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Ozljeda prednjih križnih ligamenata vrlo je česta danas. Cilj završnog rada je prikazati nastanak i rehabilitaciju u ranoj fazi ozljede. Koljeno je vrlo složen zglob pa je oporavak dugotrajan i mukotrpan. Kod potpune rupture ligamenta izvodi se operativni zahvat nakon kojeg bolesnik boravi na odjelu ortopedije i traumatologije. Slabo je pokretan pa se izvode vježbe cirkulacije i disanja kako bi se spriječile posljedice i oštećenja kardiovaskularnog sustava. U početnoj fazi je vrlo važno ukloniti bol i edem koji predstavljaju najveći problem kako za rehabilitaciju tako i za psihološko stanje pacijenta. Kako bi se smanjila upala, odnosno edem koristi se krioterapija. Važno je postići punu ekstenziju u zglobu u prvoj fazi pa se koristi kinetek za pasivno razgibavanje i aktivno potpomognute vježbe. Zbog imobilizacije snaga mišića natkoljenice je vrlo oslabljena pa elektrostimulacijom dobivamo poticaj mišića na pokret, a statičkim vježbama jačamo oslabljene mišiće, posebice m. quadriceps jer on izvodi ekstenziju, a u toj ranoj fazi baziramo se na tom pokretu. Bolesnika je bitno educirati o izvođenju svakodnevnih aktivnosti, naravno i hodanja sa štakama. Na početku bolesnik nikako ne smije punom težinom opteretiti nogu jer zglob nakon operacije nije stabilan i može se dogoditi ponovno oštećenje unutar zgloba. Smije opteretiti nogu minimalno tek toliko da dobije osjećaj položaja zgloba. To je ujedno i prvobitni cilj rehabilitacije, samostalno kretanje kao i obavljanje aktivnosti svakodnevnog života. U kasnijoj fazi, kad bolesnik savlada prvobitne ciljeve, uvode se aktivne vježbe kojima se poboljšavaju motoričke funkcije kao što su snaga, propriocepcija i ravnoteža. Također bolesnika se priprema na profesionalne aktivnosti, te ako je osoba sportaš na aktivnosti u sportu. Anterior cruciate ligament injury is very common today. The goal of the final paper is to show the occurence of injury and rehabilitation in the early stages of that injury. The knee is a very complex joint, so the recovery is long and arduous. In the case of a complete rupture of the ligament, surgery is performed after which the patient stays in the traumatology department.The patient is poorly mobile, so circulation and breathing exercises are performed to prevent the consequences of other systems of the human body. In the initial phase, it is very important to remove pain and edema, which represent the biggest problem in rehabilitation as well as for the patient's psychological condition. In order to reduce inflammation or edema, cryotherapy is used. It is important to achieve full extension in the joint in the first phase so kinetek is used for passive stretching and actively supported exercises. Because of immobilization, the strength of the muscles of the upper leg is greatly weakened, so by electrostimulation we gain the stimulation of muscles to move, and with static exercises we strengthen weakened muscles, especially m quadriceps because it performs the extension, and in that early phase we base on that movement. It is important to educate the patient about the performance of daily activities, and also of course how to walk with crutches. At the beginning, the patient must never put full weight on the leg because the joint is not stable after surgery and re-damage can occur within the joint. The patient may load the leg minimally, just enough to get a sense of the position of the joint. It is at the same time the original goal of rehabilitation, independent movement as well as the performance of daily life activities. In the later phase, when the patient overcomes the original goals, active exercises are introduced with which motor functions such as strength, proprioception and balance are improved. Also the patient is being prepared for professional activities and, if the person is an athlete, for activities in sports.

Infarkt miokarda povezan je sa stvaranjem plakova na unutarnjoj stijenci arterije, koji smanjuje ili blokira dotok krvi u srce, te na taj način oštećuje srčane mišiće zbog nedostatka opskrbe kisikom. Znajući da istraživanja pokazuju kako je čak 54% smrtnih slučajeva uzrokovano bolešću srca te krvnih žila, krucijalno je provesti proces kineziterapije osoba s preboljelim infarktom miokarda. Osim lijekova, vježbanje je dobro poznata metoda za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti, posebice infarkta miokarda. Istraživanja su također pokazala značajnu vrijednost vježbanja u rehabilitaciji istih bolesti, a tri su osnovne faze rehabilitacije: rana faza, konvalescentna i post-konvalescentna. Myocardial infarction is associated with the formation of plaques on the inner wall of the artery, which reduces or blocks blood flow to the heart, thus damaging the heart muscles due to lack of oxygen supply. Knowing that research shows that as many as 54% of deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease, it is crucial to carry out the process of kinesitherapy for people with myocardial infarction. In addition to medication, exercise is a well-known method of preventing cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction. Research has also shown significant value in exercising in the rehabilitation of the same diseases, and there are three basic phases of rehabilitation: early phase, convalescence, and the post-convalescence period.

U područjima rekreacije i kineziterapije nerijetko se spominje odabir vježbi iz koncepta otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca. Oba koncepta imaju zajedničke karakteristike i svoju primjenu, bitno je poznavanje njihovih osnovnih biomehaničkih i fizioloških razlika kod odabira vježbi. Prilikom izvođenja odabranih vježbi otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca moguć je diferenciran utjecaj na lokomotorni sustav ovisno o cilju kineziološkog tretmana. Vježbe otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca imaju svoje prednosti i nedostatke, njihovom usporedbom, načinom praktične primjene u treningu i kineziterapiji sa rekreativnom populacijom može se kvalitetnije odabrati skup vježbi za rješavanje određenog kineziološkog problema. Cilj je dobro poznavanje karakteristika oba koncepta, a ne traženja odgovora na pitanje „koji je koncept bolji“ jer oba imaju svoje prednosti i nedostatke. Poznavanjem značajki oba koncepta odabir vježbi za grupu i pojedinca može biti primjereniji ciljevima te se rezultati u tjelesnom vježbanju i kineziterapiji mogu postići na brži, učinkovitiji i svrsishodniji način. In the fields of recreation and kinesitherapy, the selection of exercises from the concept of open and closed kinetic chain is often mentioned. Both concepts have common characteristics and applications for themselves, and it is important to know their basic biomechanical and physiological differences. When performing selected open and closed kinetic chain exercises, we can influence the locomotor system differently depending on the goal of the kinesiological treatment. Open and closed kinetic chain exercises have their advantages and disadvantages, by comparing them, the method of practical application in training and kinesitherapy with the recreational population, you can choose a better set of exercises to solve a particular kinesiological problem. The goal is to have a good knowledge of the characteristics in both concepts, and not to separate them into a concept which is better because neither of those two concepts is ideal. With a quality knowledge of the characteristics, the selection of exercises for the selected group and individuals can be of better quality and the results can be achieved in a better and more meaningful way.

Multipla skleroza kronična je autoimuna bolest središnjeg ţivčanog sustava koja se manifestira propadanjem mijelinske ovojnice na živčanoj stanici. Propadanje mijelinske ovojnice dovodi do prestanka pravilnog prijenosa impulsa između ţivĉanih stanica. Mulitpla skleroza je idiopatska bolest, točnije, uzrok same bolesti je nepoznat, ali se pretpostavlja da se bolest prenosi genetski ili preboljelom upalnom bolesti središnjeg živčanog sustava. Kod većine bolesnika, prvi znaci bolesti javljaju se između dvadesete i pedesete godine života, a čak tri puta češće obolijevaju žene. Multipla skleroza očituje se kroz dvije faze. Faza egzacerbacije stanje je kada se javljaju simptomi bolesti i opće stanje bolesnika je jako loše. Faza remisije je stanje kada bolest miruje, točnije, kada nema simptoma bolesti. Simptomi ovise o oštećenju mijelinske ovojnice, a najčešće se javljaju smetnje u motorici, smetnje mokrenja, trnci duž jedne strane tijela, smanjen balans te spasticitet. Uzroci nastanka su genetska sklonost, autoimuna reakcija te utjecaj vanjskih faktora kao što su zamor i stres. U liječenju simptoma bolesti uvelike pomažu lijekovi i kineziterapijski postupci koji ublažavaju spasticitet (anksiolitici i fizikalna terapija), ublažavaju umor i malaksalost, smanjuje se bol analgeticima te se potiče aktivnost cijelog tijela. U liječenju osoba od multiple skleroze, važnu ulogu ima fizioterapeut koji mora napraviti plan i program vježbi te provoditi vrijeme sa svakim bolesnikom posebno jer je pristup oboljelim osobama individualan. Veliku važnost pridonosi edukacija obitelji o bolesti te kako najbolje pomoći osobi u stanju egzacerbacije. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which is manifested by the deterioration of the myelin sheath on the nerve cell. Decay of the myelin sheath leads to the cessation of proper transmission of impulses between nerve cells. Mulitpla sclerosis is an idiopathic disease, more precisely, the cause of the disease itself is unknown, but it is assumed that the disease is transmitted genetically or by a survivor of the inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. In most patients, the first signs of the disease occur between the ages of 20 and 50, and as many as three times more often women get sick.Multiple sclerosis manifests itself through two stages. The exacerbation phase is the condition when symptoms of the disease appear and the general condition of the patient is very bad. The stage of remission is a condition when the disease idles, more precisely, when there are no symptoms of the disease. Symptoms depend on damage to the myelin sheath, and most often there are disturbances in the motor system, disturbances in urination, tingling along one side of the body, reduced balance and spasticity. The causes of the occurrence are genetic preference, autoimmune reaction and the influence of external factors such as fatigue and stress. Drugs and kinesitherapy procedures that relieve spasticity (anxiolytics and physical therapy), relieve fatigue and malaise, reduce pain with painkillers and stimulate the activity of the whole body are greatly assisted in the treatment of symptoms of the disease. In the treatment of people for multiple sclerosis, an important role is played by a physiotherapist who must make a plan and program of exercises and spend time with each patient separately because the approach to the affected persons is individual. Family education about the disease and how best to help a person in a state of exacerbation contributes to great importance.

U ovom diplomskom radu prikazati će se kako se pomoću kineziterapijskog programa može smanjiti utjecaj pojave posttraumatskog osteoartritisa nakon ozljede prednje ukrižene sveze. Osteoartritis koljena nastaje zbog propadanja zglobnih struktura unutar koljenskog zgloba. Mogući razlozi pojave su traume na koljenu, prekomjerna tjelesna težina, životna dob... Pošto točan uzrok oboljenja od osteartritisa nije poznat, liječenje se svodi na saniranje simptoma i smanjenje funkcionalne nesposobnosti. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je podvrsta osteoartritisa. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je progresivni patogeni proces. Njegovo rano otkrivanje od izuzetnog je značaja jer nudi bolje mogućnosti saniranja problema. Što se osteoartritis kasnije otkrije, to su lošije prognoze učinka intervencije. Glavni zadatak kineziterapijskog programa koji je opisan u radu je olakšati bolesniku normalno svakodnevno funkcioniranje u životu i poboljšati kvalitetu njegova života (smanjiti bol, povećati pokretljivost koljena, povećati mišićnu masu na donjim ekstremitetima). Kineziterapijski program je osmišljen u dvije razine, osnovni i napredni. U njemu se nalaze vježbe za jačanje donjih ekstremiteta, vježbe za opseg pokreta, i vježbe stabilizacije. Veliku ulogu u vježbanju imaju unutarnji čimbenici bolesnika, a to se odnosi na volju, želju i motivaciju koju bolesnik ima za vježbanjem, tj. za poboljšanjem vlastitog zdravlja. This thesis will show how the kinesitherapy program can reduce the impact of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee osteoarthritis occurs due to the deterioration of the joint structures within the knee joint. Possible causes are knee trauma, overweight, age and others. Since the exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, treatment comes down to relieving symptoms and reducing functional disability. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a subtype of osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a progressive pathogenic process. Its early detection is of utmost importance as it offers better remedial options. The later osteoarthritis is detected, the worse the prognosis of the effect of the intervention. The main task of the kinesitherapy program described in the paper is to facilitate the patient's normal daily functioning in life and improve his quality of life (reduce pain, increase knee mobility, increase muscle mass in the lower extremities). The kinesitherapy program is designed in two levels, basic and advanced. It includes exercises for strengthening the lower extremities, exercises for range of motion, and stabilization exercises. An important role in exercise is played by the patient's internal factors, and this refers to the will, desire and motivation that the patient has to exercise, ie to improve their own health.

