Search

Paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae), a dioecious species, was transported by humans from Taiwan to the islands of Remote Oceania. Its introduction and cultivation in Remote Oceania was intentional due to its cultural importance as a fiber source for barkcloth textiles. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic diversity and structure of paper mulberry populations within Remote Oceania in order to infer dispersal patterns that may reflect past human interaction among island groups. We present the integrated analysis of 380 samples (313 contemporary and 67 herbarium specimens) collected in Near and Remote Oceania. Genetic characterization was based on a set of ten microsatellites developed for B. papyrifera and complemented with the analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker and the chloroplast ndhF–rpl32 intergenic spacer. Microsatellite data identify a total of 64 genotypes, despite this being a clonally propagated crop, and show three major dispersal hubs within Remote Oceania, centered on the islands of Fiji, Tonga, and Pitcairn. Of 64 genotypes identified, 55 correspond to genotypes associated to female-sexed plants that probably descend from plants introduced by the prehistoric Austronesian-speaking voyagers. The ratio of accessions to genotypes between herbarium and contemporary samples, suggests recent loss of genetic diversity. In addition to the chloroplast haplotypes described previously, we detected two new haplotypes within Remote Oceania both originating in Taiwan. This is the first study of a commensal species to show genetic structuring within Remote Oceania. In spite of the genetic bottleneck, the presence of only one sex, a timespan of less than 5000 years, and asexual propagation of this crop in Remote Oceania, we detect genetic diversity and regional structuring. These observations suggest specific migration routes between island groups within Remote Oceania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation among kin is common in animal societies. Kin groups may form by individuals directly discriminating relatives based on kin recognition cues, or form passively through natal philopatry and limited dispersal. We describe the genetic landscape for a primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes dominula, and ask whether individuals choose cooperative partners that are nearby and/or that are genetic relatives. Firstly, we genotyped an entire sub-population of 1361 wasps and found genetic structuring on an extremely fine scale: the probability of finding genetic relatives decreases exponentially within just a few meters of an individual’s nest. At the same time, however, we found a lack of genetic structuring between natural nest aggregations within the population. Secondly, in a separate dataset where ~2000 wasps were genotyped, we show that wasps forced experimentally to make a new nest choice tended to choose new nests near to their original nests, and that these nests tended to contain some full sisters. However, a significant fraction of wasps chose nests that did not contain sisters, despite sisters being present in nearby nests. Although we cannot rule out a role for direct kin recognition or natal nest-mate recognition, our data suggest that kin groups may form via a philopatric rule-of-thumb, whereby wasps simply select groups and nesting sites that are nearby. The result is that most subordinate helpers obtain indirect fitness benefits by breeding cooperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite imagery has become a major source for identifying and mapping terrestrial and planetary landforms. However, interpretating landforms and their significance, especially in changing environments, may still be questionable. Consequently, ground truth to check training models, especially in mountainous areas, can be problematic. This paper outlines a decimal format, [dLL], for latitude and longitude geolocation that can be used for model interpretation and validation and in data sets. As data have positions in space and time, [dLL] defined points, as for images, can be associated with metadata as nodes. Together with vertices, metadata nodes help build 'information surfaces' as part of the Digital Earth. This paper examines aspects of the Critical Zone and data integration via the FAIR data principles, data that are; findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable. Mapping and making inventories of rock glacier landforms are examined in the context of their geomorphic and environmental significance and the need for geolocated ground truth. Terrestrial examination of rock glaciers shows them to be predominantly glacier-derived landforms and not indicators of permafrost. Remote-sensing technologies used to track developing rock glacier surface features show them to be climatically melting glaciers beneath rock debris covers. Distinguishing between glaciers, debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers over time is a challenge for new remote sensing satellites and technologies and shows the necessity for a common geolocation format to report many Earth surface features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers published in the January 1920 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." The 'Southern Indiana,' includes the unglaciated portion of the state, the areas of Pre-wisconsin drift on each side of the unglaciated tract, and the margin of the area of Wisconsin drift border has been largely determined by geologic structure. In the title 'The Geographic Factors in the Distribution of Animals, with particular reference to the distribution of the land Reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas,' the distribution of the land reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas, shows that the zonal distribution is less than would be expected on the life-zone theory and that there is evidence that other geographic factors than climate are to be recognized.

