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Background: One of the biggest global occupational threats, especially in the outdoor workplace, is climate change and global warming, as workers are exposed to the heat stress leading to reduced performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of workplace climate on labor productivity index in the agricultural sector. Methods: In this study, data related to environmental variables of 215 synoptic meteorological stations in Khuzestan province were collected from three climatic regions (hot, mild, and cold). Using MATLAB R 2018b mathematical software based on ASHRAE/ISO7730 standard values by designing some scenarios, predicted mean vote (PMV) index, and then, labor productivity index (P) were estimated. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Results: The results showed that in the hot regions, there is a significant inverse relationship between P index and the main environmental variables (ta, tr, pa). In the cold regions, increasing the amount of ta and tr in light and medium workload improved the P index, but for heavy workload, it reduced productivity, and the most effective factor was increasing air vapor pressure. In the mild regions, the most effective factor in productivity was air vapor pressure. In addition, the results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient showed that PMV index has a direct and significant relationship with P index. Conclusion: Regarding the increasing trend of climate change and its effect on the desired thermal comfort and productivity, well structure and planning is needed to manage farm workers health.

Farmworkers in the coffee production section at CV. Frinsa Agrolestari are dominated by women, namely 9 women and 5 men. While the coffee production process is fairly heavy, female farmworkers continue to become workers in this company. The large number of females as farm workers can be caused by the low income in her family. Inadequate income from her husband salary will encourage some of the wifes to get additional income. This research was motivated by this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of welfare of female farmworker families, the contribution of female farmworkers income to the family income, and the motivation of female farmworkers working in the production field at the coffee factory of CV. Frinsa Agrolestari, Margamulya Village, Pangalengan, Bandung Regency. The approach taken in this research was a qualitative approach, using a case study with interviews based on indicators of family welfare levels according to the regulation of BKKBN in the year of 2005. The results of the study showed that the family welfare level of a female working in the field of coffee production at CV. Frinsa Agrolestari was in the Prosperous Family category I indicating that the income can fulfill basic needs such as clothing, shelter, health, and education. Contribution of income of female farmworkers to the family income ranged from 22.2% (the lowest) to 50% (the highest). Motivation of the female farmworkers to work is 89% due to economic reasons and 11% due to social reasons. Keywords: family, farm, labor, welfare,women

This paper provides evidence on the impacts of agricultural productivity on employment growth and structural transformation of non-farm activities. To guide the empirical work, this paper develops a general equilibrium model that emphasizes distinctions among non-farm activities in terms of tradable-non-tradable and the formal-informal characteristics. The model shows that when a significant portion of village income is spent on town/urban goods, restricting empirical analysis to the village sample leads to underestimation of agriculture's role in employment growth and transformation of non-farm activities. Using rainfall as an instrument for agricultural productivity, empirical analysis finds a significant positive effect of agricultural productivity growth on growth of informal (small-scale) manufacturing and skilled services employment, mainly in education and health services. For formal employment, the effect of agricultural productivity growth on employment is found to be largest in the samples that include urban areas and rural towns compared with rural areas alone. Agricultural productivity growth is found to induce structural transformation within the services sector with employment in formal/skilled services growing at a faster pace than that of low skilled services.

In September 2002, Governor Gray Davis signed the first major amendments to the 1975 Agri-cultural Labor Relations Act in 27 years. Under these amendments, if a farm employer and certified union are unable to negotiate a first collective bargaining agreement within 6 months, a mediator can impose an agreement. The number of contracts in California agriculture has declined precipitously since the mid-1980s, and we are skeptical that mandatory mediation will sharply increase the number of workers employed on farms under collective bargaining agreements.