Provedbom ankete na 76 studenata treće godine Kineziološkoga fakulteta, istražili smo učestalost ozljeđivanja studenata na Kineziološkom fakultetu te saznali mehaniku nastanka ozljede, područje nastanka ozljede, iz kojeg sporta student ili studentica dolazi te na kojim su kolegijima ozljede nastale. Deskriptivnom statistikom saznali smo da se čak 45 posto ukupnoga broja studenata ozlijedilo na nekom praktičnom kolegiju. Studenti su se najviše ozljeđivali na kolegijima iz gimnastike, odbojke i hrvanja. Najčešća područja nastanka ozljede bili su gležanj, koljeno, rame te zadnja loža. Napravljen je prijedlog prevencijskoga kineziterapijskog programa za svaki kolegij zasebno. Za izradu programa prevencije ozljeda rabljena je kombinacija znanja iz kineziterapije te vježbi specifičnih za zadani sport. Program je namijenjen svakom studentu za samostalnu primjenu, kao i otvoren za određenu prilagodbu zahtjevima nadolazećega praktičnog kolegija koji je, jednako tako, sklon promjenama i nadopunama. Također, proučavali smo ovisnost prijašnjih ozljeda s novonastalim ozljedama na određenom praktičnom kolegiju Kineziološkoga fakulteta, sličnost s dominantnim sportom te ispitali jesu li studenti samostalno radili na nekom obliku prevencije ozljeda. S obzirom na to da su pitanje prevencije ozljeda i prevencijski programi još uvijek slabo istraživani, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja o utjecaju zasebnih prevencijskih programa te o utjecaju programa kada su objedinjeni s dodatnim aktivnostima poput zahtjeva određenih kolegija ili izvannastavnih trenažnih aktivnosti. By conducting a survey on 76 third-year students of kinesiology, we investigated the frequency of student injuries at the Faculty of Kinesiology and found out the mechanics of injury, the area of injury, which sport the student is from, and on which courses the injuries occurred. Using descriptive statistics, we learned that as many as 45 % of total number of students were injured during a practical course. Students were most often injured in gymnastics, volleyball and wrestling. The most common areas of injuries were the ankle, knee, shoulder and hamstrings. A proposal of preventive kinesitherapy program was made for each course separately. A combination of knowledge from the kinesitherapy and exercises specific to the given sport were used to create the kinesitherapy injury prevention program. The program is free for every student to apply independently and to make it easier to adapt to the requirements of the upcoming practical course, however the program is also prone to changes and additions. We also researched if dependence of previous injuries, similarity of the dominant sport and whether they have done some form of injury prevention independently are connected with injuries that occurred on a practical course at the Faculty of Kinesiology. Given that the issue of injury prevention and prevention programs are still poorly researched, additional research is needed on the effects of injury prevention programs as an item for itself, and as an item in combination with demands of practical courses at the Faculty of Kinesiology and activities outside of the Faculty.

Polineuropatije predstavljaju simetrična oštećenja koja zahvaćaju više skupina živaca sa širokim spektrom simptoma, ovisno o težini oštećenja i živcima koji su oštećeni. Oštećenja zahvaćaju motorna, senzorna i autonomna živčana vlakna. Imaju mnoštvo uzroka od kojih se mnogi mogu dijagnosticirati pažljivom kliničkom i fizioterapijskom procjenom. Poremećaji mogu biti genetički uvjetovani, metabolički, toksični, infektivni i imunološki. Prema tijeku bolesti dijelimo ih na: akutne, subakutne i kronične. Simptomi se najprije javljaju u distalnim dijelovima donjih ekstremiteta, a daljnjim razvojem bolesti šire se na gornje ekstremitete. Pojava simptoma se razlikuje ovisno o vrsti živčanih vlakana koja su zahvaćena, ali i o stadiju bolesti. Manifestiraju se osjetni poremećaji u vidu parestezija (trnci, žarenje, pečenje, mravinjanje). Progresijom osjetnih simptoma javljaju se i motorički simptomi, kod kojih dolazi do atrofije mišića i slabljena tetivnih refleksa. Fizioterapijska procjena uključuje uzimanje anamneze, inspekciju, opservaciju, palpaciju, ispitivanje voljne motorike, refleksa i procjenu osjeta i aktivnosti svakodnevnog života. Dobivenim podacima kreira se fizioterapeutski tretman, čiji je fokus na provođenju kineziterapije, hidroterapije i primjeni elektroterapijskih procedura. Polyneuropathy is a symmetrical damage that affects several groups of nerves with a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of the damage and the nerves that are damaged. Damage affects the motor, sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. They have a multitude of causes, many of which can be diagnosed by careful clinical and physiotherapeutic assessment. Disorders can be genetically determined, metabolic, toxic, infectious and immune. According to the course of the disease, we divide them into: acute, subacute and chronic. Symptoms first appear in the distal parts of the lower extremities, and with further development of the disease they spread to the upper extremities. The onset of symptoms varies depending on the type of nerve fibers involved, but also on the stage of the disease. Sensory disorders in the form of paresthesias (burning, tingling, prickling) are manifested. With the progression of sensory symptoms, motor symptoms also occur, in which muscle atrophy and weakened tendon reflexes occur. Physiotherapy assessment includes taking a medical history, inspection, observation, palpation, examination of voluntary motor skills, reflexes and assessment of sensations and activities of daily life. The obtained data create a physiotherapeutic treatment, the focus of which is on the implementation of kinesitherapy, hydrotherapy and the application of electrotherapeutic procedures.

Multipla skleroza je autoimuna bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava. Bolest pogađa mlade ljude, produktivne dobi od 20-40 godina. Najčešće obolijevaju žene, 2-3 puta više od muškaraca. Karakterizirana je kroničnom upalom, demijelinizacijom, gliozom i gubitkom neurona. Bolest se može podijeliti u četiri glavna klinička podtipa: relapsno-remitentna multipla skleroza, sekundarno-progresivna multipla skleroza, primarno-progresivna i progresivno-relapsirajuća multipla skleroza. Smatra se da na razvoj bolesti utječu okolišni čimbenici, genetski čimbenici i virusne infekcije. Multipla skleroza dijagnosticira se pomoću magnetske rezonance, spinalne punkcije, testa evociranih potencijala i krvnih testova. U liječenju multiple skleroze, važnu ulogu ima fizioterapija. Sastavni dio fizioterapije u liječenju multiple skleroze je vježbanje. Simptomi multiple skleroze kojima se fizioterapeuti uglavnom bave su: hod, ravnoteža, spastičnost, fleksibilnost, koordinacija. Svrha fizioterapije je bolesnika ponovno učiniti funkcionalnim i neovisnim u aktivnostima svakodnevnog života. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The disease affects young people, at the productive age of 20-40 years old. Women are most often affected, 2-3 times more than men. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, gliosis and loss of neurons. The disease can be divided into four main clinical subtypes: relapsing-remmiting multiple sclerosis, secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis, primary-progressive multiple sclerosis and progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis. The development of disease is thought to be influenced by environmental factors, genetic factors and infectious factors. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed by using magnetic resonance imaging, spinal tap, evoked potential test and blood test. Physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of multiple scelrosis. An integral part of physiotherapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is exercise. The symptoms that physiotherapist mainly deal with are: gait, balance, spasticity, flexibilty, coordination. The purpose of physiotherapy is to make the patient functional and independent again in activities of daily life.

U ovom radu opisan je problem skakačkog koljena, te mehanizam nastanka, anatomija koljena, fizioterapijski i kineziterapijski postupci liječenja sindroma. Skakačko koljeno pripada sindromima prenaprezanja koljena koji pripadaju ortopedskim bolestima. Sindrom skakačkog koljena najčešće zahvaća profesionalne sportaše, ali i sportaše rekreativce. Sindrom nastaje kod konstantnog mehaničkog naprezanja ekstenzornog sustava koljena, te može nastati zbog grešaka u treningu ili prilikom krivog odabira obuće za trening. Očituje se patološkim promjenama na tetivi m. quadricepsa i patellarnoj svezi. Sindrom skakačkog koljena proteže se kroz četiri stadija koji se očituju različitim simptomima. Prvi stadij se odnosi na bol nakon treninga, dok četvrti stadij predstavlja rupturu tetive. Liječenje može biti konzervativno i operacijsko. Rehabilitacija najčešće traje do šest mjeseci, ali se teži da se pacijent što brže vrati sportskim aktivnostima. U radu će se također opisati preventivne mjere koje se koriste kod sportaša da bi se spriječio nastanak sindroma skakačkog koljena. The problem of the jumper's knee is described in this paper, as well as the mechanism of formation, knee anatomy, physiotherapeutic and kinesitherapy procedures for treating the syndrome. Jumper's knee belongs to knee overstressing syndromes belonging to orthopedic diseases. Jumper's knee syndrome mostly affects professional athletes, but also recreational athletes. The syndrome is caused by constant mechanical stress of the extensive knee system and can occur due to training errors or when the training footwear is mischosen. It manifests itself with pathological changes in the course of m. quadriceps and the patellar relationship. Jumper's knee syndrome extends through four stages that manifest themselves with different symptoms. The first stage refers to post-training pain, while the fourth stage represents tendon rupture. Treatment can be conservative and operational. Rehabilitation usually lasts up to six months, but the aim is for the patient to return to sports activities as quickly as possible. This paper will also describe the preventive measures used in athletes to prevent the development of jumper's knee syndrome.