This paper explores illegal coca crop expansion in indigenous Amazonian communities in Peru. The ethnographic study sheds light on the historical development of these areas as frontier spaces, where the growth of illicit crops intertwines with socio-ecological transformations and gives rise to conflicts over new forms of land control, opportunities for capital accumulation, and political power dynamics. The paper argues that this expansion is shaped by dual processes: from 'below,' involving small-scale migrant farmers from the Andes, and from 'above,' primarily driven by state-led agrarian interventions. Consequently, communities experience significant tensions, as they adapt to the forces of market expansion to secure their livelihoods, while simultaneously facing risks of violence and insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rainfall-Response Aquifer and Watershed Flow Model (RRAWFLOW) is a lumped-parameter model that simulates streamflow, springflow, groundwater level, solute transport, or cave drip for a measurement point in response to a system input of precipitation, recharge, or solute injection. The RRAWFLOW open-source code is written 5 in the R language and is included in the Supplement to this article along with an example model of springflow. RRAWFLOW includes a time-series process to estimate recharge from precipitation and simulates the response to recharge by convolution; i.e., the unit hydrograph approach. Gamma functions are used for estimation of parametric impulse response functions (IRFs); a combination of two gamma functions results in a double peaked IRF. A spline fit to a set of control points is introduced as a new method for estimation of nonparametric IRFs. Other options include the use of user-defined IRFs and different methods to simulate time-variant systems. For many applications, lumped models simulate the system response with equal accuracy to that of distributed models, but moreover, the ease of model construction and calibration of lumped models makes them a good choice for many applications. RRAWFLOW provides professional hydrologists and students with an accessible and versatile tool for lumped-parameter modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By fitting the observed velocity field of the Tianshan Mountains from 1992 to 2006 with least-squares collocation, we established a velocity field model in this region. The velocity field model reflects the crustal deformation characteristics of the Tianshan reasonably well. From the Tarim Basin to the Junggar Basin and Kazakh platform, the crustal deformation decreases gradually. Divided at 82 E, the convergence rates in the west are obviously higher than those in the east. We also calculated the parameter values for crustal strain in the Tianshan Mountains. The results for maximum shear strain exhibited a concentration of significantly high values at Wuqia and its western regions, and the values reached a maxima of 4.4×10-8 a-1. According to isogram distributions for the surface expansion rate, we found evidence that the Tianshan Mountains have been suffering from strong lateral extrusion by the basin on both sides. Combining this analysis with existing results for focal mechanism solutions from 1976 to 2014, we conclude that it should be easy for a concentration of earthquake events to occur in regions where maximum shear strains accumulate or mutate. For the Tianshan Mountains, the possibility of strong earthquakes in Wuqia-Jiashi and Lake Issyk-Kul will persist over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality is a technological development that, among others, has revolutionized Earth sciences. Its advantages include an opportunity to examine places otherwise difficult or impossible to access and it may also become an important component of education, fostering a better understanding of processes and landforms, geohazard awareness, and an appreciation of geoheritage. This paper reports on the GeoVT project, which aims to create a platform to build and disseminate Virtual Field Trips (VFTs) focused on geomorphology, natural hazards associated with geomorphological processes, and geoheritage sites. To put the GeoVT project in context, an overview of applications of VR in geosciences is provided. This paper subsequently proceeds with a presentation of the project and the GeoVT Authoring application, which is an innovative platform designed to help teachers and students, followed by brief presentations of a number of VFTs developed within the project. They address themes such as fluvial landforms and valley development, coastal landforms, evidence of past glaciation, coastal erosion, wildfire effects, mud volcanoes, and landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landforms of the United States (1939) by Erwin Raisz is one of the best examples of cartographic excellence depicting the landscape based on underpinning geological structure. With the block diagram as the foundation for landform mapping, this paper details the development of the landform map comparing works and lives of two of the most prominent physiographic landform cartographers, Erwin Raisz and Armin K. Lobeck, who each had Dr. Douglas Johnson as a PhD advisor at Columbia University. Comparing the 1921 Physiographic Diagram of the United States by Lobeck with the 1939 Raisz map, this paper argues that Raisz