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Resumen: Se analizan las políticas fiscales y laborales que afectan al trabajo autónomo en los países europeos de la OCDE, mediante regresiones de panel entre series no estacionarias del periodo 1995‐2022. El impacto es heterogéneo según las formas de trabajo autónomo y se examina su correlación con las políticas en las dimensiones de género, edad y calificación profesional. La variación a largo plazo de la proporción de trabajo autónomo sin empleados muestra una robusta correlación con el salario mínimo y la legislación de protección del empleo; si hay empleados, la proporción varía con la cuña fiscal y las prestaciones por desempleo. La desindustrialización se correlaciona positivamente con el trabajo autónomo, que presenta algunas características procíclicas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I use publicly available microdata files of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) to construct worker transition rates across employment, unemployment, and inactivity. My approach involves estimating and applying a scaling factor that has been proposed in earlier research as a way of capturing the relative intensity of job search from inactivity compared with unemployment. This factor provides enough structure to prevent arbitrary splitting of unemployment outflows between employment and inactivity. In turn, the estimated job search factor can be used in a few simple step-by-step instructions applied to the LFS public files to assess near real-time labour market conditions in Canada. An analysis of the recent dynamics of worker flows illustrating the practicality of my approach highlights that transition rates (a) from employment to unemployment have fallen over time, (b) from unemployment to employment were unusually high during the pandemic, and (c) have regional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Young adults in Neither in Employment, Education nor Training (NEET) are at risk of adverse labour market outcomes. Earlier studies often measured NEET status at one time point or compared persistent NEETs with non-NEETs, neglecting other patterns of NEET status. Evidence on early life factors associated with NEET patterns is lacking. This study aims to (i) identify patterns of NEET status over time and (ii) examine whether factors in childhood and adolescence are associated with these patterns. Methods Data were used from 1499 participants of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), a Dutch prospective cohort study with 15-year follow-up. NEET status was assessed at ages 19, 22 and 26. Socioeconomic status of parents (SES), intelligence and negative life events were measured at age 11, educational attainment at age 26 and mental health problems at ages 11, 13.5 and 16. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results Four NEET patterns were identified: (i) non-NEETs (85.2%), (ii) early NEETs (4.5%), (iii) late NEETs (5.7%) and (iv) persistent NEETs (4.5%). Reporting internalizing problems at age 11 was a risk factor for early and late NEETs [odds ratio (OR) 2.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–6.62; OR 5.00, 95% CI 2.22–11.3, respectively]. Low parental SES, lower intelligence scores and negative life events (≥3) were risk factors for persistent NEETs (OR 4.45, 95% CI 2.00–9.91; OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.98; OR 4.42, 95% CI 1.62–12.08, respectively). Conclusions The results highlight the importance of timing and duration of NEET status and emphasize the need for tailored interventions to prevent specific NEET patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of depression related to precarious employment (PE) has become a significant public health concern, given the declining trend of the standard employment relationship. Research has focused on the mental health detrimental effects of employment conditions, whereas there is scarce evidence concerning the burden of depression that could be prevented by targeting precariousness. This paper estimates the impact of PE on the risk of depression and the attributable fraction within the active and working salaried population in Spain. Observational cross-sectional on data drawn from the Spanish portion of European Health Survey 2020. After applying selection criteria and descriptives, binary logistic regression models stratified by sex are used to examine the associations between a 9-categories combination of employment precariousness and occupational social class, and depressive symptoms. There is a higher risk of depression among individuals in PE and among those who are unemployed, with a notable gradient based on occupational social class for women. Adjusting by sex, age and foreign-born origin, we estimate that approximately 15.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0%–26.2%) of depression cases among the working population and 33.3% (95% CI: 23.2%-43.2) among the active population can be attributed to PE. These findings highlight the public health impact of PE on mental health, provide evidence to estimate the economic burden linked to employment-related mental health, and underscore the need for policy changes and interventions at the level of labour markets and workplaces to mitigate the detrimental effects of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the proportion of the active population over 55 years of age has increased and, with it, early retirement, unemployment of older workers and senior "push" entrepreneurs. Given the repercussions at a social and economic level, the debate about the need to recover and keep seniors in the labour market is becoming increasingly rife. The aim of this study is to evaluate the evolution and European tendency towards the training and reintegration of seniors and demomstrate how formal education and continuous training can make a difference when it comes to prolonging their working life and subordinate their conditions and employment opportunities. Data from the European Working Conditions Survey between 2010 and 2021 are used and a descriptive statistical analysis and a hypotheses contrast are carried out using the Student's t test. The results show: (1) a greater effort to train and revalue seniors; and (2) that educational level and training generate significant differences in terms of the type of tasks to be performed and some variables that condition job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the one hand, unemployment is known to have detrimental effects on individuals' mental health. On the other hand, poor mental health reduces re‐employment chances quite drastically, creating a vicious cycle. Active labour market policies (ALMPs) such as training programs or wage subsidies have been shown to ameliorate negative effects on mental health and improve labour market integration on average for the general unemployed population. In the context of individuals with severe mental health issues, however, it is unclear whether these interventions can be expected to deliver similar positive effects. In fact, one may argue that they have the potential to worsen employment prospects of individuals by adding additional stress to their pre‐existing mental health problems. Hence, this paper estimates the long‐term causal effects of ALMPs on the labour market integration of individuals with self‐reported severe mental health issues and compares estimates to individuals without such issues using unique combined survey and administrative data. Effects are estimated using the innovative double machine learning method and show that ALMPs do not only improve labour market integration of unemployed individuals with severe mental health issues, but they do so more effectively than for other unemployed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to identify group-based trajectories of unemployment risk as