Ljudsko tijelo najbolje funkcionira kada ima dobro uravnotežene dijelove bilo da se radi o sjedenju, hodanju, stajanju ili drugoj aktivnosti. Kod većine ljudi centar gravitacije nalazi se s prednje strane zdjelice, smješten na oko 54% do 56% individualne visine u stojećem položaju, a mijenja se svakim pokretom te je važno imati i održati pravilan tjelesni stav. Lateralni tilt zdjelice podrazumijeva bočni nagib u jednu stranu. Uzroci ovakvog odstupanja mogu biti skolioza ili različita duljina nogu, ali je ipak najčešći uzrok nepravilno držanje tijela. Nepravilna tjelesna držanja nastala zbog oslabljene strukture posturalnih mišića tijekom rasta i razvoja, ukoliko su dijagnosticirana u ranoj životnoj dobi, mogu se korigirati kineziterapijskim programima, prema protokolu te pratiti učinkovitost vježbanja s pojedinom osobom. Samo vježbanje ima četiri faze od kojih svaka ima preporučene vježbe. Rezultati ovakvog pristupa u kineziterapijskom tretmanu lateralnog tilta zdjelice mogu dovesti do značajnog napretka u izgledu posture, a samim time mogu poboljšati kvalitetu života klijenta. Stoga je nužno redovito vježbati prema uputama ili pod nadzorom kineziterapeuta. The human body works best when it has well-balanced parts whether it is a sitting, walking, standing or other activity. In most people, the center of gravity is located in front of the pelvis, located at about 54% to 56% of individual height in a standing position, and changes with each movement, so it is important to have and maintain proper posture. The lateral tilt of the pelvis implies a lateral tilt to one side. The causes of this deviation can be scoliosis or different leg lengths, but it is still the most common cause of improper posture. Improper posture is caused by weakened structures of postural muscles during growth and development, if diagnosed at an early age, can be corrected by kinesitherapy programs, according to the protocol and to monitor the ability to exercise with an individual person. Kinesitherapy exercise has four phases, each of which has recommended exercises. The results of this approach in the kinesitherapy treatment of lateral tilt of the pelvis can lead to significant improvements in posture appearance, and at the same time can improve the quality of life of the client. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly according to the instructions or under the supervision of a physiotherapist.

Problem ovog diplomskog rada se očituje u činjenici da su ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice jedne od najčešćih ozljeda koje zahvaćaju sportaše trkače. Vrlo često progresija opterećenja trkačkih treninga rekreativaca ne prati dinamiku adaptacije njihovog lokomotornog sustava te su ozljede sve češće među njihovom populacijom. U radu s trkačima potrebno je voditi računa o prevenciji i rehabilitaciji ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice kako bi njihovo bavljenje sportom trajalo što duže. U starijim istraživanjima ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice nije bila toliko česta, međutim kako ljudi napreduju i postaju brži, modificiraju programe treninga i tehnike trčanja, te pojavom i prilagodbom intervalnog treninga za trkače na duge pruge ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice u novijim istraživanjima je postala česta. Također, u zadnjih nekoliko godina bilježi se porast interesa odraslih osoba za trčanjem, ponajviše radi želje za poboljšanjem njihovog kardiovaskularnog zdravlja, te je broj trkača rekreativaca sve veći. Glavni cilj rada je istaknuti važnost pravovremene prevencije i edukacije rekreativaca te slikovito i sadržajno prikazati kineziterapijski program za ozljedu mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice sportaša trkača. The problem of this graduate work is manifested in the fact that injuries to the muscles of the back of the thigh are one of the most common injuries affecting running athletes. Very often, the progression of the load of recreational racing training does not follow the dynamics of adaptation of their locomotor system, and injuries are increasingly common among their population. When working with runners, it is necessary to take care of the prevention and rehabilitation of injuries to the muscles of the back of the thigh in order for them to play sports for as long as possible. In older research, back thigh muscle injuries were less common, however, as people progress and become faster, modify training programs and running techniques, and with the occurrence and adaptation of interval training for long-distance runners, back thigh muscle injuries have become more common in recent research. Also, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the interest of adults in running, mostly due to the desire to improve their cardiovascular health, and the number of recreational runners has increased. The main goal of the paper is to point out the importance of timely prevention and education of recreational athletes and to present a pictorial and meaningful kinesitherapy program for muscle injury of the back of the thighs of athletes.

Reumatoidni artritis je teška, kronična upalna reumatska bolest koja u većini slučajeva zahvaća žene.Najčešće se pojavljuje kod osoba starijih od 25 godina. Starenjem se bolest projicira u sve težem obliku. Kod pacijenata oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa bolest započinje čestim upalama te oticanjem zglobova. Zglobovi zahvaćenim reumatoidnim artritisom su vrlo bolni kada je bolest u fazi egzarcebacije. Pacijenti postupno gube pokretljivost u zglobovima te s time i njihovu funkciju. Proces ove bolesti započinje u sinovijalnoj membrani koja okružuje zglobna tijela tvoreći zaštitnu vrećicu. Ona je ispunjena sinovijalnom tekućinom kojoj je uloga zaštita zgloba od trenja te opskrba hrskavice hranjivim tvarima i kisikom. Reumatoidni artritis uzrokuje stalni upalni proces koji uništava kolagen te se time prostor u zglobu smanjuje i same kosti se razaraju. Točni uzroci ove bolesti nisu poznati. Reumatoidni artritis se pojavljuje paralelno na oba zgloba npr, neće se očitovati samo na jednoj šaci nego na obje istovremeno. Kod pacijenata oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa većinom su zahvaćeni svi zglobovi ali najčešće se bolest najprije manifestira na šakama, koljenima te stopalima. Rehabilitacija reumatoidnog artritisa obuhvaća konzervativne i operativne metode liječenja. Od konzervativnih metoda liječenja najvažnija je fiziotererapija. Proces fizioterapije sastoji se od procjene fizioterapeuta, plana fizioterapije, fizioterapijske intervencije, ponovne procjene te završava otpustom sa zaključkom fizioterapeuta. Fizioterapijska intervencija obuhvaća postupke fizikalne terapije i kineziterapije. U fizikalnoj terapiji primjenjuju se različiti fizikalni agensi. Najučinkovitija je kineziterapija koja obuhvaća različite vrste vježbi te primjenu pomagala. Rheumatoid arthritis is a severe, chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects women in most cases and men in fewer cases. It most often occurs in people older than 25 years. With aging, the disease is projected in an increasingly severe form. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the disease begins with frequent inflammation of the joints and swelling of the joint tissues. Joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis are very painful when the disease is in the exacerbation phase. Patients gradually lose mobility in the joints and thus their function. The process of this disease begins in the synovial membrane that surrounds the articular bodies forming a protective sac. It is filled with synovial fluid whose role is to protect the joint from friction and supplying cartilage with nutrients and oxygen. Rheumatoid arthritis causes a constant inflammatory process that destroys collagen and thus reduces the space in the joint and the bones themselves are destroyed. The exact causes of this disease are not known. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs in parallel on both joints, for example, it will not be manifested on only one hand but on both at the same time. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, most of the joints are affected, but most often the disease first manifests itself on the hands, knees and feet. Rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis includes conservative and operative methods of treatment. Of the conservative methods of treatment, physiotherapy is the most important. The physiotherapy process consists of a physiotherapists assessment, physiotherapy intervention, reassessment, and ends with discharge and the physiotherapists conclusion. Physiotherapy intervention includes physical therapy and kinesitherapy procedures. Various physical agents are used in physical therapy. The most effective is kinesitherapy, which includes various types of exercises and the use of aids.

Sve češća tjelesna neaktivnost i sedentarni način života bilo zbog posla, škole ili slobodnog vremena u svim dobnim skupinama uzrokuje različite zdravstvene probleme. Jedan od njih je i posturalni poremećaj od kojih je najčešći onaj koji se da primijetiti u odstupanju u sagitalnoj ravnini, odnosno kifotično loše držanje. U ovom diplomskom radu opisati će se mogući pravci u korekciji kifotičnog lošeg držanja, kao najčešćeg posturalnog problema današnjice. Zatim će se objasniti specifičnosti vodenog medija u smislu korištenja istog u terapijske svrhe te će se prezentirati mogućnosti provođenja kineziterapije u vodi sa svrhom korekcije kifotičnog lošeg držanja. Cilj ovog rada je opisati dobrobiti korištenja vodenog medija zajedno s programom vježbanja u vodi kao učinkovitom metodom ispravljanja posturalnih problema koji sve češće zahvaćaju mlađu populaciju, ali i starije ako se ti problemi na vrijeme ne uoče i isprave. Specifično, opisati će se primjer hidrokineziterapijskog programa za korekciju kifotičnog lošeg držanja. Increasing physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles either due to work, school or leisure in all age groups are causing various health problems. One of them is postural disorder, the most common of which is the one that can be noticed in the deviation in the sagittal plane, ie kyphotic poor posture. This thesis will describe possible directions in the correction of kyphotic bad posture, as the most common postural problem of today. Then, the specifics of the aqueous medium in terms of its use for therapeutic purposes will be explained, and the possibilities of conducting kinesitherapy in water with the purpose of correcting kyphotic poor posture will be presented. The aim of this paper is to describe the benefits of using water media together with a water exercise program as an effective method of correcting postural problems that increasingly affect the younger population, but also the elderly if these problems are not noticed and corrected in time. Specifically, an example of a hydrokinesitherapy program for the correction of kyphotic poor posture will be described.

Koljeno je najveći zglob u našem tijelu. On sudjeluje u brojnim aktivnostima kao što su hodanje, skakanje, čučanje, klečanje i brojne druge. Također nam omogućuje akceleraciju, deceleraciju, odraz i zaustavljanje. Zbog svoje kompleksne građe vrlo je osjetljivo na različite ozljede. Na ozljedu utječu faktori koji se mogu podijeliti na ekstrinzične ili vanjske i intrinzične ili unutarnje. Iz toga se može zaključiti kako je ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta multifaktorska i često puta vrlo složena jer može biti udružena s oštećenjem drugih struktura u koljenu. Pristup liječenju oštećene sveze može biti konzervativan ili operativan. Odabir liječenja ovisi o više čimbenika kao što su dob pacijenta, razina aktivnosti, motivacija, stupanj oštećenja itd. Rekonstrukcija ligamenta preporuča se osobama koje imaju visoki intezitet sportskih aktivnosti, posebice u sportovima gdje postoji puno promjena smjera kretanja i okretanja te visoki stupanj nestabilnosti koljenog zgloba. Nakon rekonstrukcije presadak prolazi kroz biološki proces remodelacije. Tijekom tog vremenskog perioda i remodelacije, postoje deficiti kao što su smanjena snaga grafta u odnosu na pravi ligament, zbog čega je puno više izložen ozljedi za koju je potrebna manja sila nego uobičajeno, smanjena je propriocepcija, a samim time i odgovor mišića na zahtjev CNS-a te je posljedično smanjena neuromišićna kontrola. Vrlo česte komplikacije su smanjeni ROM, i to ekstenzija koljena. Zbog neadekvatne snage mišića i nepotpune ekstenzije, pacijent ne može napraviti biomehanički pravilan pokret. Uspješan oporavak nakon operacije zahtijeva rehabilitacijski program kako bi se prevenirala daljnja oštećenja i komplikacije te vratila optimalna funkcija koljenog zgloba. The knee is the largest joint in our body. It participates in many activities such as walking, jumping, squatting, kneeling and many others. It also allows us to accelerate, decelerate, take-off, and stop. Due to its complex structure, it is very sensitive to various injuries. Injury is affected by factors that can be divided into extrinsic or external and intrinsic or internal. From this it can be concluded that the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament is multifactorial and often very complex because it can be associated with damage to other structures in the knee. The approach to treating a damaged ligament can be conservative or operative. The choice of treatment depends on several factors such as the patient's age, activity level, motivation, level of damage, etc. Ligament reconstruction is recommended for people who have a high intensity of sports activities, especially in sports where there is a lot of change of direction and high level of knee instability. After reconstruction, the graft undergoes a biological remodeling process. During this time period and remodeling, there are deficits such as reduced graft strength relative to the true ligament making it much more exposed to injury that requires less force than usual, reduced proprioception, and thus muscle response to CNS- and consequently reduced neuromuscular control. Very common complications are reduced ROM, namely knee extension. Due to inadequate muscle strength and incomplete extension, the patient cannot make biomechanically correct movement. Successful recovery after surgery requires a rehabilitation program to prevent further damage and complications and to restore optimal knee joint function.

