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A company that pursues illicit practices may crowd out competitors that behave legally eroding the public good of legality and integrity. Recently born institutional legality ratings tackle this problem. Redistributive policy actions aimed to tax “defectors” (i.e. buyers of unrated products) in favor of “co-operators” (i.e. buyers of “legality-rated” products) may further enforce legality, and fight corruption. We analyze the impact of the legality-rating frame by means of a randomized experiment. Our findings document that redistribution mechanisms, the legality frame and the conformity information design contribute to alleviate the prisoner’s dilemma and generate significant deviations from the Nash Equilibrium. ispartof: FEB Research Report MSI_2305 pages:1-52 status: published

Recent research has indicated high economic and environmental costs of human paper usage. Technologies have been developed to reduce consumers’ paper use behavior, including mechanical dispensers that institute a delay between opportunities to obtain each consecutive unit. However, there is no empirical evidence that these dispensers or delays reduce paper use. In Experiment 1, implementing a delay between paper-unit deliveries using mechanical dispensers in a university cafe resulted in a significant decrease in units per person, material per person, and cost per person, compared to free-access dispensers. In Experiment 2, a relatively long delay was more effective than a short delay in reducing paper consumption in a laboratory experiment using mechanical dispensers. These results indicate that delays could be used to decrease paper use in many contexts on a larger scale. More research is necessary to determine the underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for the observed reduction and the cost–benefit relationship under different circumstances.

We have developed a simple and direct method to fabricate paper-based microfluidic devices that can be used for a wide range of colorimetric assay applications. With these devices, assays can be performed within minutes to allow for quantitative colorimetric analysis by use of a widely accessible iPhone camera and an RGB color reader application (app) to measure color intensity. In the described laboratory experiment, students design and create their own microfluidic devices with common laboratory supplies such as Kimwipes, Parafilm, and a thermal laminator, and gain hands-on experience in the analysis of Fe2+ and Cu2+ by colorimetric determination.

The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an electronic screen versus paper result in different reading outcomes: The Cognitive Map Mechanism and the Medium Materiality Mechanism. A laboratory experiment (N=45), was conducted using a three-group comparison design (paper book vs. digital equivalent vs. digital disrupted view). Our hypotheses that were based on the cognitive map mechanism were largely supported. On the other hand, our hypotheses following the medium materiality mechanism were not sufficiently evidenced. Specifically, our results showed that the paper book was similar to its digital equivalent, and both were better than the digital disrupted view in terms of reading comprehension, feelings of fatigue, and psychological immersion. The findings implied that it is not the materiality of the presentation medium that influences reading outcomes, rather it is the extent to which the text presentation facilitates, or impedes, the reader's ability to construct a cognitive map that influences the reading process. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. We tested the difference between reading on an electronic screen versus paper.Our findings supported the cognitive map mechanism.Our findings failed to show evidence for the medium materiality mechanism.Readers' ability to construct a cognitive map of text affected reading outcomes.

A two to three period analytical chemistry experiment has been developed which allows second year students to explore chemical color tests used to detect adulterated pharmaceuticals. Students prepare several paper analytical devices (PADs) to generate positive and negative controls antibiotics, along with cutting agents such as starch and chalk. These PADs are used to identify the active ingredients and excipients in mystery tablets prepared by their classmates. In the second part of the lab, the students select an individual color test and design an experiment to quantify their mystery pill's active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Nearly all of the student groups were able to successfully identify adulterants present in their mystery tablets. The quantification of the mystery tablets was also successful with all but one group calculating the correct concentration within 6%. In a postlab assessment, the students identified their largest gains in their ability to analyze data and other information, skill in science writing, and learning of laboratory techniques.

This study investigates the auditor characteristics that are related to generation of evidence and documentation review notes by reviewers of audit working papers. To address this question, an analysis was conducted on the contents of review notes prepared in a laboratory experiment. The working papers contained no documentation deficiencies but contained insufficient evidence. As part of an effective review process, the auditor should generate review notes that call for additional evidence gathering. Generating documentation-oriented review notes created inefficiencies for carrying out the review process and corresponding audit task. Stepwise multiple regression analyses identified reviewer characteristics that were significantly associated with each type of review note. These results provide insights into the reviewer characteristics associated with focusing attention on one review-note classification instead of the other. This finding suggests opportunities for future research that more thoroughly explores and controls for the variables identified in this study.

