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The tilted ferroelectric SmC* phase of three structurally different series having three aromatic rings in the core structure connected by ester groups with different end alkyl chain lengths, all of which are derived from lactic acid, have been observed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Introduction of structural variations within the liquid crystalline compounds has led to the formation of chiral nematic N*, or the paraelectric orthogonal SmA* phase at higher temperatures. The dielectric spectra strongly depend both on the temperature as well as the specific molecular structure of the self-assembling compounds possessing the ferroelectric polar order. The results reveal a strong Goldstone mode in the ferroelectric SmC* phase with ~kHz relaxation frequency. In the SmC* phase, the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity increase up to certain temperature near the SmC*-N*/SmA* transition and then decrease with increasing temperature, perhaps due to the disruption of the molecular domains at the onset of the SmA*/N* phase transition. The dielectric strength attains a maximum value in the SmC* phase and then decreases near the SmA*/N* phase transition. The dielectric strength is also influenced by the lengths of the alkyl chain and the nature of the connecting unit of the constituent molecules. The relaxation time and the relaxation frequency are found to vary with the molecular structure of the studied ferroelectric compounds.

In this study, a new CE method, employing a binary system of trimethyl-ß-CD (TM-ß-CD) and a chiral amino acid ester-based ionic liquid (AAIL), was developed for the chiral separation of seven 2-arylpropionic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In particular, the enantioseparation of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, indoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen was improved significantly by supporting the BGE with the chiral AAIL l-alanine tert butyl ester lactate (l-AlaC4Lac). Parameters, such as concentrations of TM-ß-CD and l-AlaC4Lac, and buffer pH, were systematically examined in order to optimize the chiral separation of each NSAID. It was observed that the addition of the AAIL into the BGE improved both resolution and efficiency significantly. After optimization of separation conditions, baseline separation (Rs>1.5) of five of the analytes was achieved in less than 11 min, while the resolution of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen was approximately 1.2. The optimized enantioseparation conditions for all analytes involve a BGE of 5 mM sodium acetate/acetic acid (pH 5.0), an applied voltage of 30 kV, and a temperature of 20°C. In addition, the results obtained by computing the %-RSD values of the EOF and the two enantiomer peaks, demonstrated excellent run-to-run, batch-to-batch, and day-to-day reproducibilities. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 36 19 2442 2450 Manufacturers: Fluka, Germany Cited By :7

The aim of the present study is the CE performance evaluation for the separation of 2-arylpropionic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In particular, the separation of indoprofen, carprofen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and flurbiprofen was obtained by supporting the BGE either with SDS or an amino acid ester-based ionic liquid (AAIL). The performance of these additives was evaluated by comparing migration times, efficiencies and %RSD values. The addition of the AAIL into the BGE provided baseline separation within 10 min, while in the case of SDS, the analytes eluted within 23 min. The optimum conditions involve a BGE of 100 mM Tris/10 mM sodium tetraboratedecahydrate (pH 8) and 40 mM l-alanine tert butyl ester lactate or 10 mM SDS and a temperature of 35°C for AAIL and 20°C for SDS. The run-to-run reproducibility was evaluated by computing the %RSD values of the EOF and the analyte peaks. When the AAIL was used, an excellent reproducibility was obtained, since all %RSD values were below 1.3%. On the contrary, the addition of SDS resulted in much higher RSD values (2.1-11.7%). The efficiency values of all analyte peaks were above 102 000 for L-AlaC4Lac, in comparison to SDS, which provided efficiency values between 47000 and 76000. Finally, in an attempt to study the synergistic effect of SDS and AAIL, both additives were added into the BGE at concentrations of 10 and 40 mM, respectively. The results were similar to the ones obtained when SDS was used as the sole additive. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 35 18 2573 2578 Cited By :8