Ozljede prednjega križnoga ligamenta vrlo su česte, što se posebno odnosi na sportaše. Unatoč velikom znanju o prevenciji i liječenju LCA, ova je ozljeda još uvijek teška i iznimno izazovna za ortopeda. Koljenski je zglob najveći zglob u ljudskom tijelu. Mehanika je toga zgloba vrlo složena, a sam se zglob sastoji od triju kostiju. Važnu ulogu u stabilnosti i funkciji koljena imaju ligamenti i menisci. Velik broj mišića prolazi kroz koljeno te je njihova funkcija, između ostalog, pokretanje i stabilizacija zgloba. Razlikujemo primarne i sekundarne stabilizatore u koljenu. LCA je ključna struktura u koljenskome zglobu te je primarno stabilizator anteriornog pomaka tibije u odnosu na femur. Dijagnostičke metode koje se primjenjuju kod sumnje na ozljedu prednjega križnoga ligamenta uključuju specijalne testove i radiološke pretrage. U operativnom liječenju najčešće se koristi graft iz patelarnog ligamenta ili tetive hamstringsa. Posao se fizioterapeuta sastoji od fizioterapijske procjene; plana tretmana; intervencije i edukacije pacijenta. Razlikujemo rehabilitacijski protokol kod konzervativnoga pristupa liječenju u odnosu na operacijski pristup liječenju ozljede. Koriste se razne vrste kineziterapije, fizikalne terapije i specijalne tehnike. Injuries of the LCA are very common, specifically in sport. Despite great knowledge of prevention and treatment of the LCA, this injury is still heavy and extremely challenging for an orthopedist. The knee joint is the biggest joint in human body. The mehanics of that joint is very complex, and the joint itself consist of 3 bones. The ligaments and meniscus play an important role in the stability and function of the knee. A large number of muscles pass through the knee and their function is, among other things, to move and stabilize the joint. We distinguish between primary and secondary stabilizers in the knee. The LCA is a key structure in the knee joint and is primarily a stabilizer of the anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. Diagnostic methods used in suspected anterior cruciate ligament injury include special tests and radiological examinations. A graft from the patellar ligament or hamstring tendon is most commonly used in surgical treatment. The job of a physiotherapist consists of physiotherapy assessment; treatment plan; patient interventions and education of the patient. We distinguish a rehabilitation protocol in a conservative approach to treatment from an operative approach to the injurie. Various types of kinesitherapy, physical therapy and special tehniques are used.

Procjenjuje se da između 20% i 60% bolesnica oboljelih od raka dojke navodi simptome limfedema. Limfedem povezan s rakom dojke karakterizira nakupljanje tekućine u intersticijskim tkivima u ruci, ramenu, vratu ili trupu i pripisuje se oštećenju limfnih čvorova tijekom tretmana karcinoma dojke koji uključuju zračenje i disekciju aksilarnih čvorova. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između kineziterapijskog programa na kontrolu limfedema tijekom adjuvantne radioterapije nakon kirurškog liječenja u žena oboljelih od karcinoma dojke. U ovo retrospektivno istraživanje uključeno je 454 bolesnice oboljelih od karcinoma dojke (prosječne životne dobi 58.01±10.66). Bolesnice su istovremeno primale adjuvantnu radioterapiju i provodile individualno planiranu kineziterapiju, te su ovisno o trajanju terapija podijeljene u četiri skupine (16, 20, 25 i 30). Prosječan broj kineziterapijskih postupaka u ovome istraživanju iznosio je 23.57±5.05. Prije početka individualne kineziterapije prosječna vrijednost indeksa ruke bila je 2.98±3.61 cm, a na kraju je iznosila 2.47±3.26 cm. Prosječna vrijednost razlike početnog i završnog indeksa ruke je iznosila -0.51±1.71 cm. Od ukupnog broja bolesnica njih 424 imalo je limfedem na početku kineziterapijskog programa (93.4%) , a njih 30 nije imalo limfedem (6.6%). Nakon završetka kineziterapijskog programa od ukupnog broja bolesnica njih 398 je imalo limfedem (87.7%), a njih 56 nije imalo (12.3%). Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je korist individualiziranog kineziterapijskog programa u smanjenju limfedema i naglašava važnost protokola multimodalne rehabilitacije kod ove skupine bolesnika. It is estimated that between 20% and 60% of breast cancer patients report symptoms of lymphedema. Lymphedema associated with breast cancer is characterized by accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues in the arm, shoulder, neck, or torso and is attributed to lymph node damage during breast cancer treatment involving radiation and axillary node dissection. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between a kinesitherapy program on lymphedema control during adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical treatment in women with breast cancer. This retrospective study included 454 patients with breast cancer (mean age 58.01 ± 10.66). Patients received concomitant adjuvant radiotherapy and individually planned kinesitherapy, and were divided into four groups (16, 20, 25 and 30) according on the duration of therapy. The average number of kinesitherapy procedures in this study was 23.57 ± 5.05. Prior to the start of individual kinesitherapy, the mean value of the hand index was 2.98 ± 3.61 cm, and at the end it was 2.47 ± 3.26 cm. The mean value of the difference between the initial and final index of the hand was -0.51 ± 1.71 cm. Out of the total number of patients, 424 had lymphedema at the beginning of the kinesitherapy program (93.4%), and 30 of them did not have (6.6%). After the completion of the kinesitherapy program, out of the total number of patients, 398 had lymphedema (87.7%), and 56 did not (12.3%). This research showed the benefit of comprehensive kinesitherapy programme in reduction of lymphoedema and emphasizes the importance of multimodal rehabilitation protocol in this group of patients.

Glavni cilj ovog završnog rada bio je provesti pregled literature s ciljem otkrivanja kakav je utjecaj stabilizacijskih vježbi za lumbalnu kralježnicu na intenzitet boli i onesposobljenost kod osoba s križoboljom. U ovom radu biti će prikazano općenito o križobolji, njenim simptomima, uzrocima, patologiji intervertebralnog diska, učestalosti, rizičnim čimbenicima i njezinom zdravstvenom i ekonomskom značaju (izostanci s posla, nesposobnost za rad). Također biti će istraženo i prikazano liječenje križobolje, kineziterapija i utjecaj stabilizacijskih vježbi na križobolju. Križobolja postaje sve rašireniji problem današnjice. Sve je više mladih koji se susreću s ovakvim problemom jer sve više vremena provode za računalima i pametnim telefonima dok tjelesnu aktivnost zanemaruju. Zbog nepravovremenog pristupanja prvim simptomima križobolje ljudi su često primorani uzeti bolovanje i izostajati s posla. Najučinkovitiji oblici liječenja križobolje su fizikalna terapija i kineziterapija u kombinaciji s drugim metodama oporavka. Prema pregledanoj literaturi o križobolji i njenom liječenju zaključilo se da stabilizacijske vježbe jačanja trupa koje se provode uz stručnu osobu (kineziolog) pozitivno utječu na smanjenje boli kod križobolje. The main goal of this thesis was to conduct a literature review with the aim of discovering the impact of lumbar spine stabilization exercises on pain intensity and disability in people with low back pain. This paper will present in general the low back pain, its symptoms, causes, pathology of the intervertebral disc, frequency, risk factors, and its health and economic significance (absences from work, incapacity for work). The treatment of low back pain, kinesitherapy, and the influence of stabilizing exercises on low back pain will also be researched and presented. Low back pain is becoming an increasingly common problem today. More and more young people are facing this problem because they are spending more and more time on computers and smartphones while neglecting physical activity. Due to untimely treatment of the first symptoms of low back pain, people are often forced to take sick leave and be absent from work. The most effective forms of back pain treatment are physical therapy and kinesitherapy in combination with other methods of recovery. According to the reviewed literature on low back pain and its treatment, it was concluded that stabilization exercises for strengthening the torso that are performed with a professional (kinesiologist) have a positive effect on reducing pain in lumbar pain syndrome.

Bol u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice je jedan od najučestalijih zdravstvenih problema modernog društva, uzrok je znatnim troškovima bolničkog liječenja i bolovanja. Tome uvelike pridonosi sedentarni način života kojemu sve češće pribjegavamo iz mnogobrojnih razloga, od modernizacije poslova do stvorene iluzije da čovječanstvo više nema toliku potrebu za kretanjem, ali i sve učestalijim prometnim traumatizmom uz posljedične ozljede kralježnice. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati detaljan opis uzroka koji su doveli i pridonose boli u lumbalnom području kralježnice i njihovih simptoma na jednom specifičnom slučaju te dati primjer individualiziranog kineziterapijskog plana i programa. Posljedično, nakon pojave boli u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice, u nekim slučajevima dolazi i do upale ishijadičnog živca (nervus ishijadicus), što će također biti opisano u radu. Nadalje, bit će navedeni rizični čimbenici koji dovode do bolova u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice i upale ishijadičnog živca te važnost tjelesne aktivnosti. Opisat će se anatomska specifičnost lumbalne kralježnice, organizacija živčanog sustava ljudskog tijela, testovi koji se primjenjuju u kineziterapiji i uvelike pomažu pri postavljanju dijagnoze te klinička slika pacijentice, kao i planiranja daljnjeg individualiziranog terapijskog pristupa. Pain in the lumbar spine is one of the most common health problems of modern society. It plays a major role in the significant costs of hospital treatment and sick leave. This is largely due to the sedentary lifestyle that we are increasingly resorting to for many reasons. Some of these include the modernization of jobs and the created illusion that humanity no longer has such necessity to move. Not to mention, the increase in traffic injuries with consequent spinal injuries. The aim of this thesis is to present a detailed description of the causes that led to and contribute to pain in the lumbar spine, their symptoms in a specific case, and to provide an example of an individualized kinesitherapy plan and program. In some cases, after the onset of pain in the lumbar spine there is inflammation of the sciatic nerve (nervus ishijadicus), which will be further explained in the paper. Furthermore, risk factors leading to lumbar spine pain and sciatica will be discussed, along with the importance of physical activity. The anatomical specificity of the lumbar spine, the organization of the nervous system of the human body, various tests used in kinesitherapy, which greatly helps with the diagnosis and clinical picture of the patient, and planning individualized therapeutic approaches will all be described throughout the paper.

