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Tricholoma lishanense is described and illustrated from northern China based on both morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from the ITS locus resolved the new species in section Lasciva of Tricholoma. Tricholoma lishanense can be diagnosed by its overall white basidiomata with a fragrant and pleasant odor, very narrow lamellae, different phylogenetic position and habitat under oaks.

Tricholoma lishanense L. Fan & J.J. Yang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank:—MB847576 Diagnosis:—differing from the phylogenetically and morphologically closest related species T. album by its abundant clamp connections, very narrow lamellae, pileus margin straight and seldom wavy in old fruit bodies. Etymology:—‘ lishanense ’, refers to the type locality, where the type specimen was collected. Holotype:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Jincheng City, Qinshui County, Lishan Mt., 1680 m elev., 24 August 2020, on the ground under Quercus sp., N. Mao MNM 059 (BJTC FM1023). Description:— Basidiomata medium-sized, firm, fleshy. Pileus 30–90 mm, surface smooth, hemispherical or bellshaped with slightly inwardly rolled margin at first, then expanding with maturity to almost flat, whitish (#ffffff) to pale yellow (#f4f1e6), often with ochre-yellow (#c9a06f) centre when mature, glabrous, dry and dull, non-striate. Lamellae 1 mm broad, adnate, medium spaced to rather crowded, whitish (#ffffff) to cream (#f7f3e7), often lemon yellow (#ffff88) to pale yellow brown (#ddad79) spotted when bruised; lamellulae attenuate, arranged in 2–3 tiers. Stipe central, stuffed, 30–80 × 5–13 mm, cylindrical, mostly widened at base, more rarely tapering, smooth, whitish (#ffffff) to cream (#f7f3e7), turning pale yellow brown (#ddad79) when bruised. Context white, turning yellow when exposed. Odor faint but fragrant and pleasant. Taste not recorded. Spore print white. Basidiospores [120/7/7] (3.9–)4.6–7.1(–7.6) × (2.6–)2.8–4.4(–4.6) μm, [Q = 1.35–1.92, Q av = 1.6 ± 0.14], ellipsoidoblong, colorless and smooth, with one large guttule and an oblique hilar appendage. Basidia 19–37 × 3.5–6.5 μm, swollen at the apical end and tapered toward the middle or base, mostly 4-spored, occasionally 2-spored, clavate to sub-cylindrical, with sterigmata up to 4.5 μm long. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama parallel, composed of cylindrical hyphae 5.5–10.5 μm broad. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindrical hyphae, hyphae smooth, 3.5–8.5 μm broad, radially arranged to slightly interwoven, colorless in KOH. Stipitipellis composed of parallelarranged hyphae, hyphae filamentous, thin-walled, colorless, 2.5–6.0 μm broad, terminal elements subcylindrical with round apex. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution:—Solitary, scattered or gregarious, on the ground in oak forests, known from northern China. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA. Shanxi Province, Jincheng City, Qinshui County, Lishan Ms., 35°29’ N, 112°1’ E, 1680 m elev., 24 August 2020, on the ground under Quercus sp., N . Mao MNM059 (BJTC FM1023), N . Mao MNM055 (BJTC FM1020), H . Liu LH 1140 (BJTC FM1000); ibid. 1626 m elev., 24 August 2020, on the ground under Quercus sp., H . Liu LH 1104 (BJTC FM968); ibid. 1675 m elev., 27 August 2020, on the ground under Quercus sp., H. Y Fu FHYM002 (BJTC FM1137); ibid. 1640 m elev., 25 July 2021, on the ground under Quercus sp., N . Mao MNM333 (BJTC FM1735); ibid. 26 July 2021, on the ground under Quercus sp., N . Mao MNM376 (BJTC FM1798)., Published as part of Yang, Jia-Jia, Xu, Yu-Yan, Lv, Jing-Chong & Fan, Li, 2023, Tricholoma lishanense (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales), a new species from China revealed by morphology and phylogenetic analysis, pp. 89-96 in Phytotaxa 598 (1) on pages 92-94, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7958837

