3,732 results on '"HUMAN capital"'
Search Results
2. Privatizing Creation: Neoliberal Creativity in the Language Classroom
- Author
-
Catherine Tebaldi
- Abstract
Although often seen as places of culture, cultivation and creativity, language courses borrow the language of creativity for test-centered practices. Research in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology has long recognized language courses as sites for the legitimation of neoliberal ideals that emphasize language as global, individual, and economic, human capital for the global market. Yet research in education often focuses on language education as building student identities, ignoring how it prepares students for participation in an affluent 'creative class.' This paper aims to bring a more critical lens on discourses of creativity in the classroom. It explores how neoliberal ideology is realized in teacher development literature on creative management, and it investigates how this commercial creativity affects the language curriculum and assessment in a New England High School, ending with a call to a more critical, communal creativity.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Employability Capitals as Essential Resources for Employment Obtainment and Career Sustainability of International Graduates
- Author
-
Thanh Pham, Behnam Soltani, and Jasvir Kaur Nachatar Singh
- Abstract
This study deployed a mixed-method approach to explore how international graduates identified and strategically utilised their resources to negotiate employability in the host country. One hundred and eighty international graduates from Australian universities participated in a survey and in-depth interviews. Findings revealed that employability was determined by various forms of capital including human, cultural social, identity and psychological. More importantly, the graduates had to develop 'agentic capital' to decide how to utilise these forms of capital appropriately. Social and cultural capitals emerged as the crucially important elements when the graduates looked for opportunities to get a foot into the labour market. These forms of capital enabled the graduates to mobilise their human capital. However, to navigate barriers in the workplace, the articulation of a sound understanding about the working culture became a 'must' because the graduates found it hard to understand hidden rules and conventions in the labour market. Results from the study indicate that graduate employability should not just be measured right after students' graduation because different forms of capital play their significant roles at different stages of the graduates' career development. Besides, higher education should equip students with various forms of capital.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Reasons for the Gap between Academic Education and the Required Skills of the Labor Market in Iran
- Author
-
Mohsen Nazarzadeh Zare and Ehsan Parvin
- Abstract
Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the reasons for the gap between academic education and the required skills of the labor market in Iran. Design/methodology/approach: For this purpose, the authors adopted a thematic analysis method. The participants in the study were connoisseurs from universities and research institutes in Iran, who were selected with purposeful sampling methods of snowball type. To collect the data, the authors used a semi-structured interview and performed a thematic analysis for data analysis. Findings: The findings showed that the views and perceptions of the connoisseurs participating in the study about the reasons for the gap between academic education and the skills required in the labor market in Iran can be classified into four main themes including lack of attention to labor market needs in the academic curricula, lack of attention to practical and entrepreneurial skills in the academic curricula, the weak link between universities and industry and society, and shortage of academic resources and equipment in some academic disciplines. Originality/value: The present study had three implications. First, the human capital theory, the social closure theory, the positional conflict theory and the labor market segmentation theory are more compatible with the labor market of Iranian graduates, compared to other theories of the labor market. Second, the lack of coordination between academic education and the required skills in the labor market has weakened the Iranian economy. Third, the absence of practical and entrepreneurial skills in academic graduates has led to increased unemployment in Iranian society.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Construction and Operationalisation of an Employability Capital Growth Model (ECGM) via a Systematic Literature Review (2016-2022)
- Author
-
William E. Donald, Yehuda Baruch, and Melanie J. Ashleigh
- Abstract
This paper aims to conceptualise and operationalise an Employability Capital Growth Model (ECGM) via a systematic literature review of 42,558 manuscripts from Web of Science and Scopus databases published between 2016 and 2022 from the fields of graduate employability and career development incorporating applied psychology, business, education, and management. Two research questions are addressed: (1) How can literature addressing various forms of capital in the context of preparing university graduates for the labour market be integrated to offer a new ECGM?; (2) How can various actors, i.e. (a) students and graduates, (b) educators, (c) careers and employability professionals, and (d) graduate employers, operationalise the ECGM? The systematic literature review resulted in a final corpus of 94 manuscripts for qualitative content analysis. Findings led to the construction of a new ECGM comprising nine forms of employability capital (social capital, cultural capital, psychological capital, personal identity capital, health capital, scholastic capital, market-value capital, career identity capital, and economic capital), external factors, and personal outcomes. Twenty-three opportunities for the operationalisation of the ECGM were also identified. The theoretical and conceptual contribution comes from constructing a new ECGM to bridge the fields of graduate employability and career development in the context of preparing individuals for the transition from university into the labour market. The practical contribution comes from operationalising the ECGM at the education-employment nexus. Consequently, developing various forms of capital and an awareness of external factors and personal outcomes can improve students' and graduates' employability, benefitting all actors operating in a career ecosystem.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Career Trajectory and Cross-System Mobility: Career Planning of Doctoral Students in Macao
- Author
-
Yun Ge
- Abstract
This study investigates career trajectory and work locations of doctoral students trained in Macao and analyses how their career paths are shaped by perceived macro-level factors. Respondents from four applied disciplinary areas were selected for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Research results show that doctoral students who graduated from Macao higher education institutions enjoy good career prospects in Mainland China. Their competitiveness in the research-related job market benefits from having a multi-level support system and a training mode that promotes government-university-industry collaboration. Policies and demand from industrial sectors are involved in students' learning experience through channels such as financial support, project collaboration and networks. Doctoral students in Macao are strategic planners and actors in leveraging their human capital. As Macao becomes an emerging destination for cultivating high-level research labour, findings from this study capture a model of human capital formation in China's cross-system context.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Ghana's Textile and Apparel Sector: A Strategic Assessment of Skills Needs and Development through The STED Framework
- Author
-
Hod Anyigba, Alexander Preko, and William Kwesi Senayah
- Abstract
Purpose: This study is to examine and develop sector skills strategies and action plans for the textile and apparel (T&A) sector. Design/methodology/approach: The paper used a participatory action qualitative method anchored on the Skills for Trade and Economic Diversification (STED) framework, utilising the workshop-based approach with 24 key stakeholders of the sector. Content analysis was used with the help of Nvivo software. Findings: The findings revealed that there are skills shortages, skills gaps, skills mismatches and skills diversification programmes available through higher education and work-based learning. Further, there are labour supply challenges such as national skills policy and strategy, government and stakeholder coordination, funding, relevance of curriculum and qualifications, access to practicals and the absence of a clear national vision for the sector. Research limitations/implications: This study possesses an inherent limitation in terms of generalising the findings derived from qualitative research. Originality/value: This research is among the first of its kind to assess skills needs and gaps through the lens of STED framework, which has been overlooked in previous literature. Importantly, this study provides vocational insights into skill needs in the sector.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Graduate Employability and International Education: An Exploration of Foreign Students' Experiences in China
- Author
-
Kun Dai and Thanh Pham
- Abstract
Despite the increasing research attention on international graduates' employability and vocational development, most studies have focused on their employability in developed countries; little is known about their employability in developing countries such as China. In this qualitative study, 15 international graduates from two Chinese universities voluntarily participated in in-depth interviews to share their insights about how they negotiated employability in China. The study employed Bourdieu's cultural theory, Tomlinson's graduate capital model, and Pham's employability agency framework as complementary conceptual frameworks. The findings revealed that international graduates in China strategically developed various capital (e.g., human, social, identity, cultural, psychological, identity, and agentic) to navigate the Chinese labour market. To some extent, the role of these capitals in the Chinese context was distinct. This study suggests that different stakeholders should collaboratively support international students in China to develop and utilise various employability capital during and after their study programme.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Skills, Skill Use at Work, and Earnings of American Workers. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service (ETS), Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, Fogg, Neeta, Harrington, Paul, Khatiwada, Ishwar, Kirsch, Irwin, and Sands, Anita
- Abstract
As with the previous reports in the series, this new report relies on the rich source of data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), including direct assessment of literacy and numeracy skills and a host of information on education, income, and other demographic characteristics. But what is unique in this report is that it also utilizes detailed data on skill use including the frequency with which respondents reported using reading, numeracy, and writing skills in their job. This study builds on the series' previous research on the effect of skills on the earnings of American workers by examining the use of workers' skills on the job as an additional determinant of the earnings of American workers (in addition to human capital--literacy proficiencies, education, work experience--and other factors that are known to affect earnings). The paper begins with a descriptive analysis of the link between reading skill use at work and the literacy proficiencies of workers. The authors explore differences in the literacy proficiencies (mean literacy scores and levels of literacy proficiencies) of workers in each quartile of the index of reading skill use at work, and conversely, the authors present the use of reading skills at work by the level of literacy proficiencies of workers. The descriptive section also explores the connection between the occupation of workers and their use of reading skills at work. Findings from multivariate regression analyses that explore the links between earnings and the use of reading skills at work, with regression controls for literacy proficiencies, educational attainment, work experience, occupation, and demographics are presented. [For the previous report in the series, see "Skills and Labor Market Outcomes of Working-Age Americans. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series" (ED626553).]
