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Antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway have dramatically changed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, combination approaches are required to extend this benefit beyond a subset of patients. In addition, it is of equal interest whether these combination therapy can be applied to neoadjuvant therapy of early-stage NSCLC. In this study, we hypothesized that combining immunotherapy with anti-angiogenic therapy may have a synergistic effect in local tumor control and neoadjuvant therapy. To this end, the effect of combination of bevacizumab and pembrolizumab in humanized mouse models was evaluated. Furthermore, we innovatively constructed a neoadjuvant mouse model that can simulate postoperative recurrence and metastasis of NSCLC to perform neoadjuvant study. Tumor growth and changes in the tumor vasculature, along with the frequency and phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, were examined. Additionally, in vivo imaging system (IVIS) was used to observe the effect of neoadjuvant therapy. Results showed that combination therapy could inhibited tumor growth by transforming tumor with low immunoreactivity into inflamed ('hot') tumor, as demonstrated by increased CD8+granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cell infiltration. Subsequent studies revealed that this process is mediated by vascular normalization and endothelial cell activation. IVIS results showed that neoadjuvant therapy can effectively prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Taken together, these preclinical studies demonstrated that the combination of bevacizumab and pembrolizumab had a synergistic effect in both advanced tumor therapy and neoadjuvant setting and therefore provide a theoretical basis for translating this basic research into clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Correction to: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy b https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-022-03318-x In the online published article, the affiliation details for Authors Tianyun Qiao, Yangbo Feng and Yong Han were given as: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Air Force Specialty Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China but should have been Department of Thoracic Surgery, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Tianyun Qiao, Jinbo Zhao and Xiangbing Xin have contributed equally to this work. [Extracted from the article]