Primarni cilj ovog rada bio je objasniti kako i zbog čega te koliko često dolazi do ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice u nogometu. Osim toga, pojašnjene su anatomske specifičnosti ovih mišića, mehanizmi i klasifikacija ozljeda do kojih dolazi te kineziterapijski postupci liječenja i metode prevencije istih. Ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice su najzastupljenije u nogometu. Najčešće se do ozljede dolazi u situacijama koje zahtijevaju sprinterske aktivnosti ili brze i nagle promjene smjera kretanja. Do ozljede dolazi jer se mišići stražnje strane natkoljenice tada nalaze u ekscentričnom (izduženom) položaju te su najaktivniji i proizvode najveću silu. Dva najčešća mehanizma nastanka ozljeda ovih mišića su istezajući i sprinterski tip ozljede. U nogometu se najčešće javlja sprinterski tip ozljede zbog velikog broja ubrzavanja i usporavanja te naglih i brzih promjena smjera kretanja. Načini liječenja ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice ovisit će o stupnju same ozljede. Razlikujemo kineziterapijske postupke koji su specifični za ozljede istegnuća, djelomične rupture i potpune rupture mišića. Kako bi se ozljede ovih mišića svele na minimum, potrebno se puno više posvetiti jačanju mišića te provoditi mjere prevencije koje bi trebale biti sastavni dio svakog treninga. The primary goal of this paper is to explain how and why is the hamstring muscle injury so common in football. Furthermore, anatomical specificities of hamstring muscles, mechanisms, and common injury categorization, kinesitherapy treatment procedures and methods of injury prevention, will be presented in this paper. Injuries of hamstrings muscles are the most common in football. Muscles are mostly injured in activities that require fast changes in speed and direction. Injury happens because hamstring muscles are in eccentric, extended, position which makes them the most active muscles which are producing the strongest muscle force. The stretch and sprint type of injury are the two most common mechanisms in which injury occurs. The sprint type of injury is seen most often in football because of the great number of accelerations and decelerations and fast changes of direction. The way of treatment for the injury of hamstring muscles depends on the state of injury. We differ kinesitherapy procedures that are specific for stretching injuries, partial ruptures and complete muscle ruptures. In order to minimize injuries of this kind, there should be a much greater accent to strengthening the muscles and prevention measures should make a part of each training.

Jedna od najčešćih ozljeda u nogometu današnjice je puknuće prednje ukrižene sveze koja zahtjeva višemjesečni proces oporavka. Mehanizam nastajanja ozljede je kontaktni ili učestaliji ne kontaktni. Proces rehabilitacije traje najmanje šest mjeseci te zbog toga profesionalni sportaš gubi veliki dio sezone. Nogometaš će proći predoperativnu fazu, samu operaciju rekonstrukcije prednje ukrižene sveze te slijedi postoperativna kineziološka rehabilitacija. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati strukturu koljena, moguće rizične faktore i mehanizme nastanka ozljede, kao i prikazati elemente kineziološke rehabilitacije od trenutka ozljeđivanja do povratka na teren. One of the most common injuries in football today is a rupture of anterior cruciate ligament which demands a process of more than a month rehabilitation. Mechanism of getting injured is contactable or more often noncontactable. A process of rehabilitation takes up to six months or more and that is why a professional player loses a big part of season. A football player will go thru preoperational stage, operation itself (reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament) continuing to post operational kinesiology rehab. The aim of this paperwork is to present a structure of a knee, possible risk factors and mechanism of getting hurt, as to show elements of kinesiology rehab from the moment injury occurred to getting a player back on the pitch.

Ruptura Ahilove tetive predstavlja vrlo ozbiljnu i bolnu ozljedu. Njezina incidencija je zadnjih godina u porastu. Ovom ozljedom su najviše zahvaćeni muškarci. Najbolja vrsta liječenja rupture Ahilove tetive kod nogometaša je perkutana operativna tehnika. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati anatomiju Ahilove tetive te navesti mehanizme, rizične faktore i uzroke nastanka rupture. Isto tako cilj je prikazati i preventivni program te kineziterapijski program za nogometaša koji je pretrpio ozljedu rupture Ahilove tetive. Achilles tendon rupture is a very serious and painful injury. Its incidence has been on the rise in recent years. Men are the most affected by this injury. The best type of treatment for Achilles tendon rupture in football players is percutaneous surgery. The aim of this study is to show the anatomy of the Achilles tendon and to indicate the mechanisms, risk factors and causes of rupture. Also the aim of this study is to present a preventive program and a kinesitherapy program for a football player who suffered an Achilles tendon rupture.

U ovom diplomskom radu govorit će se o primjeni Vojta i Bobath koncepta u tretmanu, odnosno liječenju neurorizične djece. Opisat će se rizični čimbenici koji utječu na neuromotorni razvoj djeteta, svojstvo neuroplastičnosti ljudskog mozga kao temelj navedenih terapija te način provedbe tretmana po Bobath i Vojta metodi. Na kraju će se usporediti prednosti i nedostaci oba koncepta te objasniti primjena kombinacije Bobath i Vojta tehnika. Navedene tehnike razvijane su sredinom 20. stoljeća, a zbog svoje učinkovitosti posebno su aktualne danas zbog sve veće pojavnosti djece pod neurološkim rizikom. Ovu interdisciplinarnu temu zanimljivo je promotriti s kineziološkog i kineziterapijskog aspekta. S kineziološkog aspekta predmet interesa su promjene u djetetovoj motorici nastale zbog izloženosti rizičnim čimbenicima te principi i tehnike koje se koriste u terapijama. S kineziterapijskog aspekta, osim navedenog, interesantan je učinak samih tretmana na ostvarenje što boljeg motoričkog razvoja, a time i na smanjenje nastanka kasnijeg invaliditeta i postizanje što bolje kvalitete života neurorizičnog djeteta This thesis will discuss the application of Vojta and Bobath concept in treatment of neurorisk children. Risk factors that affect the neuromotor development of the child, neuroplasticity of the human brain as the basis of these therapies and the method of treatment according to the Bobath and Vojta concept will be described. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of both concepts will be compared and the application of the combination of Bobath and Vojta techniques will be explained. These techniques were developed in the middle of the 20th century, and due to their effectiveness, they are especially relevant today because of the increasing incidence of children at neurological risk. It is interesting to look at this topic from a kinesiological and kinesitherapeutic aspect. From the kinesiological point of view, the subject of interest are changes in child´s motor performance caused by exposure to risk factors, and principles and techniques used in therapies. From kinesitherapeutic point of view, in addition to the above, interesting are the effects of the treatments on achieving the best possible motor development, and thus on reducing the occurance of later disability and achieving great quality of life of the neurorisk child.

Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ukazati na problem uĉestale pojave osteoartritisa koljena u srednjoj i starijoj životnoj dobi te predstaviti kineziterapijski tretman odnosno vježbanje kao jednu od metoda lijeĉenja osteoartritisa koljena. Osteoartritis koljena nastaje kao posljedica propadanja zglobnih struktura u koljenskom zglobu zbog više ĉimbenika od kojih su najznaĉajniji ranija oštećenja struktura koljena (traume), naĉin života (prekomjerna tjelesna težina) i starija životna dob. Upravo zbog tih ĉimbenika od iznimne je važnosti utjecati na prevenciju pojave osteoartritisa, a ukoliko je do bolesti došlo važno je kvalitetno provoditi kineziterapiju odnosno provoditi vježbe za opseg pokreta, stabilizaciju i snagu mišića koljenskog zgloba kako bi se smanjila bol, poboljšala pokretljivost i kvaliteta života osoba oboljelih od osteoartritisa. The main aim of this master’s thesis is to draw attention to a problem of increased occurrence of the knee joint osteoarthritis in the middle and older life age, and to introduce kinesitherapy treatment, i.e. exercise as one of the treatment methods of the knee joint osteoarthritis. Knee joint osteoarthritis is a result of the deterioration of joint structures in the knee joint due to numerous factors among which most prevalent are earlier joint structure damages (trauma), way of life (overweight), and older life age. Due to these factors, it is extremely important to influence the prevention of osteoarthritis, and if the disease has already occurred it is important to perform quality kinesitherapy, i.e. to perform range of motion exercises, exercises to strengthen and stabilise knee joint muscle in order to reduce the pain, improve mobility and quality of life for patients suffering from osteoarthritis.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada jest prikazati proces prevencije i rehabilitacije nakon operacije ingvinalne hernije laparoskopskim postupkom (TEP). Unutar procesa koriste se određeni pokreti kao osnovno terapijsko djelovanje zajedno sa postepenim povećanjem volumena rada uz napomene pravilnog vjeţbanja i disanja tijekom vjeţbanja sa planom i programom kineziterapijskog liječenja. Oporavak od ovakve ozljede sa povratkom u puno radno opterećenje traje 3 do 6 mjeseci sa postojećim opasnostima od ponovnog ozljeđivanja u slučaju nepravilnog, neprimjerenog i pretjeranoga rada čime se oporavak produljuje te se samo liječenje oteţava i dodatno komplicira. Provođenje kineziterapijskog programa ima za cilj omogućiti osobi procesom prevencijske tjelovjeţbe i rehabilitacije nakon ozljede ili bolesti što bolji dugoročniji oporavak te vraćanje prirodnom stilu ţivota i što lakšem obavljanju svakodnevnih duţnosti. Pokret se koristi kao osnovni kineziološki operator kojim se terapijski stimuliraju svi mišići koji su bili zahvaćeni operativnim zahvatom. The aim of this graduate thesis is to present the process of prevention and rehabilitation after the surgery of inguinal hernia by laparoscopic procedure (TEP). Within the process certain movements are used as basic therapeutic activity together with gradually increasing volume of work with remarks of proper exercising and breathing during training with the plan and program of kinesitherapy treatment. Recovery from such an injury with return into full work load takes 3 to 6 months with existing dangers from re-injuring in case of irregular, inadequate and excessive work in which case recovery extends and becomes more complicated. The goal of implementing kinesitherapy program is to enable a person through the process of preventive training and rehabilitation after injury or illness the best possible recovery and returning to the natural lifestyle and making it easier to perform daily duties. Movement is used as basic kinesiologic operator which therapeutically stimulates all the muscles affected by the surgery.

Down sindrom označava poremećaj koji se javlja uslijed anomalije kromosoma 21. Kao pokazatelj Down sindroma javlja se specifičan izgled lica te umna zaostalost. Ono što je potrebno naglasiti je konstantna rehabilitacija, odnosno provođenje kineziterapijskog programa kako bi se poboljšale motoričke sposobnosti djece. Korisni učinci tjelesne aktivnosti nikako nisu ograničeni isključivo na tjelesno zdravlje. Pozitivan učinak vidljiv je i u psihološkom zdravlju kao i kognitivnom, društvenom, afektivnom te moralnom razvoju djece. Usvajanjem tjelesnih aktivnosti djeca uspješno svladavaju različite vještine. Kao posljedica javlja se osjećaj pozitive, odnosno zadovoljstva. Poveća se samopoštovanje i vjera u sebe. Temeljni cilj rada je prikazati kineziterapijski program djece s Down sindromom te učinkovitost u provođenju istog sa svim pozitivnim ishodima. Kineziterapija je vrlo važna iz razloga što je ona disciplina koja doprinosi liječenju različitih prirođenih deformacija, bolesti ili ozljeda kroz pokret. Cilj kineziterapije je poboljšati djelovanje dijela tijela ili cijelog organizma, što je kod osoba s Down sindromom vrlo važno. Naime, osobe s Down sindromom vrlo su sklone pretilosti te je u njihovu svakodnevicu važno uvrstiti puno kretanja. Kineziterapija im daje odličnu podlogu za to jer povezuje kretanje i rehabilitaciju u jednom. Uz to kineziterapijom utječe se i na jačanje mišića, a poznato je da su osobe s Down sindromom sklone hipotoniji te da im je jačanje mišića također potrebno u svakodnevici. Down syndrome is a disorder that occurs due to chromosome 21 anomaly. As a Down syndrome indicator, there is a specific facial appearance and mental retardation. What needs to be stressed is the need for constant rehabilitation or kinesitherapy program to improve the child's motor skills. It is therefore evident that the beneficial effects of physical activity are not limited to physical health alone, that is, the positive effect is perceived for psychological health as well as cognitive, social, affective and moral development of children. By adopting bodily activities, children successfully master different skills. As a consequence, a positive feeling is felt. Self-esteem and faith increase. The basic aim of the paper is to show the kinesiotherapy program for children with Down Syndrome and to perform the same with all the positive outcomes. Kinesitherapy is very improtant because it is a discipline wich contributes to curing birth deformations, illnesses or injuries through motion. The aim of kinesitherapy is to improve the activity of a certain body part or the whole organism, which is essential for the people suffering from Down Syndrome. Persons with Down Syndrome are prone to being overweigth so it is important to fill their everyday lives with a lot of motion activites. Kinesitherapy gives them a great basis for it because it connects motion and rehabilitation. Furthermore, kinesitherapy affects the muscular growth and it is known that persons with Down Syndrome are prone to hypotonia and they need muscular growth acitivites in their everyday lives.