far exceeded Lobeck in the articulation of the landscape by way of the map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the landscape and seascape terminology of Alorese, an Austronesian language spoken in the Alor archipelago of eastern Indonesia. Alorese uses unique way of expressing landscape terminology by retaining some of its ancestral Austronesian landscape terminology and innovating relatively new forms, functions and semantic references from its neighboring non-Austronesian languages. Previous research show that Alorese has innovated relatively new forms due to contact with its surrounding non-Austronesian languages. The current paper fills the gap where there has not been any discussion regarding the Alorese landscape terminology outside its preposition function. Discussion on cross-linguistic categorization, such as landscapes in areas such as eastern Indonesia is proven to be fruitful. The Alorese linguistic landscapes are expressed through geographical references and some forms appear unique to Alorese's dialectal variations. In general, the reference to elevations and directionalities in Alorese is achieved through geographical references, such as nala kokar 'towards Kokar (a town)' or klou lau 'seawards (lau 'sea')' rather than generic land form terms, suchas wara 'westwards' which is also an Indonesian loan barat 'west'. Its non-Austronesian borrowed terminologies include words, such as iti dola 'mountainwards', containing loanwords from Alor-Pantar (Papuan) languages dol 'mountain'. The data of this research were gathered from my 2018 and 2020 fieldwork in 14 Alorese villages located across the northern coast of Alor and Pantar as well as the small islands of Buaya and Ternate. Collections of terminologies show variations in the use of words not only depending on the geographical references, but also relative to the neighboring non-Austronesian languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Daluyan: Journal ng Wikang Filipino is the property of University of the Philippines - Diliman and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although geoheritage is gaining importance wordwide, much appreciation is still required for the overlooked geoheritage resources. The geoheritage of Saudi Arabia is promising and gaining much attention towards geoconversation and geotourism, but thematic publications are limited compared to the global context. This paper aims to identify the relevant geosites in Saudi Arabia according to the IUCN theme and propose a geoheritage strategic plan. For identification of the geosite, we have conducted a comprehensive review of published literature and online material, including web blogs, YouTube videos, social media, and governmental websites. For the strategic plan for known/unknown geosite, published literature from established geoparks with similar key landforms has been reviewed. Seven IUCN themes can be linked with the geoheritage of Saudi Arabia. Most of these sites are local tourist spots, therefore, immense potential for the geotourism development. The key geomorphological heritage in Saudi Arabia is volcanic harrat, escarpment, cave, mesas, butte, pinnacle, canyon, island, aeolian dune, and submarine corals. Geological heritage includes various fossils in Tuwaiq Mountain. Submarine geoheritage includes different colourful corals and rock structures with high scientific value. Biodiversity-protected area and cultural heritage site enhance the geoheritage value of the geosite, and its geotourism importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large sandy deserts in the middle latitudes of northwestern China were investigated for soluble salt variations in modern and ancient aeolian sediments, aiming to explore the environmental significance of "aeolian salts". Results revealed that aeolian salt variations have a clear relationship with the changing meridional and zonal gradients of the desert locations and the aeolian differentiation effect, but are weakly linked to local geological conditions. It suggests that the natural system of aeolian salts is hydrologically open and the chemistry of the parent brines are different from that predicted for hydrologically closed systems. Atmospheric depositions of water-soluble chemical species are an important process/source contributing to aeolian salt. Sequential variations of soluble salts in sedimentary profiles interbedded with aeolian and non-aeolian deposits and their palaeoenvironmental implications in the hinterland areas of these deserts were further evaluated, based on the constraints of OSL dating and radiocarbon dating data. The results indicate that the inorganic salts may be a latent geoproxy in revealing regional palaeoclimatic changes in desert areas for the sediments deposited under onefold depositional environment, but the interpretation should be more careful for the sediments deposited under diverse depositional conditions. This study presents the evidence of atmospheric origin of aeolian salt in sandy deserts, with limited climatic significance in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the application of real scene 3D technology has become widespread in urban planning and cultural heritage protection. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to the construction of real scene 3D models for special natural landscapes such as caves. Given the global distribution of karst topography and the large number of naturally developed caves with diverse types, unique landscape styles, and significant scientific value, this paper enriches the research in this field. By combining ground-based and aerial remote sensing techniques, and based on 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry, we have successfully constructed a real scene 3D model of the internal structure of a karst cave with a precision better than 4 cm. Utilizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) oblique photography, we established a real scene 3D model of the external karst landform with a precision better than 2 cm. We also integrated the internal and external 3D models of the cave, developing a new, complete, and high-precision method for constructing real scene 3D models of karst cave landscapes. Furthermore, we proposed a method for texture reproduction in the dark environment inside the caves, enhancing the reproduction and visual appeal of the real interior. The establishment of high-precision real scene 3D models can not only serve as an effective tool for scientific research on caves but also, as replicas of the real world, play a crucial role in public dissemination and education, thereby enhancing public understanding of cave geological landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaciers are one of the most active erosional forces sculpting mountainous regions, and understanding the diversity of glacial valleys is a key to advancing knowledge of mountain evolution. 'Inverted trapezoidal' glacial valleys are an important type of glacial erosional landform, and research on their morphologic characteristics and causal mechanisms might contribute to a deeper comprehension of the variety of landforms formed by glacial erosion. In this paper, ALOS 12.5m DEM data and field geomorphologic surveys were used to quantitatively extract 171 transect parameters from 32 valleys in the study area and to quantitatively describe the morphologic characteristics of the inverted trapezoidal glacial valley transects based on the V-index model. The results show that the minimum V-index value for glacial valley cross-sections in the study area is 0.42, the maximum value is 0.86, and the mean value is 0.60. The most important factors influencing the diversity in the morphology of glacial valleys in the study area are the area of glacial action and climatic conditions. The formation of inverted trapezoidal glacial valleys may be attributed to the stable glacial action region of ice caps with gentle topography in Geladandong snow mountain. Research highlights: The minimum value of the V-index for glacial valley cross-sections in the study area was 0.42, the maximum value was 0.86, and the mean value was 0.60. The greatest number of cross-sections were concentrated in the 0.60 ~0.70 interval. The most important factor influencing the diversity in the morphology of glacial valleys in the study area are the area of glacial action and climatic conditions. The formation of inverted trapezoidal glacial valleys may be attributed to the stable glacial action region of ice caps with gentle topography in Geladandong snow mountain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of beach recovery during a time of moderate waves following storm waves is closely related to the interaction between dynamics, sediment, and the landform. The existing studies mainly focus on the description of erosion and accretion characteristics, while the response and feedback mechanism of beach berm sediment have not been elucidated. The main controlling factors of recovery efficiency are not clear. In this paper, field observation and the XBeach numerical model are utilized on the sandy beach in Puqian Bay, China, to capture high-frequency cross-shore data during the post-storm recovery period. The variation characteristics and rules of berm elements, including berm ridge height and slope on two sides of the berm ridge, are analyzed. It is observed that the berm constantly changes to adapt to dynamic conditions. Additionally, a correlation between volume change and certain landform parameters is proposed, leading to the identification of a new relationship in wave run-up. The new forum reflects berm influence and considers the berm ridge and berm width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate snow cover modeling is a high-stakes issue for mountain regions. Alpine snow evolution and spatial variability result from a multitude of complex processes including interactions between wind and snow. The SnowPappus blowing snow model was designed to add blowing snow modeling capabilities to the SURFEX/Crocus simulation system for applications across large spatial and temporal extents. This paper presents the first spatialized evaluation of this simulation system over a 902 km 2 domain in the French Alps. Here we compare snow cover simulations to the spatial distribution of snow height obtained from Pléiades satellites stereo imagery and to snow melt-out dates from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 time series over three snow seasons. We analyzed the sensitivity of the simulations to three different precipitation datasets and two horizontal resolutions. The evaluations are presented as a function of elevation and landform types. The results show that the SnowPappus