workers age in the United States. Our novel methodological approach reveals 73% of full-time workers spend much of their 20, 30, and 40 s with a relatively low risk of unemployment. The remaining sizable minority varies in the timing and relative degree of their unemployment risk. Eighteen percent experience early career unemployment risk into their early thirties, well after the transition to adulthood. Chronic unemployment characterizes the labor market experiences of the remaining 9%. When expanding the sample to all workers, we find two key differences: the overall prevalence of unemployment is greater each year for all groups and the distribution of respondents across groups differs, with fewer workers experiencing Lower unemployment and more workers experiencing Early Career or Higher unemployment. Unemployment risk is shaped by experiences of long-term unemployment in young adulthood and early labor market constraints. Moreover, while men and women appear equally at risk of Early career unemployment, men are particularly at risk of Higher unemployment. Black workers were significantly more likely to be at risk of Higher unemployment, but only slightly more likely to be at risk of Early career unemployment. Since Early career unemployment risk gives way to steadier work for most, this suggests that some men and some Black workers face disproportionately high levels of employment precarity. Our findings point to the importance of a life course approach for understanding the relationship between unemployment and labor market precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how nationalism, together with group conflict factors (namely, immigrant group size and economic conditions), affects ethnic threat perceptions over a period of almost 20 years across European and non-European countries. For this purpose, we analyze three rounds (1995, 2003, and 2013) of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) National Identity Module using societal growth curve models. Our findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on the contextual drivers and dynamics of threat perceptions in various ways. First, our models show that nationalism is a highly relevant factor in explaining cultural as well as economic threats. However, nationalist attitudes operate purely at the individual level, as no effect of the group-level aggregate of nationalism is found. Second, the growth curve models make it possible to disentangle longitudinal effects (describing how threat perceptions evolve within countries) from cross-sectional patterns (describing the stable differences between countries). The longitudinal effects of group conflict variables deviate from the cross-sectional effects and are mostly insignificant. Given that these longitudinal effects are the litmus test for a causal interpretation, we must conclude that we find little to no evidence for the dynamic claims of group conflict theory. Finally, we detect an interaction between nationalism and labor market conditions: The impact of unemployment rates on threat perceptions is found to be contingent on the nationalist attitudes of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of poverty and unemployment are pervasive barriers to Nigerian emerging adults entering the job market. The current study employed the Psychology of Working Theory to explore career engagement, academic satisfaction, and life satisfaction predictors in a nation experiencing the intersections of high poverty and high unemployment rate. We tested a model predicting these outcomes from economic constraints and marginalization mediated by work volition, career adaptability, and perceptions of future decent work. We administered online surveys to 310 undergraduates in Nigeria. Career adaptability and work volition predicted the perception of future access to decent work. Also, those who reported higher chances of securing decent work after graduation reported greater academic and life satisfaction and career engagement. While economic constraints predicted career adaptability in this model, marginalization did not predict career adaptability. In contrast with previous studies, economic constraints, and marginalization were not predictive of work volition or future decent work perception. We also found a positive relationship between economic challenges and career adaptability against the propositions of the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT). The implications of our findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to build and analyze a model of labor market slack considering unemployment along with employment in which the number of hours is limited to a level below that preferred by employees. We thus have "underemployment" along with unemployment. We analyze the need for potential policy action directed at the reduction of unemployment, simultaneous with an autonomous process of labor market job creation and migration. We model delays in labor market responses to past unemployment and vacancies creation and capture the effect on unemployment through a non‐linear dynamic system. We observe not only job separation and matching but also movement into and out of underemployment. The model allows for migration in an open economy context. We analyze the stability behavior of the resulting equilibria for our dynamic system, including Dirac and weak kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sample of Integrated Welfare Benefit Biographies (SIG) provides comprehensive administrative data on the labour market participation, household composition and financial situation of welfare benefit recipients and their household members in Germany between 2007 and 2020. The SIG data enables research on the dynamics of welfare receipt and labour market participation of welfare recipients. The aim of the article is to introduce the SIG and to showcase its analytical potential by empirically examining benefit loans that can be granted by welfare agencies when unexpected expenses cannot be covered by welfare recipients themselves. Loans and detailed further financial information available can be used to assess the severity of financial restrictions during welfare receipt. We found that 2% of welfare recipients received loans at least once during their benefit episode and that loans were most likely to be granted right at the beginning of a benefit episode. Moreover, the likelihood of loans increased with higher benefit needs and when a parallel employment episode started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research either focused on self‐interest or left–right ideology to explain support for demanding active labour market policies (ALMPs). This article focuses instead on how attitudes towards these policies are rooted in the underlying policy paradigm. We link attitudes towards ALMPs to two pillars of the activation paradigm: distributive justice and unemployment attributions. Structural equational modeling is employed on the Belgian National Election Study data of 2014 (N = 1901). Individuals supporting the principles of need and equity and who blame the unemployed are more in favour of demanding activation. These frameworks and hence the policy paradigm thus have substantial predictive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we estimate the causal effects of a set of active labor market programs for male unemployed refugees on welfare who entered Germany between, 2013 and September, 2016. Using rich administrative data, we employ covariate balancing propensity scores combined with inverse probability weighting to estimate effects up to 33 months after the start of treatment. Our results show that relatively short-term training in the form of Schemes by Providers and In-Firm Training, as well as longer-term Further Vocational Training programs have a positive impact on both the employment chances as well as