With the enclosed grade of water circulation increasing in pulp and paper making mills, Dissolved and Colloidal Substance (DCS) accumulated gradually. Too much DCS has done harm to the stability of paper machine operation and the quality of products. It requires effective ways to deal with this problem. The anaerobic biodegradability of water samples being rich in DCS and DS was comparatively researched through the laboratory experiment. It showed that DCS and DS all had good anaerobic biodegradability, the removal rates of COD respectively reached 73.35% and 73.4%. Lignins in CS and DS also had good anaerobic biodegradability, the removal rate reached above 70%, and the removal rate of lignins in DS was even up to 92.5% Analysis indicates that some of the CS by biological decomposition will be converted into DS which is non-biodegradable.

A demonstration is described of electrophoretic separation of carmine and sunset yellow with a paper-based device. The channel in the paper device was fabricated by hand with a wax pen. Electrophoretic separation of carmine and sunset yellow was achieved within a few minutes by applying potential on the channel using a simple and inexpensive power supply. This demonstration could not only motivate the students’ passion in learning analytical chemistry but also introduce two important analytical techniques (microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and electrophoresis) to the classroom. With further modification and improvement, this demonstration may be suitable for students to perform as a laboratory experiment in the teaching lab.

We describe a laboratory experiment that employs the Nanoceria Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (or NanoCerac) Assay to introduce students to portable nanoparticle-based paper sensors for rapid analysis and field detection of polyphenol antioxidants. The experiment gives students a hands-on opportunity to utilize nanoparticle chemistry to develop their own devices to test antioxidant-containing solutions, such as tea and other beverages, for polyphenolic content, a characteristic likely correlated with health benefits. The method utilizes sensing nanoparticles of cerium oxide that respond visually to antioxidant compounds. Due to ease of use of these sensors, inexpensive materials, and short time requirement (∼1 h), this lab is appropriate for primary, secondary, and undergraduate courses. The lab and lesson expose students to the fields of nanotechnology, analytical chemistry, antioxidant chemistry, and antioxidant characteristics of botanicals and food constituents.

In this laboratory experiment we examined the effect of resume format (paper resume only, video resume only, or both) on applicant evaluation. Differences in applicant personality trait evaluation were found for extraversion and agreeableness when video resumes were reviewed compared to when only paper resumes were reviewed. In addition, social skill and mental capability ratings were lower when only video resumes were reviewed. These findings indicate that video resumes may result in different assessments of applicant personality and harsher evaluations of applicant skills and abilities than paper resumes. Human resource personnel are cautioned in the use of video resumes until more research has been completed.

Description of a simple and efficient laboratory experiment that separates and identifies five common metals using paper chromatography.

At the 1999 meetings of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences, a symposium was held titled ‘ShortTerm Effects of Environmental Chemicals’.The purpose of this was to highlight areas of possible overlap between traditional academic research on responses to odorants and irritants and ‘real world’ problems where at least some of the issues relate to odor or irritation.In a typical laboratory experiment in this area a single compound in the vapor phase only is presented (at various, reasonably well controlled concentrations) to a human or animal subject for very brief periods.The response measures usually deal only with some level of response from the olfactory or trigeminal (ocular and/or nasal) inputs.These features all make good sense in terms of the need to minimize extraneous influences and variation so that responses can be related unequivocally to one or more stimulus parameters. One can also make the case, however, that laboratory studies should be designed to incorporate some of the variables at play in actual environments, so that a greater

Currently, the Strategy for the development of the fi shery sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 has been approved. To implement this strategy, the construction of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises is planned. Wastewater from fi sh processing contains a large amount of scales, remnants of entrails (liver, intestines, ovaries), proteins and lipids. Therefore, when developing a treatment technology, it is necessary to pay increased att ention to mechanical and physicochemical pre-treatment of effl uents. This article summarizes the experience of foreign and domestic research on mechanical and physical-chemical wastewater treatment. Also presented are the results of studies on wastewater treatment of two fi sh processing enterprises. The use of Al2(SO4)3 at a dose of 50 mg/l for Al2O3 gave the best results in a laboratory experiment.

This experiment involves the separation of blood serum proteins using filter paper electrophoresis.

This experiment describes the simultaneous ascending one dimensional separation of the ions of elements iron through zinc on filter paper using a solvent mixture or hydrochloric acid and 2-butanone.

The acid hydrolysis of several oligosaccharides and descending paper chromatography of the hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed saccharides against a set of known standard carbohydrates.

In the present world, climate change is a mass talked issue. Because of climate change, humans and animals are under the risk of threatening. The scientist has pointed out that main reasons for climate change are waste. Waste is generated from household chores and industries, factories etc. that are affecting the balance of the environment in many ways. This waste may be of various types such as solid, liquid, gaseous etc. Therefore, the study was taken to assess the chemical components contain in wastewater in Dinajpur Sadar, Bangladesh. This study was aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of the generated wastewater including comparison with the groundwater. The data concerning to the rice mill waste water in Dinajpur, Bangladesh was obtained from individual field visits by interviewing with owner and worker in the rice mills. The wastewater samples were collected randomly from different rice mills. A laboratory experiment was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the wastewater sample. The wastewater contained of pH(6.11-6.18), EC(181.47-185.23 µScm-1), Na(26.19-28.89 mgl-1), Ca(45.41-51.26 mgl-1), Mg(47.12-49.8 mgl-10), K(184.7-191.3 mgl-1), TDS(45.94-47.96 mgl-1), HT(306.7-332.33 mgl-1), S(11.05-13.25 mgl-1), Cl-(522.45-526.182 mgl-1), HCO3-(5.12-6.99 mgl-1), DO(0.46-0.53 mgl-1), P(17.01-21.54 mgl-1). The obtained concentration of Ca, EC, pH, Na and HCO3- were within the reported range of groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The concentration of Cl-, K, P, Mg and hardness in the wastewater were above the concentration of reported groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh. On the other hand, the concentration of TDS in the wastewater was less than the reported concentration of groundwater in Dinajpur, Bangladesh.

One of the biggest plantation export commodities is coffee, with the number of products increasing every year. Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is the most widely produced in West Java with average production 9,736 tons from 2014 - 2018. The by-product of coffee production resulting in water and soil pollution due to high moisture content and polyphenol content which is toxic to soil. Reduction of coffee pulp waste could be done by making animal feed and cascara tea. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying temperature using a convection oven on the characteristics of cascara tea quality. The drying temperatures used were 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C. The research method used a laboratory experiment with descriptive analysis. The result showed that the difference in drying temperature could affect the characteristics of cascara tea quality. The best treatment was 45 °C of drying temperature with total yield was 6,61 ± 0,06 %, moisture content was 6,5705 ± 0,0272 % (w/w), ash content was 8,2107 ± 0,3195 % (w/w), polyphenol content was 14,2828 ± 0,2086 % (w/w). The organoleptic test result showed commercial cascara was ranked first with taste’s score was 3 (neutral), flavor’s score was 3 (neutral), and color’s score was 4 (like).

A laboratory experiment was developed to introduce students to waste valorization. This is the process of reusing, recycling, or composting from wastes, useful products, or sources of energy. In th...

Background As a type of donation-based crowdfunding, medical crowdfunding has gradually become an important way for patients who have difficulty paying medical bills to seek help from the public. However, many people still have limited confidence in donating money to medical crowdfunding projects. Objective Given that the features of a medical crowdfunding website may be important to gain users’ trust, this study draws upon two-factor and trust theories to explore how different design features of medical crowdfunding websites affect potential donors’ cognition-based trust and affect-based trust, and how these types of trust affect the intention to donate. Methods A 2 (informativeness: high vs low) × 2 (visual cues: cool color vs warm color) × 2 (social cues: with vs without) between-subject laboratory experiment was performed to validate our research model. A total of 320 undergraduate students recruited from a university in China participated in the controlled laboratory experiment. Results Cognition-based trust (β=.528, P Conclusions This study deepens our understanding of the relationships among the design features of medical crowdfunding websites, trust, and intention to donate, and provides guidelines for managers of medical crowdfunding platforms to enhance potential donors’ trust-building by improving the website design features.

In this study, the kinetics of biogas production was studied by performing a series of the laboratory experiment with air stripped poultry litter. Four kilograms of Raw Poultry Litter is m...

By means of a laboratory experiment, Rubin and Sheremeta (Manag Sci 62(4):985–999, 2016), study a bonus-version of the gift-exchange game, including two treatment variations. First they vary whether the effort provided by the agent directly translates into output for the principal, or whether it is distorted by a shock. Second, for the condition with a shock they vary whether the shock is observed by the principal, or not. The authors’ main findings are that (1) the introduction of an unobservable shock significantly reduces welfare; and (2) informing the principal about the size of the shock does not restore gift-exchange. In a replication study we largely reproduce finding (1), but we fail to confirm finding (2). Our data suggests that small behavioral differences in the initial rounds lead to a hysteresis effect that is responsible for the differences in results across studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40881-017-0041-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We use data from experiments on finitely repeated dilemma games with fixed matching to investigate the effect of different types of information on cooperation. The data come from 71 studies using the voluntary contributions paradigm, covering 122 data points, and from 18 studies on decision-making in oligopoly, covering another 50 data points. We find similar effects in the two sets of experimental games. We find that transparency about what everyone in a group earns reduces contributions to the public good, as well as the degree of collusion in oligopoly markets. In contrast, transparency about choices tends to lead to an increase in contributions and collusion, although the size of this effect varies somewhat between the two settings. Our results are potentially useful for policy making, because they provide guidance on the type of information to target in order to stimulate or limit cooperation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10683-017-9517-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.