Search

Legal boundaries are used for delineating the spatial extent of ownership property's spaces. In underground environments, these boundaries are defined by referencing physical objects, surveying measurements, or projections. However, there is a gap in connecting and managing these boundaries and underground legal spaces, due to a lack of data model. A 3D data model supporting underground land administration (ULA) should define and model these boundaries and the relationships between them and underground ownership spaces. Prominent 3D data models can be enriched to model underground legal boundaries. This research aims to propose a new taxonomy of underground legal boundaries and model them by extending CityGML, which is a widely used 3D data model in the geospatial science domain. We developed, implemented, and tested the model for different types of underground legal boundaries. The implemented prototype showcased the potential benefits of CityGML for managing underground legal boundaries in 3D. The proposed 3D underground model can be used to address current challenges associated with communicating and managing legal boundaries in underground environments. While this data model was specifically developed for Victoria, Australia, the proposed model and approach can be used and replicated in other jurisdictions by adjusting the data requirements for underground legal boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadastral databases have been used for over 20 years, but most contain 2D data. The increasing presence of high-rise buildings with modern architecture complicates the process of determining property rights, restrictions, and responsibilities. It is, therefore, necessary to develop an efficient system for storing and managing multidimensional cadastral data. While there have been attempts to develop 3D cadastral database schemas, a comprehensive solution that meets all the requirements for effective data storage, manipulation, and retrieval has not yet been presented. This study aims to analyse the literature on 3D cadastral databases to identify approaches and technologies for storing and managing these data. Based on a systematic literature review integrated with a snowballing methodology, 108 documents were identified. During the analysis of the related documents, different parameters were extracted, including the conceptual data model, query type, and evaluation metrics, as well as the database management system (DBMS) used and technologies for visualisation, data preparation, data transformation, and the ETL (extract, transform, and load) process. The study emphasised the importance of adhering to database design principles and identified challenges associated with conceptual design, DBMS selection, logical design, and physical design. The study results provide insights for selecting the appropriate standards, technologies, and DBMSs for designing a 3D cadastral database system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 3D models, Building Information Models (BIM) can potentially support the integrated management of buildings' physical and legal aspects in cadastres. However, there is not a systematic approach to author the cadastral information into the BIM models. Moreover, the common approaches for data validation only check the final cadastral output, and they ignore the data generation steps as potential avenues for validation. Therefore, this study aims to develop the criteria and standards to check the spatial consistency and integrity of BIM-based cadastral data in the process of generating the data. The paper utilises a case study approach as its methodology to investigate the requirements of generating a BIM-based cadastral model and identify the issues within the process. The results include a formative assessment (i.e., multistep validation approach during the data generation) alongside a summative assessment (i.e., one-step validation approach at the end of data generation). This study found the summative assessment alone insufficient for 3D cadastral data validation. The paper concludes that a formative and summative assessment together can improve the validity of the data. The results will potentially bring more efficiency to modern land administration processes by avoiding the accumulation of errors in 3D cadastral data generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are different processes in 3D urban land administration in which spatial analysis plays an underpinning role. Among 3D data models, Industry Foundation Class (IFC) provides the potential capabilities for modelling legal and physical dimensions of urban properties. However, performing spatial analysis using IFC files cannot address the on-demand spatial analysis requirements of 3D urban land administration. In response to this limitation, 3D data needs to be stored in a spatial database to enable spatial analyses required by different stakeholders. Therefore, in this paper, by considering spatial analysis requirements in 3D-enabled urban land administration, an IFC-based database schema is designed. Moreover, a methodology for transforming Building Information Modelling (BIM) data into the proposed schema is provided. This methodology includes seven steps: designing the architectural model and adding legal data, georeferencing, IFC data validation and cleaning, mapping process, database data validation and cleaning, spatial analysis, and visualisation. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed database, three datasets are implemented in the database. Moreover, a new method for modelling legal spaces with oblique structures and two applications of spatial analysis in 3D urban land administration are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments establish land administration systems to formally acknowledge and protect property rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR). The protection and recording of property rights is implemented under a jurisdiction-specific complex set of policies, laws, systems, and procedures. In recent decades, the World Bank and many other development partners have provided funding to support land administration reform so that governments can formally acknowledge and protect property rights and provide efficient and effective land administration services. The experience and lessons from these projects have been documented. There have been successes but there have also been projects that have failed to realise clearly stated objectives. A recurrent theme in these evaluations is that many projects fail to create effective, transformative change in the delivery of land administration services and gain the critical mass, and the community participation, necessary to ensure the sustainability of land administration reform. The traditional approach for land administration reform projects has been to focus on the economic and technical design of interventions based on a library of best practice, with perhaps too little attention on politics and governance in land administration reform. Many of the issues or problems noted in the literature relate not to economic or technical matters, but to policy and political decisions. The current approach to land administration reform would appear to need reform itself. The sector needs to seriously consider the political economy issues that impact on the provision of efficient and effective land administration services. There have been concerted efforts to develop more politically informed ways of thinking and working in the design of donor-funded interventions using a range of methodologies including 'Thinking and Working Politically' (TWP). Adopting a TWP, or similar politically informed approach, has a lot of potential, but may not be the full answer and TWP may complement rather than replace existing approaches to reform assessment, design, and implementation. This paper sets out a broad review of the experience, lessons, and literature on land administration reform and the potential for adopting a new approach for reform. [Display omitted] ● Experience and lessons from land administration reform have recently been reviewed systematically. ● The design of land administration reform needs to better address policy and politics. ● More politically informed approaches such as Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) have been developed. ● The TWP approach has potential, but it complements rather than replaces the traditional approach to reform design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the world’s population do not have access to proper land administration systems to register their land and property information. The land community has come to believe that this problem is strongly related to the data collection process, where the use of highly accurate, expensive and time-consuming spatial data collection methods such as field surveying, is overemphasised. To overcome this, innovative spatial data collection methods are employed in many jurisdictions (e.g. using GPS for low-cost boundary surveys, using the power of citizen in the process of data collection). However, little is known about the parameters that affect the choice of a spatial data collection method to be appropriate for its intended purposes. Arguably, establishing a fit-for-purpose data capture method for collecting or updating RRRs related to land and property is essential for enabling the range of land administration functions around the world. This paper reports on a systematic study to determine a set of parameters that could influence the choice of a spatial data collection method in land administration. Data was collected using a Delphi study, which establishes consensus among land administration experts. This method allowed us to unlock knowledge through an iterative process with controlled feedback. For the first time in this study, an international group of land administration experts reached consensus regarding a set of parameters that should be considered in the process of selecting a fit-for-purpose spatial data collection method. These findings are incorporated to formulate a generic and innovative framework, which could potentially serve as a basis for ensuring that the choice of a spatial data collection method in land administration is fit for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 15 years, there has been great interest and commensurate momentum in the land administration industry on realising the notion of ‘3D cadastres’. This leverages 3D digital technologies for producing, managing, registering and communicating information about complex, volumetrically defined land and property rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) that are commonly found in cities and urban areas around the world. There has been significant technical progress but implementation remains uncertain. This paper draws on research conducted on the implementation of 3D Building Information Models (BIM) for regulatory processes in the land development industry in Singapore to illustrate the range of strategies used to induce change in an instance of 3D digital innovation. The adoption of institutional theory as an analytical framework provides insight into the cultural and behavioural underpinnings of these strategies and what makes them particularly effective in producing a positive response to change. Given the similarity in the institutional characteristics of the land development and land administration industries, the case study findings are used to develop a framework of strategic principles that could conceivably be used to support ongoing international efforts to realise 3D cadastres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land administration systems assist citizens in identifying their rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) associated with land and property. However, delineating the spatial extent of all RRRs regulated in legislation remains a challenge. Approaches that have been used so far are mainly based on accurate surveying processes, which are untimely and too expensive. Previous studies proposed Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) as a practical and low-cost method for fast acquisition of spatial data from volunteered contributions, mostly for countries where a limited number of land rights records exist. However, VGI could be beneficial for advanced and developing land administration systems in terms of collecting a range of RRRs which are not spatially well recorded and represented. A multidisciplinary review of the literature on VGI and land administration reveals the lack of a comprehensive conceptual framework for utilising VGI in land administration for the purpose of collecting a range of RRRs related to land and property. This paper investigates the main aspects of utilising VGI in land administration based on qualitative content analysis of available resources. The outcome of this research suggests that using VGI in land administration requires a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and interconnections of legal, institutional, technical and social aspects within each jurisdiction. These findings are merged to formulate a generic and innovative conceptual framework which serves as a basis for the process of collecting land and property RRRs from volunteer contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth and lack of available land in urban areas have resulted in intensive property development both above and below ground. According to the ‘Cadastre 2034 Strategy’ published by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for Australia in 2014, the current digital cadastres have limitations in positional accuracy and do not adequately represent the three-dimensional nature of real property. This strategy highlights the fact that land parcels that are limited in vertical dimension are not adequately represented in the current digital cadastre. This makes it difficult to visualise security of tenure as it relates to a building or an apartment within a building. Since 2011, a national cadastral data model (ePlan Protocol) is being implemented in different Australian jurisdictions including Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland for 2D (non-building) plans of subdivision. Following the ICSM’s strategy, the ePlan Working Group has started to investigate the requirements for supporting 3D building subdivisions in ePlan. As part of this investigation and to assess the potential of the ePlan Protocol in terms of supporting 3D spatial units associated with land and property management, a research project was recently undertaken in Victoria, Australia. In this research, various building subdivision plans were investigated and modelled in ePlan and a number of technical and non-technical challenges were identified. Overall, the study confirmed that the ePlan Protocol is able to support 3D building subdivision plans, however curved shapes are not well handled. This paper also proposes future investigations for implementing a 3D digital cadastre in Victoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as an International Standard (ISO 19152), land administration organisations worldwide are considering the adoption of this standard into their current processes and cadastral information systems. Although LADM is a data standard, its adoption can have significant impacts on the process of managing cadastral information. These impacts include the influence on existing institutions and their operations, the description of cadastral information, the organisation of data in cadastral databases and the knowledge and capacity of human resources utilising and managing cadastral information. Therefore, the adoption of the LADM requires a holistic approach that considers the LADM not only as a data model for cadastral information, but also as a cornerstone in systems of land administration. This paper aims to introduce a LADM implementation roadmap including important factors that can be used by land administration organisations when adopting the LADM. The paper methodology presents this roadmap using two case studies, the first in Victoria, Australia and the second in Belize, Central America. Using these case studies, this paper analyses the potential impact of the LADM adoption in a jurisdiction with an established cadastral information system (CIS) and in a jurisdiction that is in the process of establishing a CIS. These factors include consideration of organisational motivation, institutional arrangements, information interpretation, information organisation, involvement in the LADM governance and capacity building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors affecting the housing supply is closely linked to the time taken to complete the land development assessment approval. Delays in completing the development process on time often results in difficulties of increasing housing supply. In parallel, housing demand continues to increase with increasing net population in Australian urban areas. This research aims to identify the current issues and challenges of releasing land for housing development in the established suburbs of Melbourne north-west area (involving six local government areas: Brimbank, Maribyrnong, Moreland, Moonee Valley, Hume and Melton). An application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) using the strategic residential potential assessment (SRPA) method is considered. This is designed to improve the method of land administration strategies for housing development. The analysis is set within the context of investigating land preparation processes and their impacts on land availability for housing supply. The research adopts interview techniques to gain insight into the processes of land release through the activities of town planners in the selected local council areas. The proposed SRPA methods are based on a land-use assessment approach that is underpinned by the current residential land-use schemes legislated by the Department of Transport Planning and Local Infrastructure.1The results of applying the proposed model reveal the associated spatial pattern of areas with potential for residential development relative to the public transport and public service locations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Excitement about the potential of 3D technologies to support production and management of complex building information has extended to the land administration sector. Structural characteristics of high-rise buildings are compounding complexity in the design and layout of private, public and communal ownership rights, restrictions and responsibilities, leaving a legacy of ongoing management issues for urban communities. Despite the premise of 3D innovations and significant technical progress, widespread adoption remains elusive. Attention is turning to understanding the social and cultural influences – the ‘invisible’ constraints, otherwise regarded as institutional aspects, to explain deeply embedded attitudes and behaviours that are posing resistant to current change strategies. An interpretive case study in the city of Melbourne provides context for exploring institutional issues within the land administration sector regarding high-rise developments. The plan of subdivision is used to trace institutional influences, conceptualising these as regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive elements. These elements constrain stakeholders to current 2D ways of behaving, limiting movement towards 3D innovation. The findings suggest clear institutional ‘gaps’ that deliberate strategies will need to address, but also highlight the importance of understanding the interdependency between all elements for strategic response. Finally, the findings indicate that a new focal actor that is in a position to generate the required intention for change has not emerged and therefore, an industry-wide strategic response is not apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Integrated land administration processes are essential for effective land delivery. [•] Land policy, administration processes, and spatial data infrastructure should integrate. [•] An assessment framework is required to assess levels of integration. [•] Land administration integration assessment matrix is developed to assess integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We identify the challenges and limitations of 2D land & property information. [•] We suggest a framework for sourcing 3D land and property information. [•] We develop & apply an evaluation strategy based on the suggested framework. [•] A thorough evaluation of 3D data sourcing methods is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Failure to recognize land administration systems as infrastructure creates potential funding and maintenance problems. Wider economic, social, and environmental benefits of effective land administration are consequently put at risk. Land administration must be recognized as critical, public good infrastructure. An evaluation method for testing land administration as an infrastructure is developed and applied. The method utilizes tools for defining and classifying infrastructure, public goods, and critical infrastructures. Arguments for land administration as infrastructure are revealed to reside within the land administration discipline: mainstream views regularly fail to recognize the argument. Reasons include the internal focus of scientific disciplines, the failure of land administrators to engage across disciplines, the global disparity of approaches to land administration, and the lack of visible or physical presence for land administration infrastructure. The results of three empirical studies support the notion that land administration is a critical, public good infrastructure. It concluded that infrastructure funding and maintenance regimes need to be depoliticized, potentially through the development of evidence based metrics, that land administrators must continue to promote land administration outwardly, and that the evaluation approach be extended and enhanced for use in directed land administration projects and studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Land information has an important role in informing macroeconomic policy. Timely and accurate market information is essential for evidence-based fiscal and monetary decisions. Currently in Australia, there is a gap between the creators of land information at state level and the users at federal level. The capacity of evidence-based policy is under-realised as a result. This paper explores the inter-governmental flow of land market information within three state-based land administration systems in Australia. Results show that integration is occurring within some state land agencies; however, communication with federal government agencies is limited, leading to information asymmetries. Future collaboration is essential. This will require an understanding of and openness to information sharing, involving a move away from historic silo approaches to land information creation and use. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Many nations lack a coherent national approach to land administration. Instead, land information and processes are frequently disaggregated across states, provinces, cantons, counties, or municipalities. This is particularly the case in federated countries. The growing body of land administration theory often assumes or prescribes the need for national systems; however, the justification for this approach requires further explanation. Without justification, nations that maintain disaggregated systems lack the impetus to unlock the opportunities veiled within their disparate land administration systems. Moreover, a nation''s ability to respond effectively to emerging national and global-scale issues such as climate-change is greatly impeded. This paper aims to explain the need for national land administration infrastructures. Qualitative case studies of the Australian context and the method of triangulation inform the justification. The research reveals most drivers can be classified into six overarching subsets: adherence to international standards by national governments, better federal or central governance, improved shared governance, scale of economies for lower levels of government, opportunities and savings for business, and social inclusion for citizens. Unfortunately, specific drivers are found to be complex and changeable, as political, scientific and environmental debates raise policy issues: there is no single solution. As an alternative, nations must seize on the specific drivers relevant to their context. They must employ them to transform disparate land administration systems into multi-purpose national land administration infrastructures that deliver benefits to all stakeholder groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is growing interest internationally in land administration and cadastral systems and especially in their role as part of a national Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The important role the cadastre plays in supporting sustainable development is also well recognised. Both developed and developing countries accept the need to evaluate cadastral systems to help identify areas of improvement and whether their systems are capable of addressing future needs. Countries are continually re-engineering and implementing various aspects of the cadastre, comparing systems and trying to identify best practice within nations of the same socio-economic standing. In order to address this need, members of a team from the Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration at the Department of Geomatics, the University of Melbourne, with the support of the United Nations Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific (PCGIAP) and the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), have developed a cadastral template. The template aims to assist the evaluation and benchmarking of cadastral systems and the role they play in SDIs. This paper aims to outline the concept and theory behind the cadastral template as well as analysing the results from 34 completed country templates. Several indicators have been used to analyse and benchmark countries cadastral systems, results of which will contribute to an improved understanding of the complex relationship between cadastral, land administration system and National SDI initiatives. This will also enable a worldwide comparison of cadastral systems, forming the basis for best practice and a tool to improve national cadastral systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The massive property development of high-rises and complex structures above and below the ground surface in cities indicates the lack of land and high demand to use spaces. However, the existing land and property administration systems are mainly two dimensional and not capable of efficiently managing these complex spaces. As ownership rights on plans are recorded in paper or PDF, understanding these rights and making effective decisions and analyses can be difficult without having experience in the art of reading and interpreting plan information. This paper attempts to address these issues by presenting a prototype for visualizing three-dimensional land and property information. The aim of this prototype is to illustrate and communicate the requirements and benefits of a 3D digital cadastre platform. The prototype is a web-based application and includes functionality to display both legal and physical data, interact with 3D models, display administrative data, identify objects and search objects, visualize cross-sections, and undertake measurements in 3D. For this prototype, a multi-story building was selected as a case study and its 3D model was imported into the prototype to display ownership rights. The prototype was then evaluated by various stakeholders and their feedback was considered for future enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]