IMPORTANCE: Definitions of sepsis and septic shock were last revised in 2001. Considerable advances have since been made into the pathobiology (changes in organ function, morphology, cell biology, biochemistry, immunology, and circulation), management, and epidemiology of sepsis, suggesting the need for reexamination.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and, as needed, update definitions for sepsis and septic shock.PROCESS: A task force (n = 19) with expertise in sepsis pathobiology, clinical trials, and epidemiology was convened by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Definitions and clinical criteria were generated through meetings, Delphi processes, analysis of electronic health record databases, and voting, followed by circulation to international professional societies, requesting peer review and endorsement (by 31 societies listed in the Acknowledgment).KEY FINDINGS FROM EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Limitations of previous definitions included an excessive focus on inflammation, the misleading model that sepsis follows a continuum through severe sepsis to shock, and inadequate specificity and sensitivity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Multiple definitions and terminologies are currently in use for sepsis, septic shock, and organ dysfunction, leading to discrepancies in reported incidence and observed mortality. The task force concluded the term severe sepsis was redundant.RECOMMENDATIONS: Sepsis should be defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. For clinical operationalization, organ dysfunction can be represented by an increase in the Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of 2 points or more, which is associated with an in-hospital mortality greater than 10%. Septic shock should be defined as a subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Patients with septic shock can be clinically identified by a vasopressor requirement to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg or greater and serum lactate level greater than 2 mmol/L (>18 mg/dL) in the absence of hypovolemia. This combination is associated with hospital mortality rates greater than 40%. In out-of-hospital, emergency department, or general hospital ward settings, adult patients with suspected infection can be rapidly identified as being more likely to have poor outcomes typical of sepsis if they have at least 2 of the following clinical criteria that together constitute a new bedside clinical score termed quickSOFA (qSOFA): respiratory rate of 22/min or greater, altered mentation, or systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg or less.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These updated definitions and clinical criteria should replace previous definitions, offer greater consistency for epidemiologic studies and clinical trials, and facilitate earlier recognition and more timely management of patients with sepsis or at risk of developing sepsis.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:26:51Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:36:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84862333884.pdf: 1453211 bytes, checksum: 9feea5ddfdf4b08eb92600245368bb13 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-21 Objective. The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of lactate minimum (LM) determination during a walking test and the validity of such LM protocol on predicting the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) intensity. Design. Eleven healthy subjects (24.2 ± 4.5 yr; 74.3 ± 7.7 kg; 176.9 ± 4.1 cm) performed LM tests on a treadmill, consisting of walking at 5.5 km h -1 and with 20-22% of inclination until voluntary exhaustion to induce metabolic acidosis. After 7 minutes of recovery the participants performed an incremental test starting at 7% incline with increments of 2% at each 3 minutes until exhaustion. A polynomial modeling approach (LMp) and a visual inspection (LMv) were used to identify the LM as the exercise intensity associated to the lowest [bLac] during the test. Participants also underwent to 24 constant intensity tests of 30 minutes to determine the MLSS intensity. Results. There were no differences among LMv (12.6 ± 1.7 %), LMp (13.1 ± 1.5 %), and MLSS (13.6 ± 2.1 %) and the Bland and Altman plots evidenced acceptable agreement between them. Conclusion. It was possible to identify the LM during walking tests with intensity imposed by treadmill inclination, and it seemed to be valid on identifying the exercise intensity associated to the MLSS. Copyright © 2012 Guilherme Morais Puga et al. Catholic University of Brasília, 72022-900 Brasília, DF Institute of Bioscience Department of Physical Education São Paulo State University, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP Department of Physical Education State University of Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR Institute of Bioscience Department of Physical Education São Paulo State University, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP

Several studies in the last years evidenced that deregulation of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic pathways are key players in the onset and maintenance of chemoresistance in advanced ovarian cancers. To characterize the signaling events and molecules involved in the acquisition of cisplatin resistance, we used the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and its derivative cisplatin-resistant subline A2780 CIS. We found that the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway, induced by cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) in A2780 wild-type cells, was compromised in the resistant subline CIS. The analysis of expression of proteins involved in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis revealed a role of Bax and p73 but not p53. Indeed, we found that CDDP treatment induced the up-regulation of p53 in both sensitive and resistant A2780 cell lines. By contrast, p73 and Bax expressions were compromised in resistant cells. Pretreatment of resistant A2780 CIS cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A overcomes apoptosis resistance to CDDP by restoring both p73 and Bax but not p53 expression. Altogether, these data indicate that p73, but not p53, is involved in the regulation of apoptosis susceptibility to cisplatin in A2780 ovarian cancer cells and evidence a key contribution of histone deacetylase activation in the acquisition of chemotherapy resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(6):1410–9]