Key to the genera and species of Phrymaceae in the flora of Vietnam Partly based on Hong et al. (1998), Yamazaki (1985, 1990), Bean (1997), Fischer (2004), Barker et al. (2012), Liu et al. (2020). The genera included in the key are treated within the following tribes:Cyrtandromoeeae (Cyrtandromoea), Leucocarpeae (Erythranthe), Mimuleae (Glossostigma, Microcarpaea, Mimulus), Phrymeae (Phryma) (Stevens 2001 onwards, Liu et al. 2020). 1. Gynoecium pseudomonomerous (ovary unilocular); fruit a 1-seeded achene............................................ Phryma (P. leptostachya) - Gynoecium with both carpels fertile (ovary bilocular); fruit a many-seeded capsule.......................................................................2 2. Suffrutescent perennial herbs; stem erect, sometimes woody at base; inflorescence cymose; corolla usually with 2 raised yellow ridges; stamens 4.............................................................................................................................. Cyrtandromoea (C. grandiflora) - Annual or perennial herbs; stem erect to prostrate; inflorescence racemose (often described as single flowers); corolla various; stamens 2 or 4.....................................................................................................................................................................................3 3. Small annual herbs, glabrous (rarely with hairy calyx); stamens 2 or 4; anthers 1-celled.................................................................4 - Annual or perennial herbs of various size, glabrous or with various indumentum; stamens 4; anthers 2-celled..............................5 4. Stem short, with slender creeping stolons arising from leaf axils; flowers subsessile to pedicellate; calyx terete, with 3–4 unequal lobes; stamens 2 or 4 (2 in the Vietnamese species), if stamens 2 than 2 staminodes present............... Glossostigma (G. diandrum) - Stem prostrate, rooting at nodes; flowers sessile to subsessile (rarely long pedicellate); calyx terete to 5-ribbed, with 5 equal lobes; stamens 2, staminodes absent................................................................................................................... Microcarpaea (M. minima) 5. Leaf venation basal to suprabasal acrodromous; corolla variously coloured (yellow with red spots in the Vietnamese species)........................................................................................................................................................................ Erythranthe (E. nepalensis) - Leaf venation brochidodromous or basal acrodromous; corolla blue to violet, purplish, light pink to nearly white, or rarely (outside Vietnam) yellow............................................................................................................................................................... 6 (Mimulus) 6. Plants floating in ponds and rice fields, with prostrate stem; leaves with distinct petioles; leaf blade orbicular, with entire margin; calyx terete, much shorter than corolla; corolla purple; capsule exserted from calyx........................................ Mimulus orbicularis - Plants terrestrial, with erect stem; leaves sessile; leaf blade linear-oblong or oblanceolate, with slightly serrate margin; calyx narrowly winged, ca. 2/3 as long as corolla; corolla white to pale blue; capsule included in calyx......................... Mimulus strictus