model forced with high-resolution wind fields enhances the snow cover spatial variability at high elevations allowing a better agreement between observed and simulated spatial distributions above 2500 m and near peaks and ridges. Model improvements are not obvious at low to medium altitudes where precipitation errors are the prevailing uncertainty. Our study illustrates the necessity to consider error contributions from blowing snow, precipitation forcings, and unresolved subgrid variability for robust evaluations of spatialized snow simulations. Despite the significant effect of the unresolved spatial scales of snow transport, 250 m horizontal-resolution snow simulations using SnowPappus are found to be a promising avenue for large-scale modeling of alpine snowpacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents abstracts of papers presented at the 62nd annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Toronto, Ontario from August 29 to 31, 1966. "The Role of the Equilibrium Concept in the Interpretation of Land forms of Fluvial Erosion and Deposition," by Frank Ahnert presents the concept of the equilibrium between the components of morphological processes, which has in recent years met with new interest and is used as the basis for a simple yet reasonably comprehensive system of landform interpretation. "Semi-Nomadism in Southern Israel Today," by Mildred Berman presents selected aspects of social change among the Bedouin who live in the Beersheba region of southern Israel. "Social Hinterlands of New York City and Boston in Southern New England," by David E. Berle presents a study to measure the relative extent of selected Boston and New York City social influences on people living in part of their common hinterland. "Rural Settlement Types and the Change in Land Reclamation System in Taiwan" by Chi-Jen Chang analyzes the two basic settlement types, dispersed and compact in Taiwan.

A structural landform is defined by its surface morphology, controlled by tectonics, lithology (arrangement and resistance), and folded structures, and demonstrated by the characteristics and relationships between geological and geomorphic elements. It is very important to use geographic information system (GIS) technology to accurately describe and express elements of structural landforms and their relationships. In this study, a GIS approach for expressing structural landforms, based on "forms–elements–relationships", was developed. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) Combined with the surface morphological characteristics, the structural landforms were abstracted into geological and geomorphic elements, and the characteristics and relationships of these elements were analyzed. (2) The elements of structural landforms and their relationships were abstracted into spatial objects and topological relationships. The spatial objects of the structural landform were designed based on the types and characteristics of structural landform elements. The topological relationships were developed based on the definition of the structural landform morphotype. (3) The structural landform markup language (SLML) method of "forms–elements–relationships" was created. (4) Two typical structural landforms, namely, Qixia Mountain and Gaoli Mountain, were used as examples to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the GIS approach for expressing structural landforms. This paper describes and expresses the "forms–elements–relationships" of structural landforms from the perspective of GIS, which is expected to promote the joint development of structural geomorphology and GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an introduction to a collection of nine studies that are intended to fill the gap in the literature associated with landform development and landscape changes related to natural forces and human activities in the Central European Mountains and their close forelands. The papers are grouped into four general categories that describe the influence of climate on glacial landforms and snow avalanches, the evolution of slopes in high mountains, the development of mid-mountain relief, and changes in fluvial systems in mountains and their forelands. This paper summarises the contributions of these studies to this special issue and attempts to outline possible avenues of future research on landforms and landscapes in mountainous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical processes, including anthropogenic feedbacks, sculpt planetary surfaces (e.g., Earth's). A fundamental tenet of Geomorphology is that the shapes created, when combined with other measurements, can be used to understand those processes. Ar- tificial or synthetic Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) might be vital in progressing further with this endeavour. Morphological data, including metrics and mapping (manual and automated) are a key resource, but at present their quality is typically weakly constrained (e.g., by mapper inter-comparison). In addition to examining inaccuracies caused by noise, relatively rare examples illustrate how synthetic DEMs containing a priori known, idealised morphologies can be used perform "synthetic tests" to make strong "absolute" statements about landform detection and quantification; e.g., 84% of valley heads in the real landscape are identified correctly. From