Nogomet je igra koja zahtijeva velike količine napora, stoga akutne ozljede i simptomi prenaprezanja nogometašima nisu strane riječi. Sindrom skakačkog koljena (engl. jumper's knee) jedan je od najčešćih sindroma prenaprezanja sustava za kretanje. Glavni simptomi sindroma skakačkog koljena su bol na prednjoj strani koljena, odnosno u području lig. patellae, te gubitak funkcije ekstremiteta. Ozljede imaju dugotrajne posljedice na zdravlje te na psihološko funkcioniranje sportaša. Kako bi rehabilitacija skakačkog koljena bila što efikasnija, vrlo je važna motiviranost nogometaša za njegov oporavak. Važan je i dogovor kineziterapeuta s pacijentom gdje se uvia koje su metode i tehnike najdjelotvornije te kako će se najbrže doći do smanjenja simptoma skakačkog koljena i povratka u punu aktivnost. Takoer, važna je i edukacija trenera o pravilnom načinu postupanja sa nogometašem nakon ozljede. Ekscentrična kontrakcija, kao kineziterapijska metoda u liječenju skakačkog koljena, smanjuje vrijeme potrebno za rehabilitaciju nogometaša, poboljšava kvalitetu rehabilitacije i ubrzava povratak svakodnevnim sportskim aktivnostima. Football is a sport that requires tremendous amount of effort, so acute and overuse injuries are no strange words to football players. Jumper's knee syndrome is one of the most common overuse syndrome. The main symptoms of the jumper’s knee syndrome are pain on the front of the knee, or in the area ligemantum patellae, as well as loss of function. Injuries have longlasting effects on health and on the psychological functioning of athletes. In order to make the jumper's knee rehabilitation more efficient, it is very important for the player to be motivated for his recovery. He has to agree with the therapist and find out which methods and techniques are most effective so that return to play and full activity may be fast. Eccentric contraction, as a kinesitherapy method in treating the jumper’s knee, reduces the time it takes to rehabilitate football players, improves the quality of rehabilitation and accelerates the return to everyday sports activities.

Ovaj rad obrađuje probleme i posljedice lokomotornog sustava pacijentice s urođenom luksacijom kuka na temelju čije dijagnoze je napravljen kineziterapeutski program nakon ugradnje endoproteze zgloba kuka. Bila luksacija urođena ili stečena te bez obzira na način liječenja, u kraćem ili dužem periodu, ova bolest može progredirati u artrozu i displaziju kuka zbog čega je potrebna ugradnja endoproteze. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati ulogu kineziterapije u održavanju lokomotornog sustava pedesetošestogodišnje pacijentice s obostranom implantacijom kukova rođenom s izraženom luksacijom lijevog kuka i subluksacijom desnog. Thesis deals with problems of the locomotor system of a patient with an innate hip luxation Based on this diagnosis, a kinesitherapeutic program was made after she had an installation of a hip endoprosthesis. Whether the luxation is inherent or not and no matter the method and the duration of the treatment this deformation can progress into an hip arthrosis and dysplasia. Objective of the thesis is to present what role do kinesitherapy has in maintaing of the locomotor system of a 56 years old patient who has had hip implantantion on both of her hips and is born with a luxation of her left hip and subluxation of the right.

Glavni cilj ovog rada je ukazati na problematiku ozljeda koljena u taekwondo-u. Opisati postupak rehabilitacije u smislu što boljeg i kvalitetnijeg oporavka te mogućnosti kvalitetnog povratka u natjecanje nakon ozljede. U ovom radu se objedinjuju na jednom mjestu svi mehanizmi nastanka ozljeda koljena u taekwondo-u. Opis specifiĉnih ozljeda kao što su puknuće prednjeg kriţnog ligamenta, puknuće meniska te puknuća lateralnih i medijalnih ligamenata. TakoĊer osmišljen je kineziterapijski program kod spomenutih ozljeda te je utvrĊena optimalna fiziĉka priprema pred povratak natjecateljskim aktivnostima. The main goal of this paper is to point to the problem of knee injury in taekwondo. Describe the rehabilitation process in terms of better and better quality recovery and the ability to return to competition after injury. This work combines in one place all the mechanisms of knee injury in taekwondo. Description of specific injuries, such as rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, collapse of the meniscus and rupture of lateral and medial ligaments. Also a kinesitherapy program was designed for the mentioned injuries and optimal physical preparation was established in return for competitive activities.

The interest in ethical and bioethical topics in society is always present. However, the question arises as to how are ethical and bioethical problems of broad spectrum presented to the public, starting from issues related to health, medicine, technology, genetics, to issues about economy and politics. If ethicalbioethical issues will be addressed in different fields of social life without systematic methodological preparation, we could easily be trapped in ethics and bioethics speeches, which would be presented in a way that suits somebody at a certain point. When talking about educational institutions like College or Polytechnic with medical and health-related study programs, it would certainly be useful to make an analysis about the ethical-bioethical topics and subjects they are offering to students. Recently, there is a high interest of high school graduates in enrolling to professional study programs like Physiotherapy and Nursing. Bioethics is an obligatory subject within the framework of those study programs. However, lecturers of different profiles are chair professors of Bioethics at the aforementioned institutions, starting from physicians, through philosophers, theologians, sociologists, and lawyers. Of course, that is possible because a scientist can deal with various scientific challenges through his career, but it would certainly be important to at least equate syllabi, as well as plans and programs of Bioethics in Physiotherapy and Nursing study program. It is important to note that in Physiotherapy programs, besides subjects from the field of bio-medicine, a significant part of the program is based on the science of movement and especially therapeutic exercises, which point out the need to include the field of kinesiology into the Bioethics plan and program., Zanimanje za etičke teme kao i bioetičke teme u društvu uvijek je prisutno. Međutim, postavlja se pitanje na koji način se javnosti prezentiraju etičko i bioetički problemi širokoga spektra počevši od pitanja vezanih uz zdravlje, medicinu, tehniku i tehnologiju, genetiku, pa do pitanja vezanih uz ekonomiju i politiku. Ukoliko se u različitim poljima društvenog života bude o etičkobioetičkim temama govorilo bez sustavne metodološke pripreme, lako se može upasti u zamku govora o etikama i bioetikama, koje će biti prezentirane na način kako to nekom u određenom trenutku bude odgovaralo. Kad govorimo o obrazovnim ustanovama koje se svrstavaju u kategoriju Visoka škola ili Veleučilište, a koje u sebi nose i studijske programe vezane uz medicinu i zdravlje, svakako bi bilo dobro napraviti analizu etičko-bioetičke ponude na navedenim institucijama. U novije vrijeme poseban interes maturanata zaokupljaju studijski programi vezani uz fizioterapiju i sestrinstvo kao stručni studij. Bioetika je u okviru navedenih studijskih programa obavezan predmet. Međutim, bioetiku kao predmet na navedenim učilištima predaju različiti profili predavača, počevši od medicinske struke, preko, filozofa, teologa, sociologa, pa do pravnika. Naravno, da je navedeno moguće, jer se znanstvenik u svom znanstvenom radu može baviti različitim znanstvenim izazovima, ali svakako bi bilo važno barem ujednačiti syllabuse, te planove i programe izvođenja predmeta bioetika u okviru studijskog programa fizioterapija i sestrinstvo. Važno je napomenuti da se u okviru fizioterapije osim predmeta iz polja bio-medicine dosta nastave bazira i na polju kineziologije, te bi se u plan i program bioetike trebalo uvrstiti i navedeno polje.

U radu su analizirani suradljivost i ustrajnost konzervativnog liječenja idiopatskih adolescentnih skolioza tijekom kineziterapije. Analizirano je 30 pacijenata, od čega 13 dječaka i 17 djevojčica, koji su uključeni u istraživanje na temelju radiološke obrade te kliničkog pregleda u sklopu Medicinskog centra Faktor zdravlje u Zagrebu te privatne ordinacije fizikalne medicine i rehabilitacije dr. Šime Mijić u Jastrebarskom. Proveden je kineziterapijski protokol s ciljem usporavanja napredovanja skolioze, poboljšanja opće kondicije, kardiopulmonalne sposobnosti te psihosocijalne komponente. Subanalizirani su prihvaćanje, suradljivost i ustrajnost te pridrţavanje datih uputa. Analizom podataka, 43,33% ispitanika nije kontinuirano provodilo kineziterapiju dok se 93,33% ispitanika nije pojavilo na kontrolnom pregledu, odnosno završnoj evaluaciji. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na to da unatoč zadovoljavanju uključnih kriterija za idiopatsku adolescentsku skoliozu postoji visoka razina nesuradnje u provođenju kineziterapijskog programa i praćenju pacijenata. Kontinuirano vježbanje i praćenje nužno je kako bi se izdvojili pacijenti s povećanim rizikom napredovanja idiopatske skolioze te eventualno drugih komorbiditeta, osobito kojima je potrebna ortotska terapija ili kirurško liječenje. This paper analyses the compliance and persistence of conservative treatment of idiopathic adolescent scolioses during kinesitherapy. Thirty patients were analysed, 13 being boys and 17 girls, all of them included in the research based on radiological tests and clinical examination within the Medical Center of Faktor zdravlje in Zagreb as well as the private practice for physical medicine owned by dr Šime Mijić in Jastrebarsko. Kinesitherapeutic protocol was implemented with a purpose of slowing down scoliosis from advancement as well as improving general fitness, cardiopulmonary function and the psycho-social component. Besides, adherence, compliance, persistence and cooperativeness with the given rules were subanalysed. The data analysis has proved that 43.33% did not continually implement kinesitherapy whereas 93.33% of the patients did not even appear for the control check-ups, i.e. the final evaluation. The results obtained indicate that in spite of meeting the inclusion criteria for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, there is a high degree of noncooperativeness in the implementation of the kinesitherapy programme and monitoring of the patient. Continuous exercise and monitoring are of a crucial importance so as to single out the patients at increased risk for the advancement of idiopathic scoliosis and possibly other comorbidities, especially in those requiring orthotic therapy or surgical treatment.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je ukazati na problematiku sedentarnog načina života, a samim time i problematiku sedentarnih zanimanja u kojima su sve više prisutna oštećenja vratne kralježnice radi dugogodišnjeg preopterećenja iste. Također, cilj je prikazati i primjer grupnog programa za cervikalni bolni sindrom te prikazati kratke vježbe koje osobe zaposlene u sedentarnim zanimanjima u kratkom roku mogu izvesti na radnom mjestu, kako bi se olakšala prethodno navedena poteškoća, a da se pritom uzmu u obzir funkcionalne i morfološke promjene lokomotornog sustava te mehanizmi njihovog nastanka. Goal of this thesis is to point out the issues of sedentary lifestyle, and thus the issues of sedentary professions in which degeneration of cervical spine is constantly increasing, due to long-term overloading. Also, goal of this thesis is to present an example of a group program for cervical pain syndrome and to present quick exercises which people working in sedentary professions can perform in a short time in their workplaces to ease already mentioned difficulties, while taking into account functional and morphological changes of the locomotor system and mechanisms of their appearance.