Wavelength and mass resolved resonance-enhanced two photon ionization (R2PI) excitation spectra of (1S,2S)-N-methyl pseudoephedrine (MPE) and its complexes with several achiral and chiral solvent molecules, including water (W), methyl (R)-lactate (L(R)), methyl (S)-lactate (L(S)), (R)-2-butanol (B(R)), and (S)-2-butanol (B(S)), have been recorded after a supersonic molecular beam expansion and examined in the light of ab initio calculations. The spectral patterns of the selected complexes have been interpreted in terms of the specific hydrogen-bond interactions operating in the diastereomeric complexes, whose nature in turn depends on the structure and the configuration of the solvent molecule. The obtained results confirm the view that a representative neurotransmitter molecule, like MPE, "communicates" with the enantiomers of a chiral substrate through different, specific interactions. These findings can be regarded as a further contribution to modelling neurotransmitter functions in biological systems.

Organo psycho syndrome (OPS) or chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurotoxic condition reported following long-term exposure to paints containing organic solvent and to other solvents. Lactate esters are finding wider use as solvents. Lactate esters have been well studied in standard toxicity tests, but specific neurotoxicity studies have not been conducted. No clinical signs of chronic neurotoxicity have been observed in standard toxicity tests. Lactate esters are rapidly hydrolyzed in the body to lactic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Alcohols have been reported to have acute neurotoxic effects, usually following high levels of ingestion. The literature on alcohols was reviewed to establish the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for acute neurotoxicity and to look for any evidence of chronic neurotoxicity from the alcohols produced by hydrolysis of the lactate esters. The NOAELs were compared with the potential amounts of alcohol produced by hydrolysis of different lactate esters at 200 mg/m3 (the NOAEL for most of the lactate esters). In all cases neither acute nor chronic neurotoxicity would be expected based on the amounts of alcohol produced by hydrolysis of the lactate esters at their NOAELs. L-Lactic acid is a normal metabolite in the body and is not considered neurotoxic. Based on this information there is no evidence to suggest that L-lactate esters can cause any chronic neurotoxicity, OPS, or CTE. © 2001 Academic Press.

Organo psycho syndrome (OPS) or chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurotoxic condition reported following long-term exposure to paints containing organic solvent and to other solvents. Lactate esters are finding wider use as solvents. Lactate esters have been well studied in standard toxicity tests, but specific neurotoxicity studies have not been conducted. No clinical signs of chronic neurotoxicity have been observed in standard toxicity tests. Lactate esters are rapidly hydrolyzed in the body to lactic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Alcohols have been reported to have acute neurotoxic effects, usually following high levels of ingestion. The literature on alcohols was reviewed to establish the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for acute neurotoxicity and to look for any evidence of chronic neurotoxicity from the alcohols produced by hydrolysis of the lactate esters. The NOAELs were compared with the potential amounts of alcohol produced by hydrolysis of different lactate esters at 200 mg/m3 (the NOAEL for most of the lactate esters). In all cases neither acute nor chronic neurotoxicity would be expected based on the amounts of alcohol produced by hydrolysis of the lactate esters at their NOAELs. L-Lactic acid is a normal metabolite in the body and is not considered neurotoxic. Based on this information there is no evidence to suggest that L-lactate esters can cause any chronic neurotoxicity, OPS, or CTE. © 2001 Academic Press.

Lactate esters have an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is generally above 5000 mg/m3 and they may be potential eye and skin irritants, but not skin sensitizers. No evidence of teratogenicity or maternal toxicity was observed in an inhalation (2-ethylhexyl-l-lactate) or dermal study (ethyl-l-lactate). Subacute inhalation studies have been conducted at concentration up to 600 mg/m3 or higher on four lactate esters (ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and 2-ethylhexyl-l-lactate). Degenerative and regenerative changes in the nasal cavity were noted in all studies. The NOAEL in ethyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl-l-lactate vapor studies was 200 mg/m3. For aerosol exposure, 2-ethylhexyl-l-lactate, the most toxic of the lactates, minimal damage to the nasal epithelium was noted at 75 mg/m3 with vapor being slightly less toxic than the aerosol. Lactates do not appear to cause systemic toxicity, except at very high concentrations (1800 mg/m3 or higher). These systemic effects may be secondary to severe irritation seen at high doses. Sensory irritation tests suggest that a vapor exposure limit of 75 mg/m3 ( approximately 15 ppm) should prevent irritation in humans and therefore an occupational exposure level for vapor of 75 mg/m3 is recommended. However, aerosol exposure should be kept as low as possible. The low vapor pressure of the higher molecular weight esters would tend to keep vapor exposure low and the odor of lactate esters serves as a warning of exposure. These lactate esters are readily biodegradable, suggesting little concern from an environmental point of view.