our perspective, it is vital to verify such statistics as ultimately they link physics-driven models of processes to morphological observations, allowing quantitative hypotheses to be formulated and tested. Synthetic DEMs built by directly using governing equations that encapsulate processes are another key part of forming this link. Thus, this note introduces synthetic tests and DEMs, then it outlines a typology of synthetic DEMs along with their benefits, challenges and future potential to provide constraints and insights. The aim is to discuss how we best proceed with uncertainty-aware landscape analysis to examine physical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomorphology of Lebanon presents a unique pattern of contrasting landforms. These include two notable mountain ranges, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains, the Beqaa Valley, the elongated coastal area and a significant amount of karst relief forms. This study focuses on the investigation of the topographic and geologic setting of Lebanon by visualizing datasets covering Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains and the Beqaa Valley. Data were collected using the open source repositories of the high-resolution data (GEBCO, ETOPO1, DEM embedded in R). Three 3D models of the relief of the country are presented based on the 'grdview' package of GMT with azimuth rotations of the view point at 205°/30° and 165°/30°. The geologic map is based on the compiled datasets of the USGS. The R based modelling allowed division of the raster grid into several geomorphological zones according to the slope steepness and aspect orientation. The extreme elevations of the study area range from -2007 m and 2973 m. The key contribution of this work is the topographic and geologic data synthesis for 2D and 3D modelling of Lebanon. Another aspect concerns technical integration of GMT and R scripting approaches with QGIS mapping into the cartographic framework for visualizing of the Lebanese topography as a multi-tool approach. For the future similar studies on Lebanon this paper can serve as a guide for completing a project on the multi-source 2D and 3D data mapping as a conceptual foundation for research on Lebanese environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale landslides that occur at unexpected locations and seasons can cause severe losses of life and property. Unusually, the Shidang landslide occurred prior to the rainy season in Jinkouhe County, Sichuan Province, China, resulting in 19 deaths and missing persons. In this paper, landslide characteristics and causes are revealed through a field investigation, laboratory experiments, and numerical calculations. The results show that the Shidang landslide was a small-scale landslide with a total volume of approximately 19500 m3, originating from hollow colluvial deposits. The geomorphological hollow above the landslide provided topographic conditions for the collection of subsurface runoff. Groundwater flow was transported downward along dolomite and accumulated in the area above shale, with a low conductivity. Groundwater table rise combined with the decrease in the soil strength led to landslide occurrence. Improper siting of residential areas and insufficient vigilance against post-rainfall landslides caused this tragedy. Considering the post-disaster lessons, it is strongly recommended that in the future, more attention should be given to the investigation of landslides triggered by groundwater, especially in determining landslide hydrological system boundaries. In mountainous areas where the developable space is limited, areas with hollow landforms are potentially at risk of geohazards. This paper could provide a reference for the prevention and management of similar landslides and new insights for updating landslide investigation systems and residential housing plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geosites are windows into the geological past, which may be recorded in rocks and their properties, the fossil content, and landform produced by processes no longer operating. Since the histories of sedimentation, life, and landscape evolution are to a certain extent controlled by climatic conditions, some geosites may be used as illustrations of various themes linked to the issue of climate change. In this paper, a coherent systematic framework is proposed for how to look at geosites through the lens of climate change. Four major aspects of relevance are recognized: (i) geosites providing evidence of changing climatic conditions in the past; (ii) geosites providing evidence of an environment different than that of today at the place; (iii) geosites providing evidence of extreme weather events; and (iv) dynamic geosites, subject to change as a response to ongoing climate change. The use of geosites to raise awareness and educate the public about climate change faces various interpretation challenges. In particular, linking with ongoing climate change requires caution and balanced presentation as most geosites record changes which occurred without any anthropogenic component. The preferred focus should be on environmental instability in general rather than on any specific reasons for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground lease is a form of land tenure where the property rights are split between the lessor (landowner) and the lessee (land user). Additional ground lease features, such as the obligation to pay ground rent, depend on factors including the legal framework and lessor requirements. Ground lease features can lead to interpretation problems for ground leaseholders and even valuers, such as misunderstanding the extent of ground rent review. This paper examines location-based differences in order to highlight ground lease variability across countries. The term 'ground lease' is effectively a catch-all term for a tenure type that can display considerable differences depending on the location. Recognition of potential ground lease pitfalls and how ground leases differ across jurisdictions is necessary in an increasingly connected world. This paper advocates for uniform international ground lease terminology that more completely explains the extent of tenure rights of each ground lease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrain feature points, such as peaks, pits, and saddles, represent the macro-structure of the landform. Conventional techniques for extracting these points from digital elevation models (DEMs) often grapple with issues of inaccuracy, omission and redundancy, largely due to the problematic necessity of setting threshold values. This paper proposes an innovative approach for the automatic detection of terrain feature points based on the topological relationships of contours and the inherent constraints of terrain shape characteristics. The study provides a robust mathematical model of terrain feature points and an effective algorithm for their extraction. Comparing with manually reference data, the accuracy metrics including completeness, correctness, and quality of our extracted results demonstrate a high level, significantly surpassing those obtained through existing algorithms. This proposed approach not only avoids the spurious feature points produced by the local window method, but also prevents the omission of valid points and the creation of redundant ones. Moreover, by utilizing the contour interval as its only variable, our approach eliminates the need for various threshold settings, streamlining the extraction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note suggests that decimal latitude/longitude [dLL] locations should be used to identify features of interest, landforms, sample and investigations sites, in an 'information landscape' provided by the geomorphological literature. All the information associated with a labelled, or tagged, geolocation should be available for examination as part of information landscapes that can be explored and represented in books, papers and other publications. This note also outlines the 'open' and FAIR data that are findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable and how the principles can be used to better explain landscapes, especially in the mountain landscape domain. Tors and rock glaciers illustrate [dLL] geolocation to identify sites and inform fieldwork and literature searching. Any [dLL]‐specified location is an identifying label, as are names given to landforms and toponyms. Two letters (digraph) are used as landform labels: TO for tors and RG for rock glaciers. Citations, (author–date–title–source) attributions, are also labels. The note shows how these attributions can be linked to [dLL] geolocations specifying locations in time and space and in the literature. The addition of [dLL] will facilitate future literature searches and modelling to explore 'unknowns' in the landscape, and this paper suggests ways in which this can be achieved, including geoheritage and geotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kerinci Regency is located on the western to the southwestern part of the capital city of Jambi Province, Indonesia. It has interesting geomorphological sites consisting of the physiography of the Barisan Mountain Zone associated with the Sumatran Fault System known as a volcanic-tectonic complex. Geomorphology has an important role in providing information of the landscape in an area. This paper aims to determine the geomorphological characteristics of the area which can provide information regarding disaster mitigation, the direction of land-use innovation, and infrastructure development strategies. This research uses analyses of morphographic, morphometric, morphogenetic, morphoconservation, and morphochronological aspects. Analysis of satellite images and topographic contours is a method used to determine the characteristics of drainage patterns and geological mapping. A significant result of this research is a geomorphological map of Kerinci that divides the area into several geomorphological units, namely volcanic-denudational, karst, structural, volcanic-structural, structural-denudational, and fluvial morphologies. Based on the geomorphological map, the area has a very high potential hazard consisting of volcanic structural landforms, which are Tanco Isolated Hill (TIH), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Undulation (KFEU), Kerinci Fault Escarpment Volcanic Undulation (KFEVU), structural landforms (Alang Structural Valley (ASV), Kumun Fault Hills (KFH), and Pengasih Fault Undulation (PGFU)). This map can be used to design the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for regional development in Kerinci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]