Čitajući raznu literaturu na temu cerebralne paralize, nailazimo na slične principe, savjete i činjenice kod većine autora. Naime svi naglašavaju važnost ranog prepoznavanja i otkrivanja oštećenja te što raniji početak vježbanja. Većina autora, iako različitih po tretmanu i pristupu, smatra da su prva 3 mjeseca najbitnija jer omogućuju preventivne mjere za sprečavanje abnormalnih i patoloških obrazaca kretanja. Tretman zahtijeva multidisciplinaran pristup, gdje se brojni stručnjaci moraju međusobnim konzultacijama i zajedničkim radom brzo usmjeriti na željene ciljeve i realizirati ih u što ranijem periodu djetetova života. Reading various literature on cerebral palsy I encounter almost identical principles, tips and facts in the majority of authors. The all emephasize the importance of early recognition and detection of damage and the early start of the exercise. Most authors believe that the first three months are of most importance for preventing of abnormal and pathological patterns of movement. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, where many experts have mutual consulations and work together quickly to focus on the desired goals and realize them as early as possible in a child's life.

Kifotično loše držanje je poremećaj držanja tijela koji se odgovarajućom tjelesnom aktivnošću i promjenom držanja može ispraviti. Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati kifotično loše držanje te prezentirati odgovarajući program za ispravljanje kifotičnog lošeg držanja kod mlađe populacije. Svaka vježba je opisana i prikazana fotografijama, određen je broj serija i ponavljanja te su navedeni ciljevi vježbi, odnosno mišići koji se aktiviraju njihovim izvođenjem. Kyphotic posture is a disorder of body position that could be corrected with a related physical activity and changing of body position. The goal of this thesis was to describe a kyphotic posture and to present a relevant program for correcting kyphotic posture related to younger population. Every single exercise is described and presented by picture, the number of sets and repeating is determinated and the goals of exercises are induced, apropos the muscles activated by their performance.

Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti kineziterapijos su kamuoliu poveikį pilvo raumenų storiui ir nugaros skausmui. Tyrimo objektas: Kineziterapijos su kamuoliu poveikis pilvo raumenų storiui ir nugaros skausmui. Uždaviniai: Įvertinti pilvo raumenų storį ir nugaros skausmą prieš ir po kineziterapijos; Įvertinti kineziterapijos efektyvumą pilvo raumenų storio ir nugaros skausmo kaitai lyginant lyties aspektu. Tyrimo metodai: Taikoma ultragarsinė pilvo raumenų biometrija. Ultragarsinė diagnostinė B-scan sistema „TITAN“. Taikoma kineziterapijos programa su kamuoliais. Tyrimo dalyviai ir organizavimas: Tyrime dalyvavo Lietuvos sporto universiteto 10 studentų – 5 vaikinai ir 5 merginos, kurių amžius yra nuo 18 metų iki 22 metų. Studentai yra nesergantys jokiomis ligomis, jaučiantys silpną nugaros skausmą, nesportuojantys. Tyrimas vyko 7 savaites. Tiriamiesiems buvo išdalinta kineziterapijos programa, kuria vadovaudamiesi sportavo Lietuvos sporto universitete, gimnastikos salėje, 4 kartus per savaitę, po valandą laiko. Išvados: Lyginant lyties aspektu, kineziterapijos su kamuoliais, tiriamųjų nugaros skausmas sumaţėjo, o pilvo raumenys pastorėjo; Kineziterapijos su kamuoliais poveikis buvo efektyvus pilvo raumenų storio didėjime ir nugaros skausmo mažėjime. Visų tiriamųjų pilvo raumenys pastorėjo, o nugaros skausmas sumaţėjo., The aim of the analysis: To evaluate the impact of kinesitherapy on abdominal muscles thickness and back pain using an exercise ball. The object of the analysis: The impact of kinesitherapy on abdominal muscles thickness and back pain using an exercise ball. Tasks of the thesis: To assess the abdominal muscles thickness and back pain before and after kinesitherapy; To evaluate kinesitheraphy effectiveness on abdominal muscles thickness and back pain change. Methods of the analysis: The ultrasound biometrics application on abdominal muscles. The ultrasound diagnostic B-scan system \"TITAN\". The practice of kinesitherapy programme using exercise balls. The organisation and participation in the analysis: The analysis overlooked the information gathered from 10 students (5 male and 5 female) from Lithuanian Sports University. The participant's age varies from 18 to 22 years. The students are not ill with any sickness, feel a light back pain and do not practice any sports. The analysis lasted for 7 weeks. The sports programme was distributed among students and was practised in Lithuanian Sports University gym for 1 hour 4 times a week. Conclusion: Comparing the results by the aspect of gender, kinesitherapy using an exercise ball lead to the results of the thesis analysis - the reduction of back pain and the increment of the abdominal muscles thickness; The impact of kinesitherapy using an exercise ball efectively increased abdominal muscles thickness and decreased back pain.

Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prezentirati važnost individualiziranog pristupa u kineziterapiji nakon moždanog udara. U ovom diplomskom radu prikazat ću kineziterapijski postupak svog otac koji je imao moždani udar 01.04.2009. Cilj je pokazati kineziterapijski postupak za oporavak nakon moždanog udara. Posljedice moždanog udara su najčešće trajna invalidnost, pa je tako bilo i u njegovom slučaju. Moždani udar zauzima jedno od vodećih mjesta kod uzroka smrtnosti i onesposobljenosti osoba. The main objective of this diploma thesis is to present the importance of an individualized approach to kinesitherapy after brain stroke. In this thesis I will show kinesiotherapeutical act of my father who had a stroke 01.04.2009. The goal is to show kinesiotherapeutical proceedings for recovery after brain stroke. Consequenses are usually permanent disability, so it was in his case. Brain stroke occupies a leading position at the causes of death and disability persons.

Bol u leđima predstavlja jedno od najčešćih bolnih stanja odraslih osoba. Većina ljudi tijekom života osjeti bol u donjem dijelu leđa koja se definira kao bol, mišićna napetost i nelagoda u području lumbalne kralježnice, sa ili bez širenja u nogu. Lumbosakralni sindrom je skup simptoma (bol, osjetni i motorički deficit) koji su neposredno ili posredno uzrokovani lumbosakralnom kompresivnom radikulopatijom. Lumbosakralni sindrom najčešći je bolni sindrom i za liječenje bolesnika potreban je multidisciplinarni pristup, kako u dijagnostičkom tako i u terapijskom postupku. Neuroplastičnost se odnosi na sposobnost živčanog sustava da se reorganizira i prilagodi različitim promjenama. Kod bolesnika s lumbalnim bolnim sindromom (LBS) dolazi do promjene u motoričkom korteksu koja nastaje zbog zakašnjele aktivacije dubokih trbušnih mišića (transversus abdominis), a isto tako neuroplastične promjene povezane su s boli koja se javlja kod bolesnika. U prisutnosti kronične boli neuroplastične promjene pokazuju svoju „tamnu stranu“. Usred procesa središnje senzibilizacije štetni podražaju uzrokuju kroničnu bol, a ne štetni podražaji tumače se kao bolni. Dosadašnjim istraživanjima dokazali su da trening motoričkih vještina može uzrokovati plastičnost u motornom sustavu i da je povezan s poboljšanjem motoričke koordinacije, smanjenjem akutne i prevencijom razvoja kronične boli kod bolesnika s LBS-om. Back pain is one of the most common pain states in adults. During their lifetime most people experience pain in the lower back region which is defined as pain, muscular tension and discomfort in the lumbar vertabrae, with or without the pain spreading down to the leg. Lumbosacrale syndrom is a set of symptoms (pain, sense and motor deficit) which are indirectly or directly caused by lumbosacrale compresive radiculopathy. Lumbosacrale syndrom is the most common pain syndrom and a multidisciplinary approach needs to be taken in patient treatment in both diagnostics and therapy procedure. Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of a nervous system to reorganise and adapt to different changes. Patients with lumbal pain syndrome (LPS) experience the change in their motor cortex which occurs due to a delayed activation of deep abdominal muscles (transversus abdominis), and neuroplastic changes are connected to the pain suffered by the patients. When accompanied by chronic pain neuroplastic changes display their ''dark side''. Amidst the process of central sensibilisation, harmful stimulans cause chronic pain, and non-harmful stimulans are interpreted as painful. Present research have shown that motor skills training may cause plasticity in the motor system and that it is connected to the improvement of motor coordination, acute pain decrease and prevention of chronic pain with the patients suffering from LPS.

Današnji sport, profesionalni i amaterski, uvelike je napredovao u svim svojim dijelovima. Prateći napredak sporta, od sportaša se očekuju veliki rezultati, postavljaju veliki ciljevi u kratkom vremenskom razdoblju koji su vrlo često neprimjereni njegovim sposobnostima. Karate spada u kategoriju brzo rastućih sportova. Današnji karataši se izlažu sve većim naporima, koji uključuju treninge, natjecanja, različite obaveze prema sponzorima, daleka putovanja itd. Zbog ovih i mnogih drugih razloga, danas se više nego ikad u sportu pojavljuju ozljede. Jedna od njih je i ozljeda meniska. Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je definirati pravilne načine dijagnostike ozljede meniska, njegovo liječenje ( konzervativno ili operativno) i rehabilitaciju kod karataša u borbama, s ciljem pravilnog oporavka u prijašnje stanje sa punim opsegom pokreta, punom jakosti mišića i mnogim drugim bitnim stavkama kako bi se sportaš što prije i što uspješnije vratio na sportske terene, u natjecateljsku sportsku aktivnost. Također, cilj rada je definirati mehanizme ozljeđivanja meniska kod karataša koji se bave borbama. Today's sport, proffesional and amateur, is greatly progressed in all his parts. As we follow progression of sport, we can see bigger and bigger expectations, goals that are required from athletes in short period of time. Those ecpectations and goals are often not appropriate to their physical conditions. Athletes are exposed to big efforts, that includes training, competition, sponsor obligations, long distance journeys etc. Because of that, today in sport, more then ever, there is a lot of injuries. One of them is meniscus injury. Main goal of this paper is to define a proper ways to diagnose meniscus injury, set proper treatment ( nonoperationally and operationally), and rehabilitation in karate athletes, so athlete, after this proces, can have previous range of motion, previous strenght in all muscles surrounding meniscus and all other relevant parts of rehabilitation because only then, athlete can go back to full physical activity, training and competition. Also, one of the goals of this paper is to define proper injury mehanisms with karate athletes who practise kumite.