- Published
- 2022
10. Skills and Labor Market Outcomes of Working-Age Americans. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service (ETS), Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, Fogg, Neeta, Harrington, Paul, Khatiwada, Ishwar, Kirsch, Irwin, and Sands, Anita
- Abstract
In this new policy report, the fourth in a series examining the impact of human capital in the American labor market from the Educational Testing Service (ETS) Center for Research on Human Capital Education, the authors take a unique perspective on the critical link between human capital and labor market outcomes by expanding the analysis to nonpecuniary outcomes. Using the available cognitive and background data that were collected as part of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Skills (PIAAC), this report explores the links between the skills of American workers and a wide variety of labor market outcomes beyond earnings, including whether a person was employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force at the time of the PIAAC survey. Across each of these categories, in addition to skill levels, key background data were examined. For the employed population, for example, employment intensity, employer-provided training, occupation, and job satisfaction data were analyzed. For those who reported they were unemployed, the duration of unemployment and previous employment experiences was examined, whereas information on previous employment experiences was examined for those who reported that they were not in the labor force at the time of the PIAAC survey. The analysis in this paper reveals that these nonpecuniary labor market outcomes are also tightly bound to respondents' literacy and numeracy skills. [For the previous report in this series, see "Skills and Earnings in the Part-Time Labor Market. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series" (ED626473).]
- Published
- 2022
11. Greek, Finnish and Danish Curricula and Their Relation to the Labor Market: A Critical Approach
- Author
-
Marina Sounoglou
- Abstract
The present paper is a comparative examination of three European Commission (EC) countries' primary and elementary education curricula with the European Commission's Communication and its consequences for curriculum skills relating to children's lives as adults and workers. It is a documentary analysis of secondary sources of the texts of the curricula. It emphasizes on the aims and objectives concerning skills required to be cultivated in students through the education curricula of European countries of Greece, Finland, and Denmark, as economically developed countries according to the World Bank (2019). According to the European Commission's Communication "Rethinking Education: investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes" (2012a), the European Commission's Communication "New Skills Agenda for Europe: Working together to strengthen human capital, employability and competitiveness" (2016) and the European Commission's Communication "Digital Education Action Plan 2021-2027 Resetting education and training for the digital age" (2020), they are compared with the curricula in terms of skills required for the labor market. The method that was used was the qualitative content analysis in the texts of the curricula based on the required skills. The results show that the texts of the curricula from Greece, Finland, and Denmark have common references with the aforementioned above European Commission's Communications. Regarding the content of the curricula, it is observed that the goals and aspirations are linked to the development of the personality and the cultivation of skills related to employability. The goal of the curricula is to cultivate skills in students that will be necessary for the children's lives as adults and workers. In the conclusions, it is stated that there is the intention and purpose of developing and cultivating skills based on the requirements of the labor market and the instrumentalization of these skills for the benefit of the economic framework not only for the researched countries but also on a wider scale.
- Published
- 2023
12. Human Capital for the 21st Century: Aligning Education with Future Workforce Needs. The COVID Constituency
- Author
-
Hunt Institute, Wise, Bob, and Siddiqi, Javaid
- Abstract
Many have called for greater alignment between education systems and the workforce, more equitable access to career-oriented experiences, and new policy approaches that will enable all individuals to successfully enter and thrive in the evolving labor market. Overall, education leaders at all levels must commit to new policy solutions that offer early exposure and access to career-oriented experiences for students and adults, encourage localized partnerships between education systems and industries, and address retention challenges in high-demand fields. This report looks to the future of the workforce, recent efforts to improve workforce development, and policy considerations.
- Published
- 2022
13. Unequal Pay for Equal Work? Unpacking the Gender Gap in Principal Compensation
- Author
-
Grissom, Jason A., Timmer, Jennifer D., Nelson, Jennifer L., and Blissett, Richard S. L.
- Abstract
We investigate the male-female gap in principal compensation in state and national data: detailed longitudinal personnel records from Missouri and repeated cross-sections from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS). In both data sets, we estimate substantively important compensation gaps for school leaders. In Missouri, female principals make approximately $1,450 less annually than their male colleagues with similar characteristics, including experience level and degree attainment, leading the same school in different years. Gaps are present in both base salary and extra duty salary, and are only partially explained by career paths or workplace sorting. SASS analyses show that women make about $1,000 less than men nationally, on average, a gap that even grows larger once accounting for individual and workplace characteristics, teacher-supplied effectiveness ratings, and reported hours worked. The presence of these residual gaps after accounting for many supply-side explanations may signal gender discrimination in school principal compensation. [This paper was published in "Economics of Education Review" v82 Apr 2021.]
- Published
- 2021
14. Do Double Majors Face Less Risk? An Analysis of Human Capital Diversification. Working Paper 32095
- Author
-
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Andrew S. Hanks, Shengjun Jiang, Xuechao Qian, Bo Wang, and Bruce A. Weinberg
- Abstract
We study how human capital diversification, in the form of double majoring, affects the response of earnings to labor market shocks. Double majors experience substantial protection against earnings shocks, of 56%. This finding holds across different model specifications and data sets. Furthermore, the protection double majors experience is more pronounced when the two majors are more distantly related, highlighting the importance of diverse skill sets. Additional analyses demonstrate that double majors are more likely to work in jobs that require a diverse set of skills and knowledge and are less likely to work in occupations that are closely related to their majors.
- Published
- 2024
15. Professional and Public Accreditation as an Assessment of Agricultural Educational Program Quality in Russia
- Author
-
Medvedeva, Natalya A., Malkov, Nikolay G., and Prozorova, Marina L.
- Abstract
The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to the agricultural educational program development on the basis of a modular-competence-based approach, which provides training for the experts of the agricultural industry, capable of implementing a federal scientific and technical program in the future for the development of agriculture in Russia, taking into account the requirements of professional standards. Professional and public accreditation of agricultural educational programs will allow for an external examination of the educational program implementation level and quality in accordance with approved professional standards and develop recommendations aimed at student training level improvement. The study defines the role of professional and public accreditation provision in the interaction between the labor market and the vocational education system. The authors substantiated the modular-competence-based approach to the development of educational programs that contributes to human capital quality improvement in agriculture. In this paper, an algorithm has been developed to expert training quality improvement. In general, the result of the work will contribute to the training of personnel for the industry and will ensure the achievement of a balance of qualifications between the labor market and agricultural education.
- Published
- 2021
16. Understanding Country Differences: Predicting the Effect of Financial and Labor Market Conditions on International Doctoral Recipients' First Labor Market Destination
- Author
-
Agbonlahor, Osasohan and Ampaw, Frim
- Abstract
This study used the Survey of Earned Doctorates, World Bank economic data of the doctoral students' home country, and hierarchical linear modeling analysis to examine the effects of financial factors and home-country macroeconomic indicators on international doctoral students' labor market destinations. We found that wealth disparities and economic opportunities in the home country affect international doctoral student outcomes. Higher gross national income per capita was associated with a decreased likelihood of remaining in the United States, while higher unemployment rates in the home country significantly increased the likelihood of remaining in the United States. The study reveals a need to develop career services support for international doctoral students that are tailored to their needs as well as the need to internationalize the curriculum to support those who will eventually return to their home country.
- Published
- 2021
17. Navigating Risky Higher Education Investments: Implications for Practitioners and Consumers
- Author
-
Heckman, Stuart J. and Letkiewicz, Jodi C.
- Abstract
This exploratory study examines academic and labor market risks associated with investments in higher education by synthesizing the literature regarding risky higher education choices and extending the research using the 2014 National Student Financial Wellness Study, a national sample of college students. Three phenomena are analyzed to support the notion that individuals may be making suboptimal human capital investment decisions: (a) cost-benefit errors; (b) unclear educational goals; and (c) increasing time-to-degree. The study examines which students are more likely to report that the cost of college did not influence their choice, that tuition is not a good investment, or that they expect to take additional time to complete their degree. Opportunities for practitioners to help clients navigate higher education investment decisions and opportunities for future research are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
18. Addressing Mismatch between TVET Programs and Skill Needs in the Finance and Banking Sector -- A Case Study from Qatar
- Author
-
Said, Ziad and AlHares, Aws
- Abstract
Links between Qatar's labor market and post-secondary education are not fully effective and often result in neglected or duplicated development of human capital. Therefore, most development efforts occur in isolation involving outmoded programs with many complacent faculty unaware of new technologies and developments relevant to labor market sectors. Analyses of secondary data from government departments and international studies were combined with a survey on "Improving and enriching the Human Capital of the State of Qatar through Identification and Development of 21st Century Skills". This explored perception of both employers and TVET program leaders toward the skills needed for economic and social development in a changing world by meeting human capital needs through 21st century skills. A total of 85 managers and professionals completed the survey, together with 35 TVET program leaders from one university and five government TVET institutions (the survey was adapted to fit the context of TVET institutions surveyed). Thirty-two of the industry managers and professionals were from Hydrocarbon and Energy, 26 from Built Environment and 27 from Banking & Finance sectors. Subsequently, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Descriptive statistics using T-test and effect size for comparison, showed a major mismatch between perceptions of TVET program leaders and business & finance sector' managers and professionals in many aspects of 21st century skills requirements. These were mainly in social skills and some specific technology skills. Significantly, the study indicated weak links between employers and TVET institutions. To address these issues, minimizing the skills' mismatch can be achieved by placing greater emphasis on reforming the curricula of Qatar's TVET institutions, to facilitate faster transitions into the workplace.
- Published
- 2021
19. Access, Lifelong Learning and Education for All. Palgrave Studies in Adult Education and Lifelong Learning
- Author
-
Parry, Gareth, Osborne, Michael, Scott, Peter, Parry, Gareth, Osborne, Michael, and Scott, Peter
- Abstract
This book examines access, lifelong learning and education for all, which have been policy preoccupations in all countries for more than half a century, but have been overlaid and pushed aside by the development of mass higher education. The authors examine what has been achieved, what lessons have been learnt and what still remains to be done, addressing matters of equity, agency, community, mobility and hierarchy.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The Impact of Reverse Transfer Associate Degrees on Education and Labor Market Outcomes
- Author
-
Odle, Taylor K. and Russell, Lauren C.
- Abstract
Reverse transfer associate degrees are credentials retroactively awarded to current bachelor's degree seekers, combining four-year credits with credits previously earned at a community college. Using administrative data from Tennessee, we use a difference-in-difference design to compare students before and after receipt of a reverse transfer degree to similar students over time. We find reverse transfer degrees have little impact on students' academic outcomes (GPA, credits, and bachelor's degree attainment) and labor market outcomes (employment and earnings). Our findings contrast with existing descriptive work reporting large benefits of such degrees, due to our methodological improvements and more robust data. The null effect on earnings suggests that returns to an associate degree are driven by human capital gains rather than signaling in the reverse transfer student population. [This paper will be published in "Journal of Policy Analysis and Management."]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Impact of Reverse Transfer Associate Degrees on Education and Labor Market Outcomes
- Author
-
Odle, Taylor K. and Russell, Lauren C.
- Abstract
Reverse transfer associate degrees are credentials retroactively awarded to current bachelor's degree seekers, combining four-year credits with credits previously earned at a community college. Using administrative data from Tennessee, we use a difference-in-difference design to compare students before and after receipt of a reverse transfer degree to similar students over time. We find reverse transfer degrees have little impact on students' academic outcomes (GPA, credits, and bachelor's degree attainment) and labor market outcomes (employment and earnings). Our findings contrast with existing descriptive work reporting large benefits of such degrees, due to our methodological improvements and more robust data. The null effect on earnings suggests that returns to an associate degree are driven by human capital gains rather than signaling in the reverse transfer student population. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED627111.]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Education as Economic Stimulus in the Human Capital Century
- Author
-
Forsyth, Hannah
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper explores the economic and social effects of human capital investment in the 20th century. As well as drawing on census data and statistical yearbooks in Australia and Aoteoroa/New Zealand, the paper develops its argument by an intersection of scholarly work in sociology, economics and the history of education to consider the effects of increased human capital investment on economic growth but also on the experiences of childhood, work discipline and the present climate crisis. Design/methodology/approach: This paper considers the implications of what economic historian Claudia Goldin has described as the "human capital century" for the history of school and university education. By reconsidering education in the settler colonies, especially Australia and Aoteoroa/New Zealand, as "stimulus", this helps explain key aspects of contemporary human capital investment, which the paper argues should be understood as constituted by children's and young people's free labour at school, university and across the economy. Findings: This research argues that children's and young people's free labour, performed in educational institutions, constitutes a large portion of Australia and Aoteoroa/New Zealand's national investment in human capital. At key points, this investment has acted as an economic stimulus, promoting surges of profitability. The effects were not confined to young people. Systematised, educational expansion also became the foundation of environmental degradation, labour market exploitation and a relentless increase in service-sector productivity that is worn on professional bodies. Productivity increases have been associated with reduced professional autonomy as a managerial class coerced professionals into working harder, though often under the guise of working "smarter" -- a fiction that encouraged or coerced even greater personal investment in collective human capital. This investment of personal time, effort and selfhood by children and the professionals they grew into can thus be seen, in Marxian terms, as a crucial vector of capitalist exploitation in the 20th century. Practical implications: The paper concludes by suggesting that a reduction of managerial influence in educational settings would improve learner and professional autonomy with improved labour and environmental conditions. Originality/value: The paper makes a unique contribution to the history of education by exploring education as stimulus as a key component of education's role in 20th and 21st century capitalism. It interrogates exploitative aspects of human capital investment, especially in the midst of environmental catastrophe and the recent COVID crisis.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Modernization of Quality Assurance System in Higher Education of Azerbaijan
- Author
-
Ilyasov, Asiman, Imanova, Sevil, Mushtagov, Addin, and Sadigova, Zulfiyya
- Abstract
Today, one of the long-term development goals of Azerbaijan is to train competitive human capital in higher education in the 21st century in accordance with the modern requirements of the labour market. In this context, the modernisation of the quality assurance system in higher education in Azerbaijan is one of the priority issues. The article analyses the issues of quality assurance in the legal framework of Azerbaijan, the "Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area" and current legislation and makes relevant recommendations to improve regulations. The modernisation of quality assurance at foreign universities is one of the current focus areas. In order to transform university graduates into internationally competitive human capital, to eliminate the difference between the professional qualifications offered by universities and the specialisations sought, the article offers theoretical and practical suggestions to universities to modernise quality assurance.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Essays on the Gender Wage Gap in China and the Returns to Higher Education in the United States
- Author
-
Xu, Rui
- Abstract
This dissertation presents three separate essays. The first two essays explore the gender wage gap and its dynamics in urban China from 1995 to 2018. The first chapter decomposes the gender wage gap based on the observed wage for workers with a precise measure of the hourly wages. The first chapter examines the observed average gender wage gap in China in hourly wages from 1995 to 2018. Using data from the China Household Income Survey (CHIP) 1995-2013 and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2014 and 2018. This chapter computes wage earners' working hours and hourly wages based on the available information to account for the labor supply's intensive margin. This chapter shows a pattern of increase in the gender wage gap in terms of hourly wages in the survey years of 1995-2007 and a pattern of decrease in 2007-2013. By extending the study period to 2018, this paper provides additional evidence that the observed wage-earners gender wage differentials have continued to decrease from 2013-2018 in urban China. This chapter finds that educational achievement and the returns to education favor female workers on average; however, the returns to potential experience are the main contributors to the "unexplained" component of the gender wage gap. This chapter also finds that the changes in the gender wage gap are heterogeneous across groups. Individuals without a college degree and working in foreign-owned firms are more likely to experience gender wage differential changes in hourly wages compared with those with at least a college degree and working in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). The second chapter explores the gender wage gap dynamics by accounting for employment composition. This chapter examines changes in the gender gap of the wage distribution in China from 1995 to 2018. To effectively account for changes in employment composition, we employ nonparametric bounds. Our methodology adopts a weak quartile dominance assumption, a monotone instrumental variable, and a stochastic dominance assumption to tighten the bounds. The results show statistically significant evidence that, over the years from 1995 to 2018, the median gender wage gap for the young workers (age 25-45) who are non-college-educated has increased by 0.17-0.62 log points. To estimate potential changes in the evolution of the gender wage gap suggested in the literature, we split up our analysis into two periods from 1995-2007 and 2007-2018. The results show larger changes in the gender wage gap compared to estimates in existing studies. In the earlier period, we find a significant increase by 0.19-0.63 log points in the median gender wage gap among the young workers who are college-educated. In the second period, the bounds estimates are less conclusive and suggest a decrease in the median gender wage gap among the college-educated young workers by 0.12-0.59 log points, but their 95% CI does not exclude a zero change. The estimates of the gender wage gap at the 75th wage percentile show a similar pattern as the changes at the median wage, while the statistical implications at the 25th percentile are inconclusive. Chapter three examines the returns to higher education in the United States with particular attention to individuals induced by the recession to attend a Master's Program. Unlucky college undergraduates entering the labor market in a recession suffer a persistent loss in their earnings in the medium- to long-term. Due to this "scarring effect," the opportunity cost for graduate school attendance decreases when an individual is exposed to a recession. This paper examines whether staying in school can help the unlucky cohort in terms of future labor market outcomes. There are two channels: delaying the time to enter the labor force and human capital accumulation. I find that graduating during a recession increases the probability of pursuing a graduate degree by 3 percentage points, and the return for the induced graduate degree is about 23% in future annual salary. At the same time, there is no statistically significant effect on the employment probability for those graduate degree holders induced by the recession. These findings provide evidence that the main benefit those induced graduate degree holders gain is from the additional accumulated human capital; the effect of delayed labor force entrance is negligible. I also find younger non-white females in non-STEM majors from non-research universities are more sensitive to the recession when making the graduate school decision. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2023
25. Essays on Household Finance
- Author
-
Hampole, Menaka
- Abstract
Chapter 1 investigates asks the question how do financial frictions affect the type of human capital investments that students make in college? To study this question, I build a novel dataset covering more than 700,000 U.S. students, merging commencement records with address histories, credit bureau records, and professional resumes. I document that students trade off initial earnings against lifetime earnings when choosing college majors and that students from low-income families are more likely to choose majors associated with higher initial earnings but lower lifetime earnings. I provide causal estimates of how student debt affects this trade-off using the staggered implementation of universal no-loan policies across 22 universities from2001 to 2019. I find that students who are required to take on more student loans to finance their education choose majors with higher initial earnings but lower lifetime earnings. Furthermore, student debt affects students differentially depending on their family backgrounds: Students from low-income families display greater sensitivity to changes in student debt. Finally, I show that differences in student debt amounts lead to different job profiles and earnings later in life. Combined, these findings highlight the role of financial frictions in human capital investments and subsequent labor market trajectories. Chapter 2 asks what role do social connections play in women's career advancement. Women continue to be underrepresented in corporate leadership positions. We investigate whether access to a larger share of female peers in business school affects the gender gap in senior managerial positions. Merging administrative data from a top-10 US business school with public LinkedIn profiles, we first document that female MBAs are 24 percent less likely than male MBAs to enter senior management within 15 years of graduation. Next, we use the exogenous assignment of students into sections to show that a larger proportion of female MBA section peers increases the likelihood of entering senior management for women but not for men. This effect is driven by female-friendly firms, such as those with more generous maternity leave policies and greater work schedule flexibility. A larger proportion of female MBA peers induces women to transition to these firms where they attain senior management roles. We find suggestive evidence that some of the mechanisms behind these results include job referrals and gender-specific information transmission. These findings highlight the role of social connections in reducing the gender gap in senior management positions. Chapter 3 asks how should regulators evaluate the costs and benefits when firms require consumers to provide additional data? Using a model of asymmetric information in non-Walrasian markets, we show that consumer surplus can increase, even when more data leads to higher average prices. We test the model's predictions in mortgage markets using the staggered implementation of Automated Underwriting Systems in the 1990s, where new credit risk models increased the use of and interaction between additional financial variables. We find that average interest rates went up in line with the model's predictions. However, the effects are driven by increased credit supply on the extensive margin, benefiting marginal borrowers from groups historically excluded from credit markets. Our results challenge the standard regulatory approach of relying on prices as a sufficient statistic for consumer surplus. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2023
26. Essays on Human Capital and Development Economics
- Author
-
Solomon Mosisa Gofere
- Abstract
This dissertation addresses three separate questions in human capital and development economics. In the first chapter, I study how college admission concerns drive students' field choices in a field-specific college admission system. To study this question, I leverage a college admission policy reform in Ethiopia that sharply increased the proportion of college seats in public universities allocated to college STEM fields. The reform significantly decreased the admission selectivity of STEM fields in the short run. Using cohort analysis and a regression discontinuity design, I show that students are significantly more likely to choose the STEM fields after the reform. More importantly, I find significant heterogeneity in the field choice response, with the marginal students responding more strongly compared to the infra-marginal students. In addition, using a complier characteristics analysis, I show that the reform led to a significant sorting on field-specific skills. In particular, those induced to choose the STEM fields have a comparative advantage in skills valued more in the STEM fields. These overall and field-specific sorting significantly changed the peer quality in STEM and non-STEM fields. These findings imply that admission concerns play a significant role in students' field choices. However, students do not naively sort into less selective college fields. Instead, their choices are consistent with their relative position in the distribution of multi-dimensional skills. The latter suggests that students make more informed and rational choices than the existing literature suggests. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of the fast expansion of the Second Generation (2G) and Third Generation (3G) mobile technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on health literacy in the region. Using Demographic and Health Surveys data from 25 countries in SSA and a historical mobile network coverage map, I estimate an Instrumental Variable (IV) specification. I show that the widespread use of these technologies has significantly improved health literacy in the region. Specifically, access to either technology significantly decreases misconceptions and wrong beliefs about diseases and health. The benefits are substantial in regions where the technologies have been available longer. Consistent with the range of services its provides, 3G technology results in a larger gain in health literacy. These findings imply that mobile technologies have considerable potential to improve health and quality of life in many developing countries. In the final chapter, I study the relationship between birth spacing and children's outcomes, focusing on the mechanisms that underlie the relationship. Using linked mother-child data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I explore two mechanisms: the maternal health and physiology channel and the material and parental time input channel. The result shows that a short pre-birth inter-pregnancy interval negatively affects the birth endowments of children, highlighting the importance of the birth spacing effect that works through the maternal health and physiology channel. The study also provides evidence in support of the material and parental time input channel. In particular, I show that closely spaced siblings score significantly lower on the standardized Peabody International Achievement Test (PIAT), a wide-range measure of academic achievement for children aged five and above. On the other hand, I find limited evidence of the birth spacing effect on long-term outcomes such as schooling and labor market outcomes. These findings have implications for parental leave and other labor market policies affecting the birth spacing choices of parents. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2023
27. Skills and Earnings in the Part-Time Labor Market. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service (ETS), Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, Fogg, Neeta, Harrington, Paul, Khatiwada, Ishwar, and Hanover, Larry
- Abstract
Part-time workers' earnings are much lower than those of their full-time counterparts, a difference often referred to as the part-time wage penalty. The mean hourly wage of part-time workers is only two-thirds that of full-time workers. Despite this wage penalty, there were no significant differences between part- and full-time workers in literacy skills and only modest differences in numeracy skills scores. This report uses new information about the literacy and numeracy skills of part-time workers to explore the connection between these skills and part-time workers' wages. The first section provides a descriptive review of part-time employment in the U.S. labor market, with emphasis on the part-time wage penalty among professional workers. It provides a unique perspective on the wage penalty as we can include not only measures of full- and part-time wages, but also full- and part-time worker literacy and numeracy skills. These issues are explored in this third paper in The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series. The report, commissioned by the ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, examines the association between wages and skills in the part-time labor market and is based on analysis of 2012-2014 data from the Survey of Adult Skills of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), an assessment measuring achievement in key domains, including literacy and numeracy, for countries across the world. Following up on the series' initial report, "Skills and Earnings in the Full-Time Labor Market. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series" (ED593028) which discovered a consistent and strong effect of literacy and numeracy skills on the wages of American full-time workers, the authors have found that, the overall effect of skills on the wages of part-time workers, too, were consistent and strong. They also found the skills of part-time workers to be similar on average to those of full-time workers, although wide variations existed among occupational sectors. [For the second report in the series, see "Skills and the Earnings of College Graduates. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series" (ED595423).]
- Published
- 2020
28. The Importance of Being Vocational: Challenges and Opportunities for VET in the Next Decade. Cedefop and ETF Discussion Paper
- Author
-
Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and European Training Foundation (ETF) (Italy)
- Abstract
This paper, jointly prepared by Cedefop and the ETF, aims to inform the next steps in VET policy- making at EU level, including the Osnabruck declaration expected to be discussed by ministers in the autumn of 2020. It puts forward key challenges and opportunities for VET which have emerged from the intelligence, research and evidence collected over the years by the two agencies, each within its own remit and geographic scope.
- Published
- 2020
29. Expectations and Aspirations: A New Framework for Education in the Middle East and North Africa
- Author
-
World Bank, El-Kogali, Safaa El Tayeb, Krafft, Caroline, El-Kogali, Safaa El Tayeb, Krafft, Caroline, and World Bank
- Abstract
Education, which has been at the heart of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region's history and civilizations for centuries, has a large untapped potential to contribute to human capital, well-being, and wealth. The region has invested heavily in education for decades, but it has not been able to reap the benefits of its investments. Despite a series of reforms, MENA has remained stuck in a low-learning, low-skills level. "Expectations and Aspirations: A New Framework for Education in the Middle East and North Africa" identifies four key sets of tensions that are holding back education in the region: credentials and skills, discipline and inquiry, control and autonomy, and tradition and modernity. These tensions are shaped by society and are reflected in classrooms. If they are not addressed, MENA will continue to operate at a level below its potential. This report outlines a new framework with a three-pronged approach that can help address these tensions and unleash the potential of education in MENA: (1) a concerted "push" for learning that starts early for all children regardless of background, with qualified and motivated educators, and that leverages technology, uses modern approaches, and monitors learning outcomes; (2) a stronger "pull" for skills by all stakeholders in the labor market and society that involves coordinated multisystem reforms within and beyond the education system; (3) a new "pact" for education at the national level with a unified vision, shared responsibilities, and accountabilities. Education is not just the responsibility of the education system--it is everyone's business. The push, pull, and pact framework offers an opportunity for MENA to move forward to reclaim its heritage of a learned region and to meet the expectations and aspirations of its people. The current situation in MENA requires a renewed focus on education, not just as a national priority for economic growth and social development, but as a national emergency for stability, peace, and prosperity.
- Published
- 2020
30. Employers' Assessment of Graduates' Utilization of Employability Skills: Influence on Organizational Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria
- Author
-
Mary, Agboola Bolapeju
- Abstract
The study determined how employers' assessment of graduates' utilization of employability skills influences organizational growth and sustainable development in Nigeria. The design was ex-post facto with a population of 42 registered business organisations in Nigeria. Thirty-five organisation employers and 492 graduate employees were sampled through multistage techniques. Data were collected with "Employers' Assessment of Graduates' Employability Skills Utilization Questionnaire" (EAGESUQ) and "Sustainable Development University Education for Graduates' Skills Acquisition Questionnaire (SUDUEFGSAQ). Validated EAGESAQ and SUDUEFGSAQ were tested for reliability using Cronbach alpha statistic yielded reliability coefficients of 0.94 and 0.89 respectively. Inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The findings and conclusion showed that graduates skills, gender and fields of specialization significantly influence organization growth and sustainable development in Nigeria. Recommendations include: government agencies need to review university programmes and curriculum in line with labour market required skills; they need to monitor the implementation of internship for students and on-the-job-training of new graduate employees.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Gig Qualifications for the Gig Economy: Micro-Credentials and the 'Hungry Mile'
- Author
-
Wheelahan, Leesa and Moodie, Gavin
- Abstract
This paper argues that micro-credentials are gig credentials for the gig economy. Micro-credentials are short competency-based industry-aligned units of learning, while the gig economy comprises contingent work by individual 'suppliers'. Both can be facilitated by (often the same) digital platforms, and both are underpinned by social relations of precariousness in the labour market and in society. They are mutually reinforcing and each has the potential to amplify the other. Rather than presenting new opportunities for social inclusion and access to education, they contribute to the privatisation of education by unbundling the curriculum and blurring the line between public and private provision in higher education. They accelerate the transfer of the costs of employment preparation, induction, and progression from governments and employers to individuals. Micro-credentials contribute to 'disciplining' higher education in two ways: first by building tighter links between higher education and workplace requirements (rather than whole occupations), and through ensuring universities are more 'responsive' to employer demands in a competitive market crowded with other types of providers. Instead of micro-credentials, progressive, democratic societies should seek to ensure that all members of society have access to a meaningful qualification that has value in the labour market and in society more broadly, and as a bridge to further education. This is a broader vision of education in which the purpose of education is to prepare individuals to live lives they have reason to value, and not just in the specifics required of particular jobs.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Do Immigrants Experience Labor Market Mismatch? New Evidence from the U.S. Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
- Author
-
Pivovarova, Margarita and Powers, Jeanne M.
- Abstract
In this study, we investigated the factors associated with education-job mismatches among US workers by immigrant generation. We used the data from the U.S. sample of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and documented the distribution of education-job mismatches across selected independent variables. We estimated the relationship between the individual characteristics of workers and education-job mismatch using multinomial logistic regressions and found that on average, immigrant workers were more likely to be overmatched for the jobs they held in the U.S. labor market, with first-generation workers being overmatched more frequently than second-generation workers. Our results imply that some adjustments towards a merit-based system of immigration might be beneficial for integrating newcomer immigrants into the labor market.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Educational Services for Intellectual Capital Growth or Transmission of Culture for Transfer of Knowledge--Consumer Satisfaction at St. Petersburg Universities
- Author
-
Pokrovskaia, Nadezhda N., Ababkova, Marianna Yu, and Fedorov, Denis A.
- Abstract
Higher education has complex roles in society, the economy, and politics; it helps to transmit culture, transfer knowledge, and develop the personality of citizens. This diversity of roles is confronted with the limited resources that are related to the sources of financing, that is, students and their families, the national government, and local authorities, among others. The discussions related to the role of universities concern the economy of knowledge and the digital tools influencing education. The specific case of St. Petersburg universities simultaneously represents the impact of the deep socio-political transition from Soviet society to the liberal principles of a market economy, including the perception of higher education institutions as service sector companies. The services allowed by universities include research and training; however, from the consumer point of view, universities should create specific value: the increase of the intellectual components of human capital. These complex functions are interconnected. During 2017--2018, a survey in St. Petersburg was organised to ascertain the opinion of students, professors, and employers on the quality of education. The results of the survey demonstrate the impact of the exaggerated implementation of the liberal principles on education, both positive and negative. The positive effect is the renewing of content and innovative training techniques due to competition among universities. The negative impacts include the preference for popular disciplines and the opportunistic behavior of students that lose their passion for acquiring knowledge and choose instead the passive attitude of consumers of a competitive service. They are less interested in the sphere of their studies, in searching for a job, in the interaction with other social and economic actors, and even in the research and education options presented by the universities.
- Published
- 2019
34. Economic Value of the Doctorates: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review
- Author
-
Hawkes, Denise and Griazina, Aleksandra
- Abstract
Following human capital theory, the investment in education should result in wage gains over time and increased productivity. Thuswise, some governments became more active in stimulating citizens into pursuing advanced degrees by introducing loans and other support schemes. British policy makers went further by first launching graduate loans for students pursuing Master degrees followed by announcing the loan scheme for PhD students to start in 2018. Will keeping more young professionals away from joining the labour force and increasing their educational debt pay off in economic terms for those students? This systematic literature review is motivated by the possible contradiction in governmental objective to increase the number of doctoral students, while their ability to find the jobs which fit their qualifications and payment expectations might be questioned. This review shows that systematic data on doctoral graduates and the labour market is quite limited, with employers outside academia mostly being unsatisfied with lack of 'commercial awareness', flexibility and adaptivity to new environments in young PhD degree holders. At the same time the role of the degree and expectations coming with it are changing and doctorate students are expected not only to produce a thesis, but to teach, publish papers and develop transferable skills.
- Published
- 2019
35. Creating Lawful Opportunities for Adult Refugee Labour Market Mobility: A Conceptual Framework for a VET, Skills and Qualifications-Based Complementary Pathway to Protection
- Author
-
Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training
- Abstract
Creating labour mobility opportunities allowing refugees to move lawfully from first asylum countries to receiving countries, based on their skills and qualifications and recipient labour market needs, is a policy idea that deserves to be explored and tested. The conceptual framework presented in this report sketches the potential, the key elements and main issues to be addressed in creating such opportunities through a skills-based complementary pathway to protection. The central element of a skills-based pathway is matching refugees' skills and qualifications and labour market needs in a potential receiving country that offers adult refugees a clear perspective of employment with a clear route to self-reliance. The process must also safeguard political, social and economic sustainability in the receiving country, creating a triple win situation: for the refugees themselves, for the first asylum countries and for the receiving countries.
- Published
- 2019
36. Excess Credits and Labor Market Outcomes: Is There a Return on Additional Hours of Education?
- Author
-
Robb, Cliff, Heckman, Stuart, and Chanda, Trisha
- Abstract
We explore the impact of excess credits, defined as additional credit hours accumulated by students beyond the required number of hours, on labor market outcomes. We consider whether additional credits have any impact on the labor market outcomes of job mismatch and income. Data are taken from the Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B) study, a longitudinal survey of graduating seniors drawn from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Our results did not find any evidence of excess credits having any influence on job mismatch or income, suggesting that excess credits are neither harmful nor beneficial from a job market perspective. This may be due to the general noisiness of the measure, as excess credits can arise from numerous, contrary circumstances.
- Published
- 2022
37. Does University Prestige Lead to Discrimination in the Labor Market? Evidence from a Labor Market Field Experiment in Three Countries
- Author
-
Mihut, Georgiana
- Abstract
Do employers prioritize university prestige above an applicant's skills in the hiring process? To distinguish between the effect of human capital in the hiring process from the effect of the name of the graduating university--while controlling for networking effects--2,400 fictitious applications were submitted to IT and accounting jobs in the US, UK, and Australia. The resumes belonged to fictitious citizens, both female and male. For each sector of the labor market, two resumes were designed. One resume had a high skills match with the generic requirements of entry level jobs in each sector. A second resume had a low skills match with the same requirements. For each country, one high-ranked university and one non-high-ranked university were selected to signal prestige. The name of the graduating university and the sex of the applicant were randomly assigned on otherwise identical resumes. High skills match applications were 79 percent more likely to receive a callback than low skills match applications. University prestige and sex were not statistically significant predictors of callbacks. These findings suggest that human capital, and not university prestige, predicts callback outcomes in skill intensive sectors of the labor market for entry-level applicants with a bachelor's degree.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Ethnic Inequalities in the Transition from Education to Work: A Longitudinal Analysis of School, College and University Graduates
- Author
-
Lillehagen, Mats and Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth
- Abstract
Each year, students graduate from schools, colleges and universities. Some find a job quickly -- others do not. Delays in the transition from education to work have been associated with scarring effects and detrimental effects on later employment and career progression. Increasing numbers of graduates from universities and colleges are descendants of immigrants. The labour market performance of children of immigrants arguably constitutes an important test of the long-term structural integration of ethnic minorities. Using comprehensive Norwegian administrative data on complete birth cohorts, we apply discrete time hazard regression to examine ethnic inequalities in relative transition rates from education to work, comparing majority graduates to 10 groups of Norwegian-born second-generation immigrants from the 1973 to 1997 birth cohorts (N = 964,450 persons with 1,901,171 person-years). We find clear evidence of ethnic inequalities in transition rates, where children of immigrants or African origin fare the worst. Second, the overall patterns mostly remain unaffected when adjusted for factors like educational field, marriage status, children and parental background. Third, we find that the minority disadvantages are less marked at lower levels of education for some groups.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Determining Factors in Graduate Recruitment and Preparing Students for Success
- Author
-
Jackson, Denise, Riebe, Linda, and Macau, Flavio
- Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate graduate employer perceptions of determining factors in recruitment decisions and their preferred use of recruitment channels. This study drew on the employability capitals model to interpret findings and identify ways to better prepare higher education students for recruitment and selection. This is particularly important in declining graduate labour markets, further weakened by COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: This study gathered data from surveying 183 Australian employers from different organisational settings. Responses were analysed using descriptive and multivariate techniques, the latter exploring variations by role type, sector and organisation size. Findings: Findings reaffirmed the criticality of students having the right disposition and demonstrating professional capabilities during recruitment, highlighting the value of building cultural and human capital during university years. Recruitment channels that require students to mobilise their identity and social capital were prioritised, particularly among private sector organisations. Work-based internships/placements were considered important for identifying graduate talent and developing strong industry-educator partnerships, needed for building networks between students and employers. Originality/value: This study provides valuable insights into determinants of graduate recruitment decision-making from the employer perspective. These highlight to students the important role of capitals, and how they can be developed to optimise recruitment success. This study presents practical strategies for universities to build their students' human, social, cultural and identity capital. Findings on the prioritisation of recruitment channels among graduate employers from different sectors will enable students and universities to better prepare for future recruitment. It emphasises that student engagement with employability-related activities is a critical resource for an effective transition to the workplace.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. What Factors Determine the Development of Employability Skills in Nigerian Higher Education?
- Author
-
Igwe, Paul Agu, Lock, Deborah, and Rugara, David Gamariel
- Abstract
Employability is a set of skills, knowledge and personal attributes that make an individual adapt to changes in the labour market. This study applies 'Human Capital Theory' (HCT) and the 'theory of Interrole Learning Transfer' (ILT) to examine factors which affect the attitudes, motivations and actions of learners towards their future employability. A qualitative approach enabled in-depth interviews with 36 participants drawn from academics, students, company managers and policymakers. Our findings reveal that there is a disconnect between the teaching of theoretical knowledge and employability skills. Higher education (HE) is presented to Nigerians as if young people must achieve a degree certificate to have a chance to succeed in life. Also, it appears that students have a notion that the certificate is enough to evidence ability. The findings lead to the development of 'employability model' which proposes that individual orientation and institutional factors determine the enactment of employability skills.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Neoliberalism and Government Responses to COVID-19: Ramifications for Early Childhood Education and Care
- Author
-
Sims, Margaret, Calder, Pamela, Moloney, Mary, Rothe, Antje, Rogers, Marg, Doan, Laura, Kakana, Domna, and Georgiadou, Sofia
- Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an opportunity to examine the initial policies developed by Australian, Canadian, English, German, Greek and Irish governments to limit the spread of the virus. This has revealed governments' conceptualisation of the early childhood sector and its workforce. This paper argues that neoliberal ideology and neoliberal imaginaries have already influenced the early childhood sector globally. During the pandemic, the choices that governments made at the outset of the pandemic has allowed their priorities and underlying ideology to be more transparent. Using an ethnographic methodology, early childhood researchers from each of the six countries, examined their individual governments policy responses and the effects on the early childhood sector during its initial months (between March and June 2020). The authors consider the extent to which this may have implications for the sector in how it should continue its ongoing pursuit of professionalisation of the sector.
- Published
- 2022
42. Which Are the Predictors of Perceived Employability? An Approach Based on Three Studies
- Author
-
Caballero, Gloria, Álvarez-González, Paula, and López-Miguens, María Jesús
- Abstract
This study proposes a holistic model of perceived employability in university students, covering the following five areas: human capital, social capital, cultural capital, individual attributes and behaviours, and contextual factors. Three studies comprising five experts and 1,088 students were performed. Through these studies, the psychometric properties of the scales used were verified, and the proposed theoretical structural model was estimated. The results confirm that university student networks, labour market and self-confidence in job searching and university are the most important factors in graduates' perception of employability.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. International Human Capital in the Local Labour Market: Experiences of the Foreign-Educated Kazakhstani Graduates
- Author
-
Tolesh, Fariza
- Abstract
Using mixed methods research approach, this study explores the employment experiences of the Kazakhstani graduates with international human capital in the domestic labour market. Human and social capital theories and Spence's signalling theory are utilised to explain and consider how investment into and internationalisation of those capitals and signalling attributes contribute to the graduates' after-return labour market participation scenarios. The findings indicate that international education significantly improves graduate employability and widens opportunities. However, the limited options and capacity of the local labour market as well as the attitudinal differences between the Soviet era senior administration and foreign-educated graduates represent serious challenges.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Knowledge Mapping of Skills Mismatch Phenomenon: A Scientometric Analysis
- Author
-
Draissi, Zineb, Zhanyong, Qi, and Raguindin, Princess Zarla Jurado
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to understand the development track of skills mismatch research and discover the hidden internal connections between literature. Design/methodology/approach: The authors gathered data through scientometric quantitative analysis using CiteSpace. Specifically, this article applied basic analysis, journal cocitation analysis (JCA), author cocitation analysis (ACA) and document cocitation analysis (DCA), cluster analysis, citation burstness detection, scientific research cooperation analysis and coconcurrence analysis of keywords of 3,125 documents from Web of Science core collections for the period 2000-2020. Findings: Through the document cocitation analysis and the keywords' co-occurrence, this article identifies influential scholars, documents, research institutions, journals and research hotspots in research on the skills mismatch phenomenon. The results showed that the publications had ballooned, and the phenomenon has become an interdisciplinary research subject. The USA and Finland remain the main contributors, which is attributed to their high-yield institutions such as the University of Helsinki, the University of Witwatersrand, the University of Washington and so on. While the African continent lacks research on skills mismatch even with the continent's effort to overcome such a crucial issue. The paper presents an in-depth analysis of skills and educational mismatch issues to better understand the evolutionary trajectory of the collective knowledge over the past 20 years and highlight the areas of active pursuit. Research limitations/implications: The authors only used Web of Science core collection to collect data; however, they can added Scopus indexed database as well to extend the research trends and explore more new research hot topics to solve the skills mismatch phenomenon. Originality/value: The scientometric analysis is of great significance for identifying the potential relationship between the literature and investigating the knowledge evolution of skills mismatch research. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization are the giants who are mostly concerned of the mismatch skills phenomenon. Researchers can refer to this study to understand the status quo, gaps and research trends to deal with the skills mismatch issue.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Developing Graduate Employability for a Challenging Labour Market: The Validation of the Graduate Capital Scale
- Author
-
Tomlinson, Michael, McCafferty, Hazel, Port, Andy, Maguire, Nick, Zabelski, Alexandra E., Butnaru, Andreea, Charles, Megan, and Kirby, Sarah
- Abstract
Purpose: This article provides empirical validation of the Graduate Capital Model, adopted at a UK Russell Group University as a tool to analyse and support the career preparedness of both undergraduates and postgraduate students. An overview of employability capitals and how the development of these will potentially result in positive employment outcomes is explored. We describe the development of a psychometric tool "the Graduate Capital Scale" that seeks to operationalize these capitals. We then draw on data to establish the factor structure, reliability and validity of the tool. Design/methodology/approach: This paper introduces a new psychometric instrument, called the "Graduate Capital Scale"; this self-reflective tool aligns closely with the five capitals within the Graduate Capital Model (Tomlinson, 2017) and has been designed for higher education students to self-assess their confidence in transitioning to the graduate labour market. Findings: Based on a sample of 1,501 students across data collection waves, the findings from the psychometric scale show good factor reliability and validity for the constructs central to the overarching Graduate Capital Model. Within each of the component of the model, high factors loading emerged for a range of scale items, including subject-related skills, social networking, perceived job market fit and engagement with extra-curricula activities. Few gender differences emerged across the constructs. Research limitations/implications: The research was confined to a specific English university comprised of mainly academically high-achieving and higher socio-economic students. However, there is significant scope for the model and related scale tool to be applied to diverse student groups given its wholistic nature. Practical implications: The scale has considerable potential to be incorporated into careers practices and also embedded into course programmes as it aligns with a range of related learning outcomes. There is significant scope for this approach to complement a range of pedagogical and practical career interventions, including: self-reflective tools within tutorials; measures of learning gain for specific interventions such as careers coaching and mentoring; and as a personal reflective tool in careers guidance. Social implications: The approach developed through this employability tool has scope to be used for diverse graduate groups, including those with lower levels of career confidence, preparedness and insight and including those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Originality/value: This paper has introduced and demonstrated the validity of a practical careers and employability development tool that has significant practical applicability for students, graduates and practitioners. Moreover, this scale supports a pre-existing conceptually driven model and has demonstrated a clear alignment between theory and practice in the area of graduate employability.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Essays on International Migration and Human Capital Accumulation
- Author
-
Sandra Spirovska
- Abstract
In this dissertation, I explore how international migration and environmental pollution shape human capital accumulation and labor market outcomes.The first chapter examines how college enrollment and major choice decisions of young adults in migrant-sending countries are affected by the removal of international migration barriers. My identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in migration costs during the 2004 European Union (EU) enlargement to compare enrollment in newly admitted sending countries and incumbent destination countries. I use microlevel data from the EU Labor Force Survey and an event study framework to show that college enrollment in new states increased 15-25% in anticipation of better migration opportunities, and up to 30% once borders opened. College students in new states were more likely to enroll in college majors related to occupations with labor shortages in destination countries. To disentangle the effects of migration costs and wages on enrollment, I develop a model of college major choice with a migration option. Counterfactual policy experiments indicate that sending country enrollment is highly sensitive to migration penalties, but less sensitive to domestic college wage increases. The second chapter explores the effect of large migration outflows on local wages and the gender wage gap. I estimate the short-run net effect of emigration on real gross monthly earnings in 10 Central and Eastern European countries using a simple structural factor demand model. The model assumes that workers across education, workers within education and across age, and workers within education--age groups and across gender are imperfect substitutes. I find that the large emigration occurring due to EU accession increases average wages as much as 3.5%. In most countries, these gains are concentrated among young and highly educated female and male workers, while workers with an intermediate level of education see negligible wage gains or even losses. Finally, female workers exhibit higher wage gains than men, which indicates a possible decrease in the gender wage gap as a result of emigration. The third chapter is co-authored with Ludovica Gazze and Claudia Persico and explores the long-run spillover effects of lead. Children exposed to pollutants like lead have lower achievement in school and are more likely to engage in risky behavior. Because children interact daily in the classroom, lead-exposed children might affect the long-run outcomes of their non-lead exposed peers. We estimate these spillover effects using unique data on preschool blood lead levels (BLLs)matched to education data for all students in North Carolina public schools. We compare siblings whose school-grade cohorts differ in the proportion of children with elevated BLLs, holding constant school and peers' demographics. Having more lead-exposed peers is associated with lower high-school graduation and SAT-taking rates and increased suspensions and absences. Peer effects are larger for black students. Based on the lower likelihood of graduating high school alone, we estimate that the spillover effect of lead exposure is $9.2 billion per birth-year cohort. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2022
47. Essays on Education and Lifecycle Labor Market Outcomes
- Author
-
Lawrence Costa
- Abstract
I study the effect of higher education on lifecycle earnings and focus on three ways in which education may help drive earnings: the effect of higher education on one's skills, the effect on one's ability to accumulate new skills in the future, and the relationship between education and one's likelihood of unemployment. In the first chapter, I examine whether a rising college earnings premium has contributed to increased earnings inequality over the past 50 years. I answer this with a model of college linked to a Ben-Porath human capital problem. The model is estimated from data on college attainment rates and lifecycle income profiles, which I document by education level. I find that lifetime earnings inequality within cohorts has risen significantly since the 1970s but little of this is directly attributable to the college premium. Higher tuition is also not particularly important. Increasing earnings risk seems to be the main driver, with higher college return dispersion a contributing factor.In the second chapter, I look at how unemployment risk affects the earnings distribution and the trajectory of lifetime earnings. I use a lifecycle human capital model where workers accrue both general and career-specific skills and face unpredictable transitory unemployment shocks. Through unemployment's effect on career-specific human capital, I find that unemployment risk explains a seeming contradiction where college graduates' earnings are characterized by high lifecycle dispersion but low year-to-year variation relative to those with less education. As in prior work, I find that variation in total lifetime earnings is mostly driven by differences among people before they enter adulthood, but unemployment risk significantly affects the mean. Moreover, my framework also explains recent findings on the distribution of earnings changes, particularly the notable skew and leptokurtosis. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2022
48. Skills and Earnings in the Full-Time Labor Market. The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series
- Author
-
Educational Testing Service (ETS), Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, Fogg, Neeta, Harrington, Paul, and Khatiwada, Ishwar
- Abstract
This paper is the first in a series of policy reports dealing with the impact of human capital investments on the U.S. labor market. It is part of a larger series of papers from the ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education that uses data from the "Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies" (PIAAC) to better understand the relationship between human capital and opportunity in America today. Research on labor market gains associated with investments in human capital most frequently relies on years of schooling completed, or educational credentials, as a measure of human capital. Indeed, it is commonplace in speeches by college presidents to touch upon the increased earnings associated with a college education. Over the past four decades, the size of the average earnings advantage for completing a bachelor's degree has grown substantially. Large increases in college enrollment rates among young people have resulted--as have large increases in college tuition and fees and skyrocketing student debt. Yet while the gains from a college education can be quite large, that's not the whole story. Like any investment activity, the economic payoffs do not accrue to everyone. This paper raises the specter that, under some conditions, college enrollment may offer no economic benefit at all. Using newly available data on the literacy and numeracy proficiencies of American adults produced by the Survey of Adult Skills of PIAAC, this paper examines the independent effects of three key measures of human capital--basic skills, educational attainment, and work experience--on the earnings of prime-age (25 to 54 years old), full-time employed workers in the United States. In line with human capital theory, this study found a strong connection between earnings and each measure, with the details revealing strong gains for those with the most skills and education, but little or no gain, in one particular example, for those who fail to gain a bachelor's degree.
- Published
- 2018
49. The Rate of Return to Educational Investment for Engineers: Evidence from the Private Sector in China
- Author
-
Fengliang, Li, Manli, Li, and Morgan, W. John
- Abstract
It is well-known that engineering is a key profession for both economic and social development. This is as true for China as it is for other countries which are in the process of development. However, what are the economic incentives for young people to enter the profession today? Currently, there are many studies of the rate of return to educational investment, but recent empirical studies of the rate of return to educational investment for engineers are uncommon. This is true generally, but especially for contemporary China. This is because it is difficult to obtain high-quality and representative sample data about engineers. This paper uses the data of the Chinese Family Panel Studies, 2010, and applies a Mincerian income function to estimate the rate of return to education for engineers who work in the private sector in urban China. The empirical results show that the rate of return for engineers is 12.3%, which is an impressive figure. It is in accordance with the current supply and demand of the Chinese labour market which requires many engineers to carry out construction and maintenance projects given China's continuing industrialisation, modernisation and urbanisation. However, the empirical results also show that compared with the rate of return to education for professional and technical personnel who are employed in business economics and finance, the rate of return for engineers is significantly lower. This may explain why in China today the attraction of engineering education for talented young people is declining, with more and more students choosing business economics and finance as their first choices of major and career, rather than engineering as in the past.
- Published
- 2018
50. The Role of Kenyan Universities in National Development
- Author
-
Odhiambo, George
- Abstract
The contribution of university education to sustainable development of society has become one of the most important activities of higher education institutions. After 55 years of independence, it is time to take a critical look at the role of university education in nation building in Kenya. Since independence, access and difficulties of maintaining standards of quality and efficiency with marginal available resources--more recently highlighted by a commission on higher education report--have been some of the key challenges in university education and these have impacted on the sector's contribution to the country's development. Embracing secondary data sources, the purpose of this paper is to explore the contribution that university institutions have played in Kenyan development using a framework of human capital theory. The paper concludes that long-term economic growth can only be achieved through investment in a highly skilled workforce and university education is particularly critical in this regard.
- Published
- 2018
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.