Cyrtandromoea grandiflora C.B. Clarke (1883: 186) (Fig. 1, 2) Literature: — Clarke (1885: 371), Barnett (1962: 210), Burtt (1965: 86), Yamazaki (1990: 155, Fig. 44), Tao et al. (1995: 157, Fig. 2), Hong et al. (1998: 45), Kress et al. (2003: 368), IUCN (2013: 171). TYPE: — BURMA [MYANMAR]. Moulmein, s.d., Lobb T. s.n. (holotype: K: K001392709 photo!). Image of holotype available at: http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/ K001392709 Notes:—The protologue of C. grandiflora (Clarke 1883: 186) states the type location and type gathering as “Peninsula Malayana; Moulmein (Lobb in h. Kew)”. Clarke apparently indicated the Malay Peninsula by a mistake, which follows also from his later treatment (Clarke 1885) describing the species to be known from “Tenasserim: at Moulmein”. Additional specimens examined:— LAOS. Sainyabuli Province: Sainyabuli District, Mekong River, Na Konken village sacred forest, Huay Gawn Goy stream, shaded embankment along stream, primary evergreen seasonal hardwood forest, shale bedrock, 300 m, 29 April 2012, Maxwell J. F . 12-158 (L: L.4320270). VIETNAM. Lai Chau Province: Muong Te District, Bum To Commune, wet place at roadside, 22°22’02.2’’N 102°46’48.4’’E, elev. 342 m, 23 May 2018, Bui H. Q . 217 (HN); Lai Chau Province: Muong Te District, Pa U Commune, wet place at roadside, 22°33’23.8’’N 102°41’01.6’’E, elev. 1342 m, 27 May 2018, Bach T. T ., Bui H. Q., Binh T. D., Son D. H., Thuong V. A. VK 7170 (HN, MW); Dien Bien Province: Muong Nhe District, Leng Su Sin Commune, Muong Nhe Nature Reserve, wet place in evergreen mountain forest, 22°19’40.5”N 102°22’44.8”E, elev. ca. 584 m, 22 April 2021, Bach T. T ., Bui H. Q., Hai D. V., Han N. L., Hoan D. T., Binh T. D., Thuong V. A. DB 2204202101 (HN). Distribution:— Cyrtandromoea grandiflora is known in Myanmar (Mon), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Ratchaburi), China (NW and S Yunnan), Laos (Sainyabuli), Vietnam (Dien Bien Province: Muong Nhe Nature Reserve and Lai Chau Province: Muong Te District), Indonesia (Sumatra). The distribution of C. grandiflora in Vietnam is presented in Fig. 3. Ecology and phenology:— Cyrtandromoea grandiflora inhabits evergreen forests at elevations of 275–1800 m a.s.l. In each of the three Vietnamese locations, only several individuals were observed. Flowering: March–October; fruiting: August–October., Published as part of Quang, Bui Hong, Bach, Tran The, Hai, Do Van, Hoan, Duong Thi, Huong, Nguyen Thi Thanh, Han, Le Ngoc & Nuraliev, Maxim S., 2023, Cyrtandromoea grandiflora, a new generic record for Vietnam, and a key to Vietnamese Phrymaceae, pp. 147-154 in Phytotaxa 591 (2) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7797528, {"references":["Clarke, C. B. (1883) Cyrtandreae. In: de Candolle, A. & de Candolle, C. (Eds.) Monographiae phanerogamarum: Prodromi nunc continuatio, nunc revisio. Vol. 5. G. Masson, Paris, pp. 1 - 303.","Clarke, C. B. (1885) Order CVI. Gesneraceae. In: Hooker, J. D. (Ed.) Flora of British India. Vol. 4. L. Reeve & Co, London, pp. 336 - 375.","Barnett, E. C. (1962) Gesneriaceae. In: Barnett, E. C. (Ed.) Flora siamensis enumeratio, vol. 3 (3). Siam Society, Bangkok, pp. 196 - 238.","Burtt, B. L. (1965) The transfer of Cyrtandromoea from Gesneriaceae to Scrophulariaceae, with notes on the classification of that family. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 7: 73 - 88.","Yamazaki, T. (1990) Scrophulariaceae. In: Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand. vol. 5, part 2. Chutima Press, Bangkok, pp. 139 - 238.","Tao, D. D., Li, X. D. & Yang, X. (1995) Cyrtandromoea - a new recorded genus of Scrophulariaceae and a new species in China. Acta Botanica Yunnaica 17 (2): 155 - 158. [in Chinese]","Hong, D. Y., Yang, H. B., Jin, C. L. & Holmgren, N. H. (1998) Scrophulariaceae. In: Wu, Z. Y. & Raven, P. H. (Eds.) Flora of China 18. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanic Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 1 - 212.","Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R. A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D. Y. Y. (2003) A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1 - 590.","IUCN (2013) Ecological survey of the Mekong River between Louangphabang and Vientiane cities, Lao PDR, 2011 - 2012. IUCN, Vientiane, 241 pp."]}

Cyrtandromoea grandiflora is reported from Dien Bien and Lai Chau provinces in Northern Vietnam, representing the first record of this species and the genus Cyrtandromoea in the country. Detailed photographic illustrations of studied specimens are provided. A key to the Vietnamese genera and species of Phrymaceae is presented.

Mimulicalyx is an oligo-genus including two species that are endemic to southwest China. Based on investigation of the rediscovered populations of M. rosulatus and M. paludigenus, examination of herbarium specimens (including types), as well as consultation of protologues and distributions, no obvious morphorlogical differences has been found and we concluded that they are conspecific. Therefore, M. paludigenus is reduced to a synonym of M. rosulatus. Field photographs and an updated morphological description of M. rosulatus are provided.