Ruptura prednje ukrižene sveze danas je jedna od najčešćih ozljeda u nogometu koja zahtjeva dug i naporan proces oporavka. Može nastati kontaktnim ili, češće, nekontaktnim mehanizmom. Ova ozljeda za nogometaša znači gubitak velikog dijela sezone jer slijedi operacija rekonstrukcije ligamenta nakon koje dolazi rehabilitacijski proces u trajanju od najmanje šest mjeseci. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati anatomiju koljena, najčešće rizične faktore i mehanizme nastanka ove ozljede u nogometu, kao i prikazati najvažnije elemente svake faze rehabilitacijskog procesa sve do povratka u natjecateljski nogomet. Anterior cruciate ligament rupture is nowadays one of the most common injuries in soccer that requires long and heavy recovery process. It can appear with contact or, more often, non-contact mechanism. For soccer player, this injury means a loss of big part of the season because player needs to have ligament reconstruction surgery after which follows rehabilitation process that takes at least six months. The aim of this work is to describe knee anatomy, most common risk factors and injury mechanisms of ACL rupture in soccer, and also to show the most important elements of every rehabilitation phase till the comeback to competitive soccer.

U velikoj većini razvijenih zemalja cerebrovaskularni inzult je prvi uzrok invaliditeta među odraslom populacijom. Zabrinjavajuća je činjenica da se dobna granica pomiče pa ova bolest zahvaća sve mlađu populaciju. Uzrok tome je moderan i stresan način života, što daje prostor da se spriječi pojava moždanog udara promjenom načina života. Cilj ovog rada je bio prikazati ulogu fizioterapeuta u rehabilitacijskom timu i važnost što ranijeg početka provođenja rehabilitacije bolesnika. Naglasila sam potrebu primjene kineziterapijskih postupaka poput Bobath koncepta te vježbi ravnoteže koje daju bolji rezultat od pasivnih postupaka kineziterapije. U radu sam obradila i ostale rehabilitacijske postupke kao što su hidroterapija, kriomasaža, parafinski oblozi, elektoterapija, radna terapija i telerehabilitacija koji su bitni kod daljnjeg liječenja. Rehabilitacija bolesnika nakon moždanog udara traje cijeli život i bolesnici moraju biti svjesni da će morati nastaviti živjeti s manjim ili većim stupnjem invaliditeta i da od njega samog, to jest od njegove motiviranosti za radom, ovisi kvaliteta njegovog budućeg života. In vast majority of developed coutries CVI is leading cause of disability among grown up population. The disturbing fact that the age limit is going more towards younger population. Cause of it is modern, stressfull way of life, which gives space to prevent the occurrence of stroke with lifestyle changes. Purpose of this work was to present physiotherapist role in rehabilitation team and the importance of starting rehabilitationas soon as possible. I pointed out the need of using kinesitherapy procedures such as Bobath concept and balance exercises. They provide better results than passive kinesitherapy procedures. In my work I also processed rehabilitation procedures such as hydrotherapy, cryomassage, paraffin compress, electrotherapy, work therapy and telerehabilitation which are important in further treatment. Rehabilitation of patients after stroke is lifelong so it's important to be aware that living with some sort of disability is what they can expect. Quality of future life depends only on two things: patient itself and his work motivation.

Djeca danas puno vremena provode sjedeći, prvenstveno u školama gdje sjede svakoga dana od sedme godine života po četiri sata dnevno što se progresivno povećava sve do 18. godine i do sedam sati sjedenja dnevno. Znanstveno je potvrđeno da se u razdoblju od rođenja do adolescencije dešava najviše promjena u čovjekovu organizmu, kako u intelektualnom tako i fizičkom smislu. Današnji sedentaran stil života koji je karakteriziran smanjenjom tjelesnom aktivnošću, povećanjem pretilosti među djecom te lošim držanjem, dovodi do velikih zdravstvenih problema, koji uzrokuju buduće financijske probleme i smanjuju kvalitetu života. Načini sjedenja djece u školskim klupama, za računalima i za vrijeme gledanja u mobitele i tablete, jako loše utječe na kralježnicu i potiče loše držanje koje sa sobom vuče brojne druge komplikacije u budućnosti. Preporuka je da ruksaci koje učenici nose budu težine do 10% težine učenika, međutim u stvarnosti te vrijednosti sežu čak i do 20%. Jedan dio djece ima već pri upisu u školu određene posturalne probleme (skolioza, spuštena stopala itd.) i ako dodamo preveliko opterećenje na loše držanje još ćemo više pogoršati stanje. Količina knjiga između učenika 1. razred osnovne škole i 5. razreda osnovne škole ne razlikuje se bitno, što nam govori o jednom velikom nesrazmjeru. Kronološka i biološka dob djece uvelike se razlikuje od djeteta do djeteta, a količina knjiga koju djeca nose je ista. Jedan od problema je također i infrastruktura škola, koje nemaju dovoljno prostora za odlaganje knjiga i opreme za sat tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Potrebno je naći adekvatan način kako bi fizički rasteretili djecu, ali i očuvali kvalitetu izvođenja nastave. Pravovremenom dijagnostikom, ciljanim odabirom kineziterapijskih vježbi i osvještavanjem važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti moguće je prevenirati većinu od nabrojenih problema. These days, children spend a lot of time sitting, starting from the school where they sit 4 hours per day from age of 7, which increases to 7 hours per day to the age of 18. It is scientific proved that human organisam mostly changes from birth to the adolescent age, both intelectual and physical way, so it is very important to direct the child to it's proper and healthy development. Todays sedentary lifestyle is characterized with lack of physical activity, prevalence of the obesity amoung the children and adults, and bad posture, which leads to big health problems, causing future financial problems and lowering the quality of life. The sitting posture of school children during lessons, by computer desks and watching at the mobile phones, tablets and TV, affects spine very bad which may in future escalate in bigger spine problems. It is recommended that the school bag weight 10% of the full body of the school child, but in reality the weights of the school bags go up to 20%. Some children at the beginning of the school age have postural problems (scoliosis, flat feet and etc.) and when you add the excessive weight of the school bags the problem gets even bigger. The amount of books between a schoolchild going to 1st grade and the one going to 5th grade is almost similar and the difference between their stage of development is big. Chronogical and biological age of children is very individual and the weight they carry is the same. One of the problem is the infrastructure of the schools, the lack of room for leaving the books and the equipment for physical education classes which forces the children to carry the books and equipment every day. It is very important to find a right solution to all of these problems but in the same time to preserve the quality of teaching. By the right and well-timed diagnosis, with targeted choice of kinesitherapy exercises and by raising awareness of the importance of physical activity is possible to prevent most of the aforementioned problems.

Ozljeda medijalnog kolateralnog ligamenta jedna je od najčešćih ozljeda koljena (1, 30, 37). Popularnost sportova poput skijanja i nogometa doprinosi čestoj pojavnosti ozljede ovog ligamenta (26, 30). Medijalni kolateralni ligament primarni je statički stabilizator medijalne strane koljena (49) te je stoga važno odrediti optimalnu strategiju rehabilitacije nakon njegovog ozljeđivanja. Leziju medijalnog kolateralnog ligamenta prati nestabilnost zgloba povezana s njegovim oštećenjem i neuromišićnim deficitom (14). Svrha rada je opisati smjernice za provođenje kineziterapije nakon izoliranih ozljeda medijalnog kolateralnog ligamenta svih stupnjeva. Opisane su najvažnije značajke rehabilitacije kod sva tri stupnja težine ozljede. U literaturi postoji konsenzus o učinkovitosti konzervativnog liječenja izoliranih ozljeda medijalnog kolateralnog ligamenta svih stupnjeva zbog njegovih strukturalnih karakteristika koje omogućuju cijeljenje bez kirurškog liječenja. Operacijsko liječenje preporučuje se ukoliko su ozljedi pridružene i druge ozljede struktura koljena od kojih je najčešća ona prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Naglasak rehabilitacijskog protokola je na kineziterapiji, odnosno doziranom provođenju terapijskih vježbi. Iako u literaturi postoje različiti opisi rehabilitacijskih, odnosno kineziterapijskih protokola, uglavnom se temelje na iskustvu ili kliničkim istraživanjima koja nisu randomiziranog karaktera. Specifični rehabilitacijski protokoli utemeljeni na randomiziranim kliničkim istraživanjima još ne postoje. Za izbor optimalnog rehabilitacijskog programa potrebno je razumijevanje mehanizma i klasifikacije ozljede te isključivanje ozljeda ostalih struktura koljena. Bitno je započeti s provođenjem doziranih vježbi već u najranijoj fazi rehabilitacije kako ne bi došlo do nepotrebne mišićne atrofije i smanjenja opsega pokreta zbog pojave edema. Uz pravilno proveden rehabilitacijski program moguć je relativno brz povratak na prijašnju razinu sportske aktivnosti nakon ozljeda ligamenta I. i II. stupnja. Za optimalni uspjeh rehabilitacije potrebno je plan terapijskih vježbi individualno prilagoditi svakom sportašu. U nekim slučajevima opravdano je i korištenje funkcionalne ortoze prilikom sportskih aktivnosti., Injury of the medial collateral ligament of the knee is one of the most frequent knee injuries (1, 30, 37). Popularity of sports like skiing and soccer contributes toward high incidence of this type of injury (26, 30). Medial collateral ligament of the knee is primary static stabiliser of the medial part of the knee (49) and it's very important to determine optimal rehabilitation strategy after the injury. Lesion of the medial collateral ligament are followed by joint instability associated with damage and neuromuscular deficit (14). Purpose of this article is to describe guidelines for kinesiotherapy application after isolated injuries of the medial collateral ligament of all grades of severity. The most important features of rehabilitation program for three grades of severity, respectively, are described. There is consensus in literature regarding effectiveness of conservative treatment of isolated medial collateral ligament injuries of all grades because of its structural characteristics wich enable healing without surgical treatment. Surgical treatment is recommended for combined injuries of medial collateral ligament and other knee joint structures, injury of anterior cruciate ligament being the most frequent. Focus of rehabilitation protocol is on the kinesiotherapy, specifically graded application of therapeutic exercise. Although there are several descriptions of rehabilitation and kinesitherapeutic protocols in literature, these programs are based upon clinical experience and non randomized trials. Specific rehabilitation protocols based upon randomised clinical trials are still non existent. Understanding the mechanism and classification of injury and exclusion of other knee structures injuries is necessary to determine optimal rehabilitation program. It is important to start with graded therapeutic exercises from the earliest rehabilitation phase to prevent unnecessary muscular atrophy and loss of range of movement caused by oedema. With correct implementation of rehabilitation program return to previous level of functioning after injuries of I. and II. grade is relatively fast. For optimal rehabilitation success therapeutic exercises program should be individually adjusted to every athlete. In some cases, the use of functional orthosis during sports events is justified.

Darbe analizuojama teorinė holistinė sveikatos samprata bei psