 2011-2015 have randomly been selected and the frequency of English words has been checked. The results show that so far as the language of commercials is concerned, Urdu has clearly been influenced by English due to multiple reasons such as fashion, ease and technological advancements etc.

Lexical variation and change is prevalent in the short history of New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) and in the current context of globalized flows of communication we observe growing use of ASL-concordant variants that land in New Zealand via other signed languages, online deaf media, and international interaction. Results from a variant-pair preference task show no significant effect of demographic characteristics on variant use, suggesting their use is not socially marked. We observe effects of lexical borrowing at the levels of phonology (e.g., handshape types), morphology (e.g., classifier handshapes, modified verbs) and discourse markers. In parallel with studies of Americanization in New Zealand English, we find that ASL-concordant variants in established use tend to be perceived as local in origin, and that new/traditional variants are not always seen as exact synonyms or replacements, but may be ascribed pragmatic, semantic, and stylistic distinctions. In this way, global features serve to elaborate local NZSL repertoires rather than being experienced as Americanization.

Communities around the world have distinctive ways of representing language use across space and territory. The approach to and method of mapping languages that began with nineteenth-century European dialectology and colonial boundary making is one such way. Though practiced by relatively few linguists today, language mapping has developed considerably from its roots yet remains stymied by problems of ideology, representation, and data quality. In this paper, we argue that digital language mapping in hyperdiverse cities can both contribute to overcoming these problems and bring visibility and resources to communities using Indigenous, minority, and primarily oral languages. For these communities, official surveys like the census are often inadequate, leaving a gap that communities, linguists, and mapping experts working in partnership can address. Urban language mapping as a field should make space for Indigenous, minority, and primarily oral languages through geospatial visualization -- in terms that the communities themselves recognize and with a public policy agenda. As a case study, we present our ongoing efforts with LANGUAGEMAP.NYC to map the most linguistically diverse urban center in the world: New York City.

This paper undertakes a sociolinguistic analysis of slangy expressions in Nigerian Pidgin. The corpus for this study was gotten systematically through participant observation of conversational discourses in everyday contexts amongst Nigerians living in the Warri-Ughelli-Sapele axes of Delta State. These linguistic data were then recorded and transcribed to aid analysis. The study adopted the Referential theory of Richards and Ogden (1923) in the analysis of data using the descriptive research methodology. These set of data were from conversations in football viewing centres, bukas (roadside food vendors), motor-parks, university campuses, and the market. Slangy expressions as used by presenters on private radio stations and lyrics of popular Nigerian songs were also analysed descriptively. A total of thirty-three (33) slangy expressions were analysed contextually and referentially. The paper ended on the note that every speaker poses a variety of slangy expressions and tends to choose among them in accordance with the social situation that calls for their use and that these expressions are fully intelligible to the speakers. Nigerian pidgin slangy expressions are a product of social force and the creative use of language by Nigerians in order to satisfy their communication needs.

The geographical proximity and socioeconomic dependence on the United States brought about a deep-rooted anglicization of the Cuban Spanish lexis and social strata, especially throughout the Neocolonial period (1902-1959). This study is based on the revision of a renowned newspaper of that time, "Diario de la Marina," and the corresponding elaboration of a corpus of English-induced loanwords. "Diario de la Marina" particularly targeted upper social class, and only "crónicas sociales" (society pages' columns) and print advertising were revised because of their fully descriptive texts, which encoded the ruling class ideology and consumerism. The findings show that there existed a high number of lexical and cultural anglicisms in the sociolect in question, and that the sociolinguistic anglicization was openly embraced by the upper socioeconomic stratum, entailing a differentiating sign of sophistication and social stratification. Likewise, a number of the anglicisms collected, particularly those related with social events, are unused in contemporary Cuban Spanish, which suggests a major semantic shifting in this sociolect after 1959.

Languages tend to be modified to accommodate for the speakers needs, such as, discussing or dealing with certain topics and domains. An example, university students, in Jordan, modify their own language, being colloquial Arabic, with terms and expressions from the English language in order to interact and adapt to everyday college life. Due to this, college students have fabricated new hybrid terms and expressions; a mixture of English and colloquial Arabic words merged together to make one. This study attempts to explain the attitudes towards these terms and expressions and to what extent they are used amongst the students at Yarmouk University, during Arabic discourse. This was achieved by means of questionnaires and interview. The findings revealed that these colloquial hybrid terms and expressions are highly used by all college students. Results also show that the use of colloquial hybrid terms and expressions is tightly related to social factors, like, age and gender. Thus, these terms and expressions are used mostly by students aged between 18 and 20 years of age. Moreover, these terms and expressions are used more by females than males.