In this study, we report the first complete plastome sequence of Vitex rotundifolia (Lamiaceae) (MT937186). In addition, the plastome sequences of Phryma leptostachya subsp. asiatica (Phrymaceae) (153,324 bp; MT948145) and Mazus pumilus (Mazaceae) (152,847 bp; MT937187) are also included. The gene orders and structures of the three plastomes are collinear with those of the typical plastome of angiosperm. The plastome size of V. rotundifolia is 154,370 bp in length and consists of a large single-copy region of 85,079 bp and a small single-copy region of 17,917 bp, which are separated by a pair of 25,687 bp-long inverted repeat regions. In addition, the plastome sizes of P. leptostachya subsp. asiatica and M. pumilus are 153,324 bp and 152,847 bp, respectively. The three plastomes contain 113 genes, including 79 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes. Sixteen genes contain one intron and two genes have two introns. A total of 41 simple sequence repeat loci was identified in the V. rotundifolia plastome. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Viticoideae is a sister group of the last of Lamiaceae except Nepetoideae. The Mazaceae are a sister group of Lamiaceae, while Phrymaceae form a sister group to the Paulowniaceae-Orobanchaceae clade.

The familial placements of Cyrtandromoea Zoll. and Wightia Wall., two small and enigmatic South‐East Asian genera, have long been controversial in Lamiales. Here we adopt a two‐step approach to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. We initially reconstructed a large‐scale phylogeny of Lamiales using six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, and rps4). The results showed that both Cyrtandromoea and Wightia emerged in the LMPO clade, including Lamiaceae, Mazaceae, Phrymaceae, Paulowniaceae, and Orobanchaceae. Based on the second set of six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL, rps16, and trnL‐F) and two nuclear ribosomal regions (external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer) for the analyses focusing on the LMPO clade, our results revealed that Cyrtandromoea was consistently nested within Phrymaceae, whereas Wightia was supported as sister to Phrymaceae by the chloroplast DNA dataset or sister to Paulowniaceae by the nuclear ribosomal DNA dataset. Morphological and anatomical evidence fully supports the inclusion of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae, and an updated tribal classification is done for Phrymaceae with five tribes, that is, Cyrtandromoeeae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Diplaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Leucocarpeae, Mimuleae, and Phrymeae. The conflicting phylogenetic position of Wightia indicated by different genome markers results in difficulty placing the genus in either Phrymaceae or Paulowniaceae. Considering the distinct morphological differences between Wightia and other families in the LMPO clade, we here propose a new family, Wightiaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, fam. nov., to accommodate it, which is the 26th family recognized in Lamiales.

—Cyrtandromoea is a genus consisting of about 12 species of perennial caulescent herbs with a distribution in China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and western Malesia. The genus has previously been associated with either Gesneriaceae or the tribe Mimuleae in Phrymaceae (in former Scrophulariaceae) with morphology in favor of the latter and molecular plastid ndhF data the former. We addressed the placement of this genus by assembling a four gene dataset (matK, ndhF, rps16, and trnL-F) comprising 270 ingroup samples representing 270 species and 51 families of the core asterids, including all families of Lamiales currently recognized. These included 111 species representing 66 genera of Gesneriaceae. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses to reconstruct phylogenies that showed Cyrtandromoea to be placed in Phrymaceae. A fine-scale analysis focusing on Phrymaceae using ITS and trnL-F and 79 samples revealed that Cyrtandromoea is most closely related to a clade of genera in Phrymaceae that included Mimulus s. s. A combination of morphological synapomorphies such as cymose inflorescences, 5-angled toothed calyx, flowers with bilocular ovary with axile placentation with numerous small seeds with endosperm, and loculicidal dehiscing capsule support this placement. Our results strongly support the placement of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae.

