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Scientific and technical activities in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea began in August 1945, when the country was liberated from the yoke of Japanese imperialist colonial rule. Before Liberation the country was backward, colonial and semi-feudal. At that time there were no higher education establishments, or scientific and research institutions and few technical personnel. However, under the leadership of President Kim Il Sung since Liberation, the economy, science and technology in the country has developed rapidly. Education work amongst the people became a basis for social development, so that the Government of the Republic, even under difficult conditions of the country, put cadre training work ahead of all the work and made great strides. Thus, immediately after Liberation, Kim II Sung University was founded and following it, many research institutes and educational establishments at all levels were set up. From 1975 universal 11-year compulsory education was enforced. The Government established scientific and research institutions in various fields of national economy, taking account of the current and prospective requirements of national economy and scientific and technical development.