labor market earnings of refugees in the medium run. So-called "One Euro Jobs", a public employment program, does not yield positive effects on employment or earnings. Sensitivity analyses confirm that our results are unlikely to be driven by unobserved confounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although reduced working time and furlough policy initiatives are widely regarded as important for economic and business reasons, little is known about their impacts on workers' mental health at the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Panel Study data from 2018 to February 2020 and April 2020 and change score analysis, this study aims to compare mental health changes between those who worked reduced hours, were furloughed and left/lost paid work. The results suggest that at the onset of COVID-19 reduced working time and furlough can protect workers' mental health, but only for men not for women. The gender differences remain significant even after controlling for housework and childcare responsibilities at the onset of COVID-19. These results highlight the importance of distributing paid work more equitably and formulating gender-sensitive labour market policies in protection of workers' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the digital economy and the situation on the labor market in the regions has been studied. The regions of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation were grouped using the method of multidimensional cluster analysis based on a set of indicators characterizing the state of the labor market, indicators of the development of the digital economy. A hierarchical dendrogram was constructed for 14 regions of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The data showed that the development of digitalization of processes in organizations had little effect on the level of employment and unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: The global COVID-19 pandemic, which started in the first quarter of 2020, triggered unprecedented economic challenges, prompting governments worldwide to implement intervention measures to mitigate its impacts on business and employment. Without the state's financial help, many companies were forced to lay off their employees. Among these measures was the First Aid intervention program introduced in Slovakia in April 2020, aimed at providing financial support to companies facing operational disruptions and potential layoffs of their employees. Purpose of the article: This study assesses the impact of the First Aid intervention program during the COVID-19 pandemic on unemployment in selected sectors, with an emphasis on the financial aspect, emphasising the international relevance and long-term implications of the state intervention in the crisis period. By analysing its effectiveness in preserving jobs and mitigating unemployment in selected sectors, the research seeks to offer valuable insights that can inform crisis response strategies and labour market policies in the country and beyond national borders. Methods: Employing a counterfactual approach, we quantify the financial consequence of the First Aid+ intervention program on the state budget, comparing unemployment costs against the benefits of maintaining employment in targeted sectors. Through this methodological framework, we aim to provide a replicable model for evaluating the efficacy of intervention programs in different socio-economic contexts. Findings & value added: Our analysis reveals not only the immediate impacts of the First Aid+ program on mitigating unemployment during the pandemic, but also its broader implications for policy and crisis management strategies. By elucidating the cost-benefit analysis of intervention measures, the research contributes to the effective labour market policies in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Las respuestas del mercado de trabajo en anteriores recesiones económicas han sido contradictorias y paradójicas, con reacciones procíclicas y anticíclicas según los países. A falta de redes de protección social, como el seguro de desempleo, las tasas de ocupación anticíclicas pueden evidenciar dificultades económicas, más que oportunidades de ocupación productiva. Tras cotejar los datos de ocupación‐desocupación de los hogares de la India con las recomendaciones de la 19.a Conferencia Internacional de Estadísticos del Trabajo sobre la subutilización de la fuerza de trabajo, en este artículo se critican las deficiencias y se aboga por revisar los métodos de recopilación de datos para fundamentar mejor las políticas del mercado laboral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper analyzes the role of public employment agencies in job matching, in particular the effects of the restructuring of the Federal Employment Agency in Germany (Hartz III labor market reform) for aggregate matching and unemployment. Based on two microeconomic datasets, we show that the market share of the Federal Employment Agency as job intermediary declined after the Hartz reforms. We propose a macroeconomic model of the labor market with a private and a public search channel and fit the model to various dimensions of the data. We show that direct intermediation activities of the Federal Employment Agency did not contribute to the decline in unemployment in Germany. By contrast, improved activation of unemployed workers reduced unemployed by 0.8 percentage points. Through the lens of an aggregate matching function, more activation is associated with a larger matching efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Career practitioners make use of various tools and increasingly use digital ones as well. Although scientific interest in digital games and their use has grown in recent years, researchers and career practitioners have little idea of how many and what digital games are used for career guidance, and in particular to foster career decision-making and development, and their effectiveness. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the present study aimed to review the literature concerning the application of digital games for career development in career guidance settings. This review included seven studies published between 2008 and 2021 that were indexed in major databases. Although few records have been found, the results provide evidence of the use of digital games in career guidance. Moreover, usability experiences suggest a positive effect of digital games on career development, and specifically on enhancing career adaptability. Finally, implications for practitioners and researchers are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies indicate that poor oral health may constitute a barrier for labour market success. This study examines whether an oral health promotion intervention has an effect on economic self-support, and proximity to the labour market, among socially disadvantaged unemployed people. Methods: From April–June 2018, we enrolled 273 vulnerable people on welfare benefits into a randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to either control (n =159), or intervention (n =114). Intervention consisted of individual support to improve individuals' oral health by reducing significant barriers to dental care. Ten participants were excluded, leaving 263 participants (intervention n =110, control n =153) for analyses. A national register was used to assess economic self-support and proximity to the labour market within 1.5 years post-intervention. Items of information on health and socio-demographics were obtained from a questionnaire and from national registers. Logistic and multiple linear regression modelling was performed. Results: Overall, higher frequencies of economic self-support and proximity to the labour market were found in the intervention group, although no significant results were seen for economic self-support alone. Adjusted