The familial placement of Wightia has been controversial in the Lamiales, and the genus is currently placed in Paulowniaceae in APG IV. Phylogenetic analyses of Wightia and its close relatives in Lamiales are conducted using sequences of the complete chloroplast genomes as well as sequence data from nine chloroplast DNA regions (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, rps4, rps16 intron, trnL-F, and trnV-atpE) and one mitochondrial gene rps3. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses do not support a close relationship between Wightia and Paulownia of Paulowniaceae; instead the enigmatic Wightia is sister to Phrymaceae with strong support in all analyses. Hence Wightia should not be placed in Paulowniaceae. Because morphological data show Wightia’s affinity to both Phrymaceae and Paulowniaceae and prior nrITS data suggest its sister relationship to Paulownia of Paulowniaceae, it is likely that Wightia may have had a hybrid origin between early lineages of Phrymaceae and Paulowniaceae. It is therefore the best to exclude Wightia from Paulowniaceae and place the genus as unassigned until further nuclear data to test the hybrid hypothesis. The seven species of Paulownia constitute a monophyletic group, and Paulowniaceae is supported to be a monogeneric family, consistent with a series of morphological and floral development characters. The genus Brandisia, which was sometimes regarded as a close relative of Wightia, is supported to be nested within Orobanchaceae, as sister to Pterygiella. This sister relationship can be corroborated by fruit, seed and pollen morphological characters.

Local adaptation is commonly observed in nature: organisms perform well in their natal environment, but poorly outside it. Correlations between traits and latitude, or latitudinal clines, are among the most common pieces of evidence for local adaptation, but identifying the traits under selection and the selective agents is challenging. Here, we investigated a latitudinal cline in growth and photosynthesis across 16 populations of the perennial herbErythranthe cardinalis(Phrymaceae). Using machine learning methods, we identify interannual variation in precipitation as a likely selective agent: Southern populations from more variable environments had higher photosynthetic rates and grew faster. We hypothesize that selection may favor a more annualized life history – grow now rather than save for next year – in environments where severe droughts occur more often. Thus our study provides insight into how species may adapt if Mediterranean climates become more variable due to climate change.

The familial placement of Wightia has long been a problem. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic inspection of Wightia based on noncoding chloroplast loci (the rps16 intron and the trnL–F region) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, and on chemical analysis. A total of 70 samples (including 51 genera from 13 families of Lamiales) were employed in a molecular study. Phylograms suggest that Wightia is sister to Paulownia or Phrymaceae; species tree shows Wightia and Paulownia are sister groups which clustered with Phrymaceae in an unresolved clade. Chemical evidence shows affinity of Wightia to Paulowniaceae. With the addition of morphological, palynological and ecological characters, we suppose a familial position of Wightia belonging to or close to Paulowniaceae. Brandisia (a member of Orobanchaceae) does not have a close relationship with Wightia.

The genus Lancea is native to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and consists of two species, Lancea tibetica Hook. f. et Thoms. and Lancea hirsuta Bonati. Here, we report the complete sequences of the chloroplast genomes of L. tibetica and L. hirsuta, which were 153,665 and 154,045 bp in length, respectively, and each included a pair of inverted repeated regions (25,624 and 25,838 bp in length, respectively) that were separated by a large single copy region (84,401 and 84,588 bp in length, respectively) and a smaller single copy region (18,016 and 17,781 bp in length, respectively). A total of 106 genes in L. tibetica and 105 in L. hirsuta comprised 79 protein-coding genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, as well as 23 and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in L. tibetica and L. hirsuta, respectively. The gene order, content, and orientation of the two Lancea chloroplast genomes exhibited high similarity. A large number of informative repetitive sequences, including SSRs, were observed in both genomes. Comparisons of the genomes with those of three other Lamiales species revealed 12 highly divergent regions in the intergenic spacers and in the matK, rpoA, rps19, ndhF, ccsA, ndhD, and ycf1 coding regions. A phylogenomic analysis suggested that Lancea forms a monophyletic group that is closely related to the clade composed of the families Phrymaceae, Paulowniaceae, and Rehmanniaceae.

Phylogenetic placement of Triaenophora together with Rehmannia were explored with DNA sequence data from five regions (rbcL, ndhF, rps16, trnL-F, nr ITS) in two combined data matrices. One (rbcL, ndhF, rps16) represented a wide sampling across most families of Lamiales. The other data matrix represented two DNA regions partly unalignable across Lamiales (trnL-F, nr ITS) plus rps16, which proved to be variable enough to give resolution at a smaller taxonomic level in Lamiales. Triaenophora rupestris and Rehmannia are sister taxa, composing a strongly supported clade, which is sister to all representative genera of Orobanchaceae. Furthermore, Paulowniaceae and Phrymaceae are next to Orobanchaceae and Triaenophora-Rehmannia clade. All of the above taxa are only distantly related to Scrophulariaceae and/or Plantaginaceae (sensu APG II). Mazus and Lancea would be excluded from Phrymaceae. The resulting phylogeny is in agreement with other data such as phytochemistry and provides a framework for further investigation of character evolution in Lamiales.