This paper investigates performative manifestations of sincerity across Anglo-Norman and Middle English. In particular, it locates adverbial sincerity markers used to qualify performative speech act verbs in late medieval letters (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries), at a point when Middle English was rapidly replacing Anglo-Norman as the vernacular of epistolarity in England. Employing historical dictionaries and corpora, the study (1) locates the range of words for 'sincerity' from a time when the modern lexeme had yet to be borrowed in either vernacular, and (2) demonstrates that while it is clear that Middle English epistolarity was greatly influenced by Anglo-Norman, quantitative and qualitative analyses suggest that sincerity markers were much less commonplace in Middle English performatives, which further suggests ways in which the communicative ideal and practice of sincerity were reanalyzed from one language to the next.

The term "glocal" has been used to describe phenomena that simultaneously blend both global and local elements (see Featherstone, Lash, & Robertson, 1995, p. 101). Nowhere is this more evident than in the existence of 3arabizi, itself a blended language composed of English and Vernacular Arabic, written in Latin letters but using arithmographemes, that is, numerals as letters to represent hard-to-transliterate sounds because they do not exist in English (see Bianchi, 2012). As part of a doctoral study investigating online language choice involving Arabic and English, this paper examines the unique stylistic and topical functions of 3arabizi when compared with its linguistic forbears, that is, Arabic and English in a multilingual web forum. The findings indicate that 3arabizi is used for more informal, intimate and phatic communication than either Arabic or English, though these latter two languages or codes are not entirely formal in form and purpose either.

This study examined the presence of internal linguistic discrimination--i.e., the negative reaction of Spanish speakers towards the varieties of Spanish spoken by heritage speakers--among bilingual teachers in a school district in Texas. To this end, we conducted a study that analyzed the responses of 84 bilingual teachers to audio utterances reflecting specific linguistic features of Spanish varieties of the United States. Results showed that most of the bilingual teachers who participated in this study expressed negative reactions towards utterances that contained linguistic features (i.e., code-switching, overt pronouns) that characterize U.S. varieties of Spanish. Implications for the preparation of bilingual teachers are discussed here.

This article investigates 90 Shanghainese participants' cross-generational use and knowledge of 140 English loanwords in Shanghainese which are deemed as an important part of Shanghai Regional Culture (SRC). The quantitative results reveal that the older participants use and know much more of English loanwords than the younger ones, and that many distinctive loan verbs and nouns are replaced by Putonghua (PTH) equivalents. By analysing the results of both the questionnaire survey and interviews based on the Guy's [1990. "The Sociolinguistic Types of Language Change." "Diachronica" 7: 47-67] classificatory paradigm of language changes, I argue that this lexical replacement, as a type of 'imposition', caused by the intense contact between Shanghainese and PTH, suggests lexical attrition of Shanghainese, which leads to linguistic convergence and cultural homogeneity. In the new contact triggered by nationwide migration, the national lingua franca has cut off the direct contact between Shanghainese and English. Shanghainese has retreated from a regional koiné to a vernacular.

Tetun Dili, an Austronesian language spoken in East Timor, was until 1999 primarily an oral language of intercultural communication. Since the 1999 vote on independence from Indonesia, Tetun Dili has become the dominant language of public life, including the government, education and the media, as well as becoming an official language alongside Portuguese, a former colonial language. The rapidly evolving press register of Tetun shows significant impact from language contact. Portuguese influence is seen primarily in extensive lexical borrowing, brought in by the Portuguese-educated elite as well as by translators and writers. Indonesian influence is seen in several calques for expressing anaphora, brought in by Indonesian-educated writers, and an adversative passive. Other new constructions, including a more general passive and final quote margins, have come about through the combined influence of Portuguese, Indonesian and English, the last as a source language for much literal translation into Tetun. Some discourse features of press Tetun, such as high information density and events being told out of chronological order, are the results of international journalistic style. While a rapid evolution of new written registers is not uncommon, the East Timor situation is unique in its combination of contact languages, and the significant number of grammatical innovations.

This article examines the perspectives of Puerto Ricans living in the United States in response to a publicity campaign that focuses on the correction of linguistic features that appear in some Puerto Ricans' spoken Spanish. The campaign addresses phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic features, including a specific set of words or phrases that are named as lexical and semantic borrowings from English. Participants were invited to respond to the content and ideologies present in the campaign by means of semi-structured interviews. Through a framework of Critical Discourse Analysis and language (de)legitimation, the article analyzes the ways in which interviewees (de)legitimize loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish. A Critical Discourse Analytical framework allows for the mapping of spoken and written texts (e. g. the campaign texts) onto discourses "about" those texts (e. g. Puerto Ricans' perspectives). On a broader level, the article contributes to current research on dialectal diversity by analyzing speakers' ideologies in response to prescriptivist discourses that are present within and/or outside of their own speech networks and communities.

Linguists are sometimes confronted with choices concerning language names. For example, one and the same language may be referred to as Persian or Farsi. This short paper discusses some principles that one might use for making decisions when there are variant forms in use, or when one feels that none of the existing names is appropriate. The principles discussed here arose from work on Glottolog, an English-language database of the world's languages (Glottolog.org), where each language has a single primary English name (though variant forms are of course included), and where the goal is to choose the best variant form as the primary name of the language. Whenever the question arises which variant name form to choose, the Glottolog editors are guided by these principles, so they are formulated in a prescriptive way, but with explanation and justification for each principle. It seems that the general issue is also quite important for language documenters, because the names of non-major languages are often not fully established yet, and naming decisions have to be made.

In this essay we examine the notions of language contact phenomena such as borrowing, codeswitching, codemixing, codemeshing, and translanguaging. We also explore the concepts of translingualism and translingual literacies. We discuss how the notions of bilingualism and multilingualism are differentiated from translingualism and translingual literacies, and how these concepts came into existence according to different theoretical positions. We also introduce the contents of the other articles included in this special issue, and highlight their key points, framing them in the context of research on translingual literacies. The following six areas from around the world are covered: (1) negotiating voice in translingual literacies, (2) Amerindian and translingual literacies, (3) translingual and transcultural practice in a rural classroom, (4) translingual and transcultural navigation among immigrant children and youth, (5) créolisation and the new cosmopolitanism, and (6) translingual practice among African immigrants in the USA. Last but not least, we include two book reviews related to translingual literacies, and we also provide some conclusions on the topics discussed, as well as some suggestions for further directions in future research.

Despite the increasing number of the North Korean refugees in South Korea every year, there have been few studies of the language-support programs for their resettlement. This study uses a micro-language planning perspective to examine how the resettled North Korean refugee students respond to the government-level language-support programs by focusing on their linguistic challenges. In the first phase of the study, 27 North Korean refugee students wrote language autobiographies, and in the second phase of the study, 10 of these students took part in individual interviews. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings showed that the most serious challenges for students were differences in pronunciation, loanwords from English, and Sino-Korean words, even though these subjects are taught in the mandatory language-support program. The students also mentioned that the education they received in the areas of loanwords from English and Sino-Korean words was impractical and insufficient. Furthermore, the low participation rate in the continuing language-support program showed that there was a discontinuity between the mandatory language-support program and the continuing one. The discrepancy between the macrolevel language policy and microlevel needs of the refugees emphasizes the need to listen to the authentic voices of these disempowered migrants and to develop a more customized and efficient language-support program for them.

This study adds to the research on the education of Asian immigrant adolescents by situating how generation, language, nationality, and race complexly impacted how a group of 1.5-generation Japanese youth have made sense of their multiple "non-dominant" identities as immigrant Americans and transnational students within an urban high school setting that publicly promoted a mission of inclusivity but, in practice, devalued "non-dominant" cultural and linguistic expressions. The findings highlight how the youth have contested the English-only ideologies and racialized expectations at their school through alternative literacies and other diverse enactments of their identities, such as by speaking Japanese or Japanglish (a mix of Japanese and English) and expressing their "Made in Japan" pride through the public display of nationalistic symbols and various bilingual or Japanese-language textual representations. New directions are offered for theorizing 1.5-generation Asian immigrant youth linguistic expressions with implications for practice and theory.