The ecotoxicity of lactic acid, its alkyl esters and selected metal salts was studied experimentally with the micro alga Selenastrum capricornutum, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the fish species Brachydanio rerio and Pimephales promelas. In addition, the biodegradation of lactate esters was also studied. The aim of the study was to provide predicted environmental data for additional alkyl homologues and metal salts. The ecotoxicity data are evaluated by means of Structure Activity Relations (SAR), using literature data on a non-polar narcotic mechanism of toxicity as a baseline for comparison. Lactate salts were evaluated by comparison to the toxicity of the metal ion. For the fish and D. magna, it was evident that methyl, ethyl, propyl and to a lesser extent butyl lactate were slightly more toxic in comparison to baseline non-polar narcotic toxicity data. The toxicity tests carried out with lactate-salts demonstrated clearly that the toxicity in standard tests is only determined by the associated cation and not by the lactate part. Lactic acid and its alkyl esters were degraded for more than 60% in the ready biodegradability tests and from the data presented, it is evident that the majority of alkyl lactates are readily biodegradable. The results presented in this study indicate that alkyl lactate esters show some differences in their ecotoxicity when compared to non-polar narcotic compounds in but that these differences are generally small. When aquatic toxicity is considered together with their rapid tendency to biodegrade, it is concluded that lactate esters show generally favourable environmental characteristics. Chemicals/CAS: Esters; Lactates; Lactic Acid, 50-21-5

Lactate eaters have an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 is generally above 5000 mg/m3 and they may be potential eye and skin irritants, but not skin sensitizers. No evidence of teratogenicity or maternal toxicity was observed in an inhalation (2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate) or dermal study (ethyl-L-lactate). Subacute inhalation studies have been conducted at concentration up to 600 mg/m3 or higher on four lactate esters (ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and 2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate). Degenerative and regenerative changes in the nasal cavity were noted in all studies. The NOAEL in ethyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl-L-lactate vapor studies was 200 mg/m3. For aerosol exposure, 2-ethylhexyl-L-lactate, the most toxic of the lactates, minimal damage to the nasal epithelium was noted at 75 mg/m3 with vapor being slightly less toxic than the aerosol. Lactates do not appear to cause systemic toxicity, except at very high concentrations (1800 mg/m3 or higher). These systemic effects may be secondary to severe irritation seen at high doses. Sensory irritation tests suggest that a vapor exposure limit of 75 mg/m3 (~15 ppm) should prevent irritation in humans and therefore an occupational exposure level for vapor of 75 mg/m3 is recommended. However, aerosol exposure should be kept as low as possible. The low vapor pressure of the higher molecular weight esters would tend to keep vapor exposure low and the odor of lactate esters serves as a warning of exposure. These lactate eaters are readily biodegradable, suggesting little concern from an environmental point of view.

The ecotoxicity of lactic acid, its alkyl esters and selected metal salts was studied experimentally with the micro alga Selenastrum capricornutum, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the fish species Brachydanio rerio and Pimephales promelas. In addition, the biodegradation of lactate esters was also studied. The aim of the study was to provide predicted environmental data for additional alkyl homologues and metal salts. The ecotoxicity data are evaluated by means of Structure Activity Relations (SAR), using literature data on a non-polar narcotic mechanism of toxicity as a baseline for comparison. Lactate salts were evaluated by comparison to the toxicity of the metal ion. For the fish and D. magna, it was evident that methyl, ethyl, propyl and to a lesser extent butyl lactate were slightly more toxic in comparison to baseline non-polar narcotic toxicity data. The toxicity tests carried out with lactate-salts demonstrated clearly that the toxicity in standard tests is only determined by the associated cation and not by the lactate part. Lactic acid and its alkyl esters were degraded for more than 60% in the ready biodegradability tests and from the data presented, it is evident that the majority of alkyl lactates are readily biodegradable. The results presented in this study indicate that alkyl lactate esters show some differences in their ecotoxicity when compared to non-polar narcotic compounds in but that these differences are generally small. When aquatic toxicity is considered together with their rapid tendency to biodegrade, it is concluded that lactate esters show generally favourable environmental characteristics. Chemicals/CAS: Esters; Lactates; Lactic Acid, 50-21-5