A phylogenetic study of plastid DNA sequences (ndhF, trnL/F, and rps16) in Lamiales is presented. In particular, the inclusiveness of Scrophulariaceae sensu APG II is elaborated. Scrophulariaceae in this sense are mainly a southern hemisphere group, which includes Hemimerideae (including Alonsoa, with a few South American species), Myoporeae, the Central American Leucophylleae (including Capraria), Androya, Aptosimeae, Buddlejeae, Teedieae (including Oftia, Dermatobotrys, and Freylinia), Manuleeae, and chiefly Northern temperate Scrophularieae (including Verbascum and Oreosolen). Camptoloma and Phygelius group with Buddlejeae and Teedieae, but without being well resolved to any of these two groups. Antherothamnus is strongly supported as sister taxon to Scrophularieae. African Stilbaceae are shown to include Bowkerieae and Charadrophila. There is moderate support for a clade of putative Asian origin and including Phrymaceae, Paulownia, Rehmannia, Mazus, Lancea, and chiefly parasitic Orobanchaceae, to which Brandisia is shown to belong. A novel, strongly supported, clade of taxa earlier assigned to Scrophulariaceae was found. The clade includes Stemodiopsis, Torenia, Micranthemum and probably Picria and has unclear relationships to the rest of Lamiales. This clade possibly represents the tribe Lindernieae, diagnosed by geniculate anterior filaments, usually with a basal swelling.

Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a redefined family Phrymaceae. (3) Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geographically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed.

A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato using DNA sequences of three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five distinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes of the Scrophulariaceae s.l. (sensu lato) were analyzed along with representatives of 15 other families of Lamiales. The Scrophulariaceae s.s. (sensu stricto) include part or all of tribes Aptosimeae, Hemimerideae, Leucophylleae, Manuleae, Selagineae, and Verbasceae (5 Scrophularieae) and the conventional families Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae includes all or part of tribes Angelonieae, Antirrhineae, Cheloneae, Digitaleae, and Gratioleae and the conventional families Callitrichaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The Orobanchaceae include tribes Buchnereae, Rhinantheae, and the conventional Orobanchaceae. All sampled members of Orobanchaceae are parasitic, except Lindenbergia, which is sister to the rest of the family. Family Calceolariaceae Olmstead is newly erected herein to recognize the phylogenetic distinctiveness of tribe Calceolarieae. The Calceolariaceae are close to the base of the Lamiales. The Stilbaceae are expanded by the inclusion of Halleria. Mimulus does not belong in any of these five groups.