models revealed significantly higher odds (odds ratio=1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.17) among the intervention group of achieving proximity to the labour market after 12 months. After 18 months, the intervention group had on average obtained 5 more weeks (95% confidence interval 0.02–9.99) with proximity to the labour market. Conclusions: Overall, the oral health promotion intervention had a positive effect on proximity to the labour market in the intervention group, especially within the first year of the study. Our findings suggest that interventions promoting oral health among socially disadvantaged and unemployed groups may contribute to social rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between young individuals that are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEETs) and regional resilience across the Mediterranean European Union South. It attempts a significant contribution to the literature since academic readings on youth studies have partly overlooked potential interlinkages with regional resilience, while regional studies have neglected to assess the resilience of the young cohorts of the labour force. The paper builds on a geographical political economy approach and employs a mixed-research method, calculating regional resistance and recovery indices and drawing upon informed expert interviews. It scrutinises labour market resilience in terms of youth employment and NEETs against the 2007/08 crisis and documents which regions have been (less) resistant to youth unemployment and inactivity. Thereupon, it locates four factors of low resilience in regional youth labour markets, namely structural deficiencies, path-dependence, labour market segmentation and informal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic, transitory unemployment insurance (UI) policies substantially increased unemployment benefits (UBs) and the number of eligible groups in Russia. The procedure for registering as unemployed was moved to an online platform. The present paper aims to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions on unemployment from that of the transitory unemployment insurance policies. Design/methodology/approach: Using 553,627 approved claims for unemployment benefits from the Russian Public Employment Service (PES) administrative records (June 2019–December 2020), monthly data on the number of individuals registered as unemployed are aggregated in a pseudo panel. A double-difference approach is employed to identify the effects of the social interaction intensity and teleworkability (TW) of the latest occupation on unemployment. The first is associated with a direct effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and the latter with the simplified application procedure. Findings: The face-to-face (F2F) intensity of the latest occupation did not lead to any increase in the number of unemployed persons as could be expected in response to anti-COVID-19 restrictions. Job TW had two opposite effects on unemployment: it decreased individuals' risk of job loss and increased their likelihood of claiming unemployment benefits. Surprisingly, however, in line with the typical response of the Russian labour market to downturns, the latter dominated. The largest response was found among men and individuals with primary education. Originality/value: This study is the first to attempt to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions from that of the transitory UI policies on unemployment in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the 2000s, the Ghent system of state‐supported, union‐run funds contributed to high union density in Sweden. However, there has been a remodelling of the Ghent system and a gradual erosion of public unemployment insurance. In this new institutional and less universal context, unions have introduced the private complement known as obligatory complementary income insurance (OCII). This article seeks answers to how Swedish unions have thought and argued on OCII, how these thoughts and arguments change over time and whether there are differences across unions within different confederations. The material includes congressional minutes and other internal documents as well as newspapers and union magazines, 2000–2020. There is a myriad of arguments for and against OCII. Many unions highlight the eroded public unemployment insurance—arguably a threat both to individuals and collectives—as the prime trigger of OCII. Yet, for unions with high rates of unemployment and relatively high wages, the OCII premium may be too expensive. Further, some unions argue that high‐wage members are subsidised by low‐wage members. We also find that OCII enhances sharp competition between unions to keep and recruit new members. The material also reveals different union opinions on how OCII is affecting the future of the welfare model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses a subset of eight youth employability programmes (YEPs) operating across South Africa using a panel survey of participants. It assesses the features of these YEPs and their links to subsequent employment while controlling for individual characteristics. Each YEP delivered technical and soft skills training, alongside other programme features offered in different combinations. Additionally, a financial capability intervention comprising financial literacy and access to a savings product was randomised to half of the training sites. Job matching, soft skills training, and financial capability are all strongly associated with better employment odds. The strength of these associations depends on how different training components are combined, and on graduates' education level and area of residence. The findings have implications for the design of active labour market policies in developing countries with large youth unemployment and fast-changing labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployed people constitute a stigmatized group. They are perceived as lazy hucksters who could find a job if they just really tried. The aim of the present work was to identify mechanisms underlying this negative perception of unemployment in the context of intergroup relationships. Specifically, we focused on the influence of meritocratic beliefs on the tendency to attribute unemployment to the unemployed individuals themselves. In three experimental studies, participants had to explain the situation of a person presented either as 'working' or as 'looking for a job'. Before this task and in an ostensible unrelated study, meritocratic beliefs were measured. Results showed that participants high in meritocratic beliefs explained unemployment less externally and more internally than participants low in meritocratic beliefs. Interestingly, these differences in causal attributions between high and low meritocratic believers appeared specifically for unemployment in Studies 1 and 2. Taken together, these results suggest that high meritocratic believers tend to consider that unemployed individuals are responsible for their unfortunate situation and have only themselves to blame. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Concussion may lead to persisting post-concussive symptoms affecting work ability and employment. This study examined the transitions between labour market states an individual can experience after the acute phase of concussion. The aim was to describe the incidence of favourable and adverse transitions between different labour market states (e.g., employment, sick leave) in relation to socioeconomic and health characteristics in individuals with concussion relative to matched controls. Methods: This Danish nationwide register-based cohort study extracted 18–60-year-old individuals between 2003–2007 with concussion from the Danish National Patient Register (ICD-10 S06.0). Controls were matched on age, sex, and municipality. Patients and controls were followed for 5 years starting three months after injury. Exclusion criteria were neurological injuries and unavailability to the labour market in the inclusion period (2003–2007) and 5-years before injury (1998–2002). Labour market states were defined from transfer income data in the Danish Register for Evaluation of Marginalization. Incidence rates of transitions between these labour market states were analysed in multistate models. Transitions were bundled in favourable and adverse transitions between labour market states and the difference in incidence rates between individuals with concussion relative to matched controls were assessed with hazard ratios from Cox regression models. Results: Persons with concussion (n = 15.580) had a lower incidence of favourable transitions (HR 0.88, CI 0.86–0.90) and a higher incidence of adverse transitions (HR 1.30, CI 1.27–1.35), relative to matched controls (n = 16.377). The effect of concussion differed depending on health and socioeconomic characteristics. Notably, individuals between 30–39 years (HR 0.83, CI 0.79–0.87), individuals with high-income (200.000–300.000 DKK) (HR 0.83, CI 0.80–0.87), and wage earners with management experience (HR 0.60, CI 0.44–0.81) had a markedly lower incidence of favourable transitions compared to controls. Additionally, individuals with high income also had a higher incidence of adverse transitions (HR 1.46, CI 1.34–1.58) compared to controls. Conclusions: Concussion was associated with enhanced risk of adverse transitions between labour market states and lower occurrence of favourable transitions, indicating work disability, potentially due to persistent post-concussive symptoms. Some age groups, individuals with high income, and employees with management experience may be more affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of employment protection legislation has been thoroughly analyzed in varied contexts. Most studies highlight the potential harm of the legislation on labor outcomes, although evidence remains inconclusive. However, the literature has focused primarily on ex post impacts, analyzing the regulation’s effect after implementation. This article departs from that analysis to focus on anticipated or ex ante effects of labor regulation. More specifically, we study the role of firms’ expectations in future stricter labor legislation related to employment and income in Peru’s formal and informal labor market. To account for expectations, we used the number of news items related to the approval of a proposed law—the General Labor Law—to increase labor rigidities in Lima’s most important business newspaper. Using the Peruvian labor survey, we find a negative but decreasing relationship between firms’ expectations of a future stricter labor market and employment and average income. We also collect evidence that bigger news items and ones closer to the front page have a negative relationship with formal employment and income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with the relationship between military expenditure and unemployment. The purpose of the paper is to discover the relationship between military expenditure and the unemployment rate using NATO economies as examples and to analyse possible stabilizing effects of military expenditure by means of the ARDL model. The empirical results reveal a negative correlation between military expenditure and the unemployment rate indicating possible important influence of the armed forces as an employer on the labour market in Albania, Bulgaria, Poland and Romania. However, the model results do not confirm that military expenditure could have a stabilizing effect on the state economic policy across NATO member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies examine how unemployment affects socio‐political behaviour, but this literature has scarcely focused on the role of the life‐course. Integrating the frameworks of unemployment scarring and political socialisation, we posit that unemployment experiences, or scars, undermine electoral participation, and that this is exacerbated at younger ages. We test these hypotheses relying on the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society datasets (1991–2020), employing panel data analysis approaches as Propensity Score Matching, Individual Fixed Effects, and Individual Fixed Effects with Individual Slopes. Results suggest that unemployment experiences depress electoral participation in the UK, with effect sizes around −5% of a Standard Deviation in turnout. However, this effect varies powerfully by age: the impact of unemployment on electoral participation is stronger at younger ages (−21% SD at age 20), and weaker to not significant after age 35. This is robust across the three main approaches and several robustness checks. Further analyses show that the first unemployment spell matters the most for electoral participation, and that for individuals under 35, there is a scar effect lasting up to 5 years after the first unemployment spell. The life‐course emerges as central to better understand the relationship between labour market hardships and socio‐political behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies attest to the fact that graduate unemployment is mostly exaggerated with a lack of empirical evidence to prove its high rate in South Africa. There is no doubt that today, graduate unemployment has spiralled into a serious problem affecting young graduates’ ability to find preferred employment within the labour market. In addressing this inevitable issue, this study adopted the classical unemployment theory and the Keynesian theory of unemployment to explain the determinants’ of graduate unemployment. Both of these theories are used to advocate for government regulations and interventions aimed at alleviating graduate unemployment in South Africa. Methodologically, this study is qualitative in its nature and undertakes a critical doctrinal examination of secondary data and materials gathered from scholarly books, credible online websites, government reports and statistics, scientific journals, and articles from peer-reviewed journals and websites. The findings on graduate unemployment are presented from 2013 to 2022. For over a decade, the findings reveal a high rate of graduate unemployment, which is partly caused by the choice of qualifications by graduates and the mismatch of skills between graduates and employers. To validate these findings, the study further discusses determinants and prospects for graduate unemployment and recommends two approaches known as entrepreneurial development and hands-on practical job skills-set to address the issue. This study could be considered a solution to designing policies to reduce graduate unemployment in South Africa and it may be used as a guide to effect existing policies and programmes to explain graduate unemployment challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Pese a la evidencia de que la educación universitaria mejora las perspectivas laborales, preocupan sus desiguales rendimientos. Sobre los datos administrativos de toda la población de graduados en universidades australianas en el periodo 2005‐2011, se estudian las trayectorias laborales de los individuos procedentes de entornos sociales desfavorecidos (por estatus socioeconómico, migración, discapacidad, origen étnico y zona de residencia) en comparación con los más favorecidos, a lo largo de diez años. La heterogeneidad de la evolución de los ingresos laborales y la percepción de prestaciones por desempleo entre los graduados de distintos grupos es notable. Esto tiene hondas implicaciones para las políticas de equidad social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional peripheralisation has been repeatedly described as a process resulting in the combination of regional structural and social disadvantage. In theory, peripheries are characterised by the interdependence of these two types of disadvantage. Few studies have examined this interdependence in rural peripheries across several countries. In this study, we operationalise rural peripherality combining poor opportunity structures that constrain the social and economic opportunities of the local population, and increased concentrations of social disadvantage and decreased quality of life. Comparing Czech and eastern German regions, we uncovered intercorrelated spatial patterns of low education, poor employment quality, deficient labour market opportunity and accessibility to medical, educational and other services, which together represent key aspects of rural peripherality from the perspective of disadvantage. Although there is a clear coincidence of structural and social disadvantage in rural peripheries, neither increased levels of poverty nor long‐term unemployment are typical of these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent changes in labour markets have increased employment instability. Under these conditions, in male breadwinner families women might increase their labour supply when their male partners become unemployed. Previous studies have extensively investigated the role played by household and individual characteristics in explaining such increases in the labour supply of women. However, studies which examine the moderating role of specific welfare policies are missing. Our study contributes to the literature by investigating the moderating effect of childcare and tax-benefit policies for the labour supply response of women following the unemployment of their partner. We focus on a sample of 24 EU member states and the UK, during the period 2009-2019, combining longitudinal microdata from EU-SILC with country-period specific policy indicators generated with the use of the tax-benefit simulation model EUROMOD, UKMOD and country-period specific indicators of childcare use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This is the first longitudinal study to examine the relationship between depression and the labour market in Russia. Using data from 2011 to 2017, we identify the impact that not being in employment has on mental distress, and we explore the mechanism underlying the observed association. Methods: Using data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics, we employ random-effects regression models to estimate the impact of employment conditions on the likelihood of reporting mental distress in Russia. This method allows us to distinguish between the selection effect associated with mental distress and direct causation. Results: Controlling for a range of socio-economic and demographic characteristics, we find that unemployment and labour market inactivity are strong predictors of the likelihood of reporting depression and serious nervous breakdown. However, we find that rather than negative labour market events giving rise to mental distress, the selection effect actually dominates, and the direction of causality therefore operates in reverse. Conclusions: Knowledge of the underlying mechanism that links unfavourable labour market outcomes with mental distress is crucial for designing policies that can address this link. We argue that our findings provide grounds for the initiation of anti-stigma campaigns among employers, policymakers, health practitioners and politicians as well as the general population. Eradication of the perception that mental disorders are somehow different to 'real' illnesses will not only prevent Russians from self-selection into unemployment but may also transform outdated approaches to mental health care in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence shows a significant increase in the number of high-skilled mobile workers in the EU. Yet, little is known about the experience of unemployed female high-skilled intra-EU mobile jobseekers regarding the search for employment and wellbeing as part of labour market integration. This paper uses qualitative data collected between 2014 and 2015 (via an online survey) to explore female experience considering the challenges and opportunities on the path to employment. Findings underlined two main features: first, the inadequate availability, relevant information and access to support services for high-skilled workers; and second, a deficit of wellbeing and satisfaction by respondents amid their intra-EU mobility path, linked to circumstances of unemployment and aspirations before movement. The paper draws on these findings to advocate for the creation of work-placement programs as a "path to employment" tailored to female high-skilled intra-EU mobile jobseekers and the inclusion of psycho-social assistance through counselling and peer-support groups within standing employment services for jobseekers. These two measures are relevant in promoting female high-skilled EU mobile workers' participation in the labour market, thus preventing loss of talent, long-term unemployment, deskilling, and encouraging better matching schemes, averting social isolation and loss of wellbeing. Persistent unemployment and deskilling can have an impact on social welfare, in particular costs related to healthcare (i.e. mental health). According to the author, wherever possible, wellbeing is to be considered, when making a cost-benefit analysis of the experiences of high-skilled mobile workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have failed to show a positive effect of unemployment on incarceration despite reasons to expect such a relationship. We note that prior estimates have been muddied by the absence of substate data, a focus on prisons rather than on jails, limited measures of unemployment, and the fact that the health of the labor market is endogenous to incarceration. We instrument for local exposure to the rise of Chinese exports ("the China Shock") to estimate the effect of job loss on American incarceration. Marshaling a new data set of prisoners and jail inmates by race at the commuting zone level, we show that negative shocks to local labor markets led to significant increases in total incarceration rates for both Blacks and Whites. The effect seems to be driven by increased prison rather than jail populations. This estimate is invisible to ordinary least squares, which may help explain null results reported by past work. Counterfactual exercises suggest that the effect of job loss was punitively consequential. Had employment gains from the 1990s been preserved into the 2000s, the U.S. incarceration rate would have grown significantly less than it did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi's framework of policy as 'gendering practices', this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of 'the worker' and 'the parent' as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Chapter 5 'Effective Demand and Employment' in Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations by Marc Lavoie. This chapter covers one of the most distinctive contributions of the post-Keynesians, and one of its most profound insights. Analysis of effective demand and employment is a crucial and distinct foundation of post-Keynesian economics. Identifying the determinants of the level of employment and output represent one of the most significant contributions of post-Keynesian analysis. This is in total contrast to mainstream theory, according to which the level of output and employment are determined in the labour market, with labour seen as just another commodity, and the wage rate playing the role of the price equating supply and demand for labour. For post-Keynesians, the main determinant of the level of output and employment is the level of effective demand rather than the wage rate. Their views on the labour markets, taking into account segmented labour markets and efficiency wages, are considered. The determinants of profits and the profit share play important roles in the determination of employment and output. It is argued that fiscal policy plays a vital role in economic stabilisation, and that the typical arguments regarding its limitations are incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: vacancy statistics; online data; time series; predictive modelling; unemployment; employment EN vacancy statistics online data time series predictive modelling unemployment employment 1630 1649 20 09/26/23 20231001 NES 231001 We explore data collected as an administrative by-product of an online job advertisement portal with dominant market coverage in Slovakia. While the potential of other online data, such as trends in internet searches or social networks, in predicting unemployment was explored in the past (e.g. [3]; [10]; [11]; [21]; [44]), we are not aware of any study exploring trends in the total number of OJVs specifically to predict unemployment or employment. Data We aim to assess the ability of OJV postings to capture and predict the development of official job vacancy, employment and unemployment statistics, which we jointly refer to as key labour market indicators. From the perspective of labour market analysis, OJV data present an even richer source of information than data acquired from online search (e.g. Google Trends) or social networks (e.g. Twitter) because they document a substantial share of the hiring process. [Extracted from the article]

Recent trends in international migration reveal increasing migration outflows from Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. This development is accompanied by a massive rise in youth unemployment and a major increase in the young population in this region. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of migration patterns and analyses the interacting effect of the unfavourable combination of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration decisions. Based on an assessment of bilateral migration flows from 19 MENA to 34 OECD countries between 1995 and 2020, we find that youth unemployment plays a significant role in explaining emigration flows from MENA countries. We also find that the migration‐generating effect of youth unemployment is contingent upon demographic pressure in the youth cohorts and increases with an increasing number of youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: La relación entre la actividad sindical y la creciente desigualdad de ingresos observada en las economías avanzadas, a pesar de su ambigüedad teórica, se ha pasado por alto en los estudios empíricos. En este artículo se estima un modelo empírico para 26 países europeos entre 2005 y 2018, especificando la desigualdad de ingresos como una función de la tasa de densidad sindical, su valor al cuadrado y un conjunto de variables de control. El modelo se amplía con la inclusión de otras instituciones del mercado de trabajo para evaluar los efectos distributivos de la densidad sindical en toda la estructura institucional. Se observa una relación significativa y persistente, en forma de U invertida, entre densidad sindical y desigualdad de ingresos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of higher education resulted in a growing interest in post‐graduation labour market outcomes. Two conflicting narratives are present in the debate. The first focuses on the shortage of skills and the need for further expansion of the sector and seems to pertain mostly to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The second revolves around over‐education and mismatch leading to graduate unemployment or underemployment. Such concerns pertain especially to humanities and social sciences. However, in this article, we argue that the STEM versus non‐STEM opposition on which this debate is premised is not adequate for analysing post‐graduation labour market outcomes. We leverage a unique administrative dataset comprising monthly records on the labour market status of the entire population of recent Polish university graduates (N = 161,323) to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the STEM category in terms of labour market outcomes and the limited predictive value of the field of study for those outcomes. We argue that the category is too broad and internally diverse to be used as an overarching category, especially in research meant to inform policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to study the contribution of the Islamic economy in reducing the unemployment problem caused by Corona pandemic (Covid-19) in the Jordanian labor market. The study used the descriptive analytical approach and the inductive approach. One of the most important results of the study was that the Corona pandemic and its accompanying economic repercussions had caused an increase in the unemployment rate in Jordan, and that the Islamic economics tools and institutions have contributed to mitigating this increase. The Jordanian Zakat Fund, Awqaf Funds Development Department, and donations to the Al-Khair Account, contributed to mitigating the economic effects of the Corona pandemic on the Jordanian labor market. Jordanian Islamic banks also contributed, through Al-Qard Al-Hasan, to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on unemployment. The study recommended the need to urge the rich to provide financial assistance in its forms, and encouraging investment in projects that employ large numbers of unemployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment of graduates has become an important issue of policy direction and institutional consideration across the globe. Given this new development, this qualitative study explored the nature of graduate employment in Ethiopia by examining the profile of the labour market, employability patterns, policies, strategies and initiatives taken at national and sectoral levels. The findings revealed that while there are favourable policy directions, strategies, and initiatives towards addressing the challenges of graduate employment, current achievements leave much to be desired. In addition to strengthening efforts at the level of higher education institutions and employers, combating graduate unemployment requires a broader conceptualisation and coherent national employability framework that provides workable directions and sustainable strategies. It is recommended that the provision of appropriate solutions to existing challenges needs to be devised, delivered, and coordinated at all levels and with the required level of synergy and participation from all relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Diet‐related chronic disease contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. Dietitians are best placed to address this disease burden, yet graduate dietitians may struggle to find employment. This study aimed to explore dietetics graduates' experiences of employment and employability, up to 6‐month post‐degree completion. Methods: Secondary data analysis of in‐depth qualitative interview data and longitudinal audio‐diaries was undertaken. An interpretivist approach was employed whereby knowledge was viewed as subjective and multiple realities exist. A total of five entrance interviews, 31 audio‐diaries and three exit interviews, from nine graduates were included in the analysis. This comprised 12 h of longitudinal audio data. Thematic analysis was undertaken using a framework analysis method. Results: Four key themes were identified: (1) The tumultuous process of applying for jobs demonstrated that graduates struggled with repeated rejections. (2) The uncertain journey to employment indicated that job‐seeking was a limbo stage marked by uncertainty. (3) Feeling the pressure showed that graduates experienced pressure from multiple sources. (4) Enhancing employability explained that graduates were not prepared for available employment