Mimulus foliatus Stimpson, 1860 (Fig. 49C, Pl. 12A) Mimulus foliatus Stimpson, 1860: 200, pl. 5. — Holmes 1900: 23. — Rathbun 1904: 173; 1925: 182, pl. 60, text figs. 70 71 — Weymouth 1910:30, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13. — Schmitt 1921: 204, fig. 127a,b. — Johnson & Snook 1927: 368, fig. 320.— Garth 1958: 183, pl. L, fig. 1; pl. 25, fig. 3. — Garth & Abbott 1980: 600, fig. 25.8. — Hart 1982: 182, fig. 72. — Ricketts et al. 1985: 170, fig. 138. — Jensen 1995: 26, fig. 29. — Kuris et al. 2007: 641, pl. 319, fig. H.— Hultgren & Stachowitz 2008: 994. Diagnosis. Rostral horns flattened, notch between them triangular, rows of hooked setae on rostrum. Carapace flattened, median region with 2 small tubercles; lateral margin bearing broad, leaf-like expansions divided by narrow fissure. Hooked setae present on median region of small crabs. Preorbital tooth large, triangular, acute; postorbital tooth small, pointing obliquely downward. Peduncle of antennae reaching to or near rostrum apex. Male cheliped large, merus rough, carpus with ridge on inner margin, hand with fingers bent downward, curved inward, gaping near base but distally with small teeth. Female cheliped smaller, without prominent ridge on merus, fingers not gaping, dentate along entire margin. Pereopod 2 longer than following pereopods. Propodus of pereopods 2–5 with setose tooth near middle of inferior margin. Male, female abdomens with seven free segments. Male carapace length 23.4 mm, width 39 mm; female carapace length 19.3 mm, width 32.4 mm. Color in life. Carapace highly variable: reddish, rose-red, purple, tan and marked with stripes, white with brick-red rostrum, red-brown with white " V " mark or orange. Male cheliped reddish or white with red fingers. Pereopods 2–5 reddish with white bands. The color notes are from crabs from Monterey Bay, California. Habitat and depth. Among rocks and algae, shore to 129 m but usually at 30 m or less. Range. Unalaska, Alaska to San Diego, but uncommon south of Point Conception, California. Type locality off Monterey, California. Remarks. Mimulus foliatus may attach bits of algae to its carapace. Large individuals may have encrusting sponges or bryozoans on the carapace. This crab often is found among coralline algae and kelp holdfasts. Hultgren & Stachowitz (2008), in a molecular analysis, noted that M. foliatus nested in a clade with Pugettia spp. and is morphologically and ecologically similar to other Pugettia species. They noted that Rathbun (1894) also suggested that there was not good reason for placing Mimulus in a genus distinct from Pugettia. They suggested that M. foliatus be reclassified as a member of the genus Pugettia but did not formally change the designation of this crab., Published as part of Wicksten, Mary K., 2012, Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces 3371, pp. 1-307 in Zootaxa 3371 on pages 208-209, {"references":["Holmes, S. J. (1900) Synopsis of California stalk-eyed Crustacea. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 7, 12 - 62.","Rathbun, M. J. (1904) Decapod crustaceans of the northwest coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 10, 1 - 219.","Rathbun, M. J. (1925) The spider crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 129, 1 - 598.","Weymouth, F. W. (1910) Synopsis of the true crabs (Brachyura) of Monterey Bay, California. Leland Stanford Junior University Publications, University series 4, 1 - 64.","Schmitt, W. L. (1921) The marine decapod Crustacea of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 23, 1 - 470.","Johnson, M. E. & Snook, H. J. (1927) Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast. Dover Publications, New York, reprint 1967, 659 pp.","Garth. J. S. (1958) Brachyura of the Pacific coast of America. Oxyrhyncha. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 21, 1 - 499.","Garth, J. S. & Abbott, D. (1980) Brachyura: the true crabs. In: Morris, D., Abbott, D. & Haderlie, E. (Eds). Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, pp. 594 - 630.","Hart, J. F. L. (1982) Crabs and their Relatives of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook 40, Victoria, 267 pp.","Ricketts, E. F., Calvin, J., Hedgpeth, J. W. & Phillips, D. W. (1985) Between Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 5 th ed., 652 pp.","Jensen, G. C. (1995) Pacific Coast Crabs and Shrimps. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California, 87 pp.","Kuris, A. M., Sadeghian, P. & Carlton, J. T. (2007) Keys to Decapod Crustacea. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.) The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, 4 th ed., pp. 636 - 656.","Hultgren, K. & Stachowitz, J. (2008) Molecular phylogeny of the brachyuran crab superfamily Majoidea indicates close congruence with trees based on larval morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 986 - 996.","Rathbun, M. J. (1894) Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. XXIV. Descriptions of new genera and species of crabs from the west coast of North America and the Sandwich Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16, 223 - 260."]}

LU AN-MING, 1990. A preliminary cladistic study of the families of the superorder Lamiiflorae. A preliminary cladistic analysis was undertaken to evaluate the relationships between families of the superorder Lamiiflorae sensu Dahlgren. Several character complexes were surveyed, and ultimately 29 informative characters were used for the study. Three families, Clethraceae, Oleaceae and Solanaceae were selected for outgroup comparison and polarization of the characters. A data matrix was constructed for the 23 ingroup families. The data matrix was analysed with the cladistic parsimony program Hennig86. Three equally parsimonious cladograms were found. Many family interrelationships could not be resolved, although several groups were common to all three cladograms, as shown by a strict consensus tree. The Retziaceae emerged as the sister group to the remaining families. About half of those appeared in a large polytomy in the consensus tree. There was also one possibly monophyletic complex of families involving the Lamiales with the families Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Phrymaceae and Callitrichaceae as well as the three isolated families Trapellaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Hydrostachyaceae. Within this complex, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae came out as sister groups, as did Callitrichaceae and Hydrostachyaceae, with Hippuridaceae as sister group to them. However, the results must be regarded as tentative.