opportunities, but utilised resources to increase their employability. Conclusion: Diverse placement experiences may better prepare graduates for available employment opportunities. To enhance employability, it may be beneficial to assist students to develop job‐seeking skills, and to engage in networking and volunteering experiences during their education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in labour market participation are well established. However, we do not fully know what causes these inequalities. The present study aims to examine to what extent factors in childhood and late adolescence can explain educational differences in early labour market exit among older workers. Methods: All men born in 1951–1953 who underwent conscription examination for the Swedish military in 1969–1973 (n = 145 551) were followed from 50 to 64 years of age regarding early labour market exit (disability pension, long-term sickness absence, long-term unemployment and early old-age retirement with and without income). Early life factors, such as cognitive ability, stress resilience, and parental socioeconomic position, were included. Cox proportional-hazards regressions were used to estimate the association between the level of education and each early labour market exit pathway, including adjustment for early life factors. Results: The lowest educated men had a higher risk of exit through disability pension (HR: 2.72), long-term sickness absence (HR: 2.29), long-term unemployment (HR: 1.45), and early old-age retirement with (HR: 1.29) and without income (HR: 1.55) compared to the highest educated men. Factors from early life explained a large part of the educational differences in disability pension, long-term sickness absence and long-term unemployment but not for early old-age retirement. Important explanatory factors were cognitive ability and stress resilience, whilst cardiorespiratory fitness had negligible impact. Conclusions: The association between education and early exit due to disability pension, long-term sickness absence and long-term unemployment was to a large part explained by factors from early life. However, this was not seen for early old-age retirement. These results indicate the importance of taking a life-course perspective when examining labour market participation in later working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of analyzing the labor market and determining trends in its development in modern conditions is the subject of constant scientific interest and the basis of frequent discussions. It is determined that despite the large number of studies, today these issues are relevant and important and constantly require further analysis and additional research. The article considers the current trends in the development of the labor market. The main indicators of employment are analyzed. It has been determined that current security and energy independence issues will require conceptual state reforms, therefore there is a need for qualified civil servants and administrators, whose knowledge and skills will be useful to overcome post-war crises and the onset of stability in the country, which in turn is not possible without quality education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities in labour market participation are well established. However, we do not fully know what causes these inequalities. The present study aims to examine to what extent factors in childhood and late adolescence can explain educational differences in early labour market exit among older workers. Methods: All men born in 1951–1953 who underwent conscription examination for the Swedish military in 1969–1973 (n = 145 551) were followed from 50 to 64 years of age regarding early labour market exit (disability pension, long-term sickness absence, long-term unemployment and early old-age retirement with and without income). Early life factors, such as cognitive ability, stress resilience, and parental socioeconomic position, were included. Cox proportional-hazards regressions were used to estimate the association between the level of education and each early labour market exit pathway, including adjustment for early life factors. Results: The lowest educated men had a higher risk of exit through disability pension (HR: 2.72), long-term sickness absence (HR: 2.29), long-term unemployment (HR: 1.45), and early old-age retirement with (HR: 1.29) and without income (HR: 1.55) compared to the highest educated men. Factors from early life explained a large part of the educational differences in disability pension, long-term sickness absence and long-term unemployment but not for early old-age retirement. Important explanatory factors were cognitive ability and stress resilience, whilst cardiorespiratory fitness had negligible impact. Conclusions: The association between education and early exit due to disability pension, long-term sickness absence and long-term unemployment was to a large part explained by factors from early life. However, this was not seen for early old-age retirement. These results indicate the importance of taking a life-course perspective when examining labour market participation in later working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aims of the study are to investigate trajectories of labor market marginalization (IMM) and to examine the associations between family-related life events and LMM trajectories while accounting for familial factors. Methods: This is a prospective cohOIt study of 37.867 Swedish twins. Data were mialyzed by group-based trajectory modeling. Associations of thmily-related life events with trajectory groups were estimated by multinomial logistic regression. Results: Most participants had no or low levels of LMM. Individuals who stayed niarried over time or changed from single without children to married with children had a decreased risk of LM M. The risk of LMM over time was higher among individuals who changed from married to being single. Conclusions: Being or getting married as well as having children decreases the risk of LMM while divorce is a risk factor for LIV[M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine whether smokers are at higher risk of unemployment and sickness absence and have a lower chance of getting employed compared to never smokers. Methods: The study sample in this prospective register-based cohort study consisted of 87,830 men and women between 18 and 60 years of age from the Danish National Health Survey 2010. Assessment of smoking status was obtained at baseline and the participants were followed in the Danish register-based evaluation of marginalisation database from 2010 to 2015. Data were analysed by Cox proportional hazards. Results: The median age was 44.5 years and 47.3% were men. At baseline, 88.8% were categorised as working, 7.7% as unemployed and 3.5% as being on sickness absence. At the 5-year follow-up, hazard ratios for transitions from work to unemployment were 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–1.40; P <0.001) for current smokers (<15/day) and 1.52 (95% CI 1.43–1.62; P <0.001) for current heavy smokers (⩾15/day), compared to never smokers. Hazard ratios for transitions from work to sickness absence were 1.31 (95% CI 1.24–1.38; P <0.001) for current smokers (<15/day) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.56–1.71; P <0.001) for current heavy smokers (⩾15/day). Current heavy smokers (⩾15/day) also had a lower chance of becoming re-employed with a hazard ratio of 0.81 (95% CI 0.75–0.88; P <0.001) compared to never smokers. Conclusions : Smoking was associated with a higher risk of unemployment and sickness absence, and a lower chance of becoming employed. More focus on smoking prevention and smoking cessation could therefore be implemented in relation to job seeking and sickness absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]