Limosella diandra Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera: 252. 1771. "Habitat ad Cap. b. spei littoribus." RCN: 4584. Lectotype (Yamazaki in Leroy, Fl. Cambodge Laos Viêt-Nam 21: 158. 1985): Herb. Linn. No. 794.2 (LINN). Current name: Glossostigma diandrum (L.) Kuntze (Scrophulariaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 634, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Phryma leptostachya Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 601. 1753. "Habitat in America septentrionali." RCN: 4367. Lectotype (Qaiser in Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 46: 3. 1973): Kalm, Herb. Linn. No. 755.1 (LINN). Generitype of Phryma Linnaeus. Current name: Phryma leptostachya L. (Phrymaceae). Note: See discussion by Reveal & al. (in Huntia 7: 237. 1987), who independently chose the same type as Qaiser., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 740, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

The Lamiales are one of the largest orders of angiosperms, with about 22,000 species. The Scrophulariaceae, as one of their most important families, has recently been shown to be polyphyletic. As a consequence, this family was re-classified and several groups of former scrophulariaceous genera now belong to different families, such as the Calceolariaceae, Plantaginaceae, or Phrymaceae. In the present study, relationships of the genera Craterostigma, Lindernia and its allies, hitherto classified within the Scrophulariaceae, were analyzed. Sequences of the chloroplast trnK intron and the matK gene (approximately 2.5 kb) were generated for representatives of all major lineages of the Lamiales and the former Scrophulariaceae. Bayesian and parsimony analyses revealed two isolated lineages, one of which consists of Lindernia and its allies, the other of Gratiola and allies. Gratiola was previously assumed to be related to Lindernia and was therefore included here. It is proposed to treat the two clades as separate families, Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae. For the Linderniaceae, several morphological synapomorphies exist in addition to molecular data, such as conspicuous club-shaped stamen appendages.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies in Lamiales have shown that the large group traditionally recognised as Scrophulariaceae is not monophyletic. Efforts to reconstruct the phylogeny of this large clade and to revise its classification to reflect that phylogeny have resulted in seven monophyletic groups, comprised mostly of members of Scrophulariaceae s.l., recognised as families in recent angiosperm classifications. These are Scrophulariaceae s.s., Orobanchaceae, Veronicaceae (cf. Plantaginaceae), Phrymaceae, Calceolariaceae, Linderniaceae, and Stilbaceae. Sampling completeness at the genus level varies from group to group, but is quite good for many. A few individual genera formerly assigned to Scrophulariaceae do not fit into any existing clade recognised at family rank and are left, at present, unassigned to family. In addition to the recognition of several clades comprised primarily of former members of Scrophulariaceae s.l., several groups previously recognised as families are now included within some of these clades. For example, Scrophulariaceae s.s. includes Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae, and Veronicaceae includes Callitrichaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The clades now recognised as families often are not easily diagnosed, but in many cases are more consistent with certain functional traits and geographical patterns. Examples include Orobanchaceae, which comprises all of the parasitic plants (hemiparasites and holoparasites) and Scrophulariaceae s.s., which is predominantly a southern hemisphere group.

The pollen morphology of Phryma and some of its putative relatives was investigated with the hope that it might clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the genus, which has been placed in the Verbenaceae by some authors and segregated as the Phrymaceae (in the Lamiales or Scrophulariales) by others. The pollen of Phryma is tricolpate (contrary to some previous reports), tectate-perforate to microreticulate, and has simple columellae. These features are equally consistent with a position in the Verbenaceae or Scrophulariales but argue against a close relationship to four taxa that have been thought by some workers to be close to Phryma: Myoporaceae, Verbena, tribe Lantaneae (Verbenaceae), and Avicennia. When gynoecial morphology, inflorescence structure, and leaf epidermal anatomy are considered as well, a position close to (but not within) subfam. Ver- benoideae appears to be best supported. Assignment to a family (Phrymaceae versus Verbenaceae) must await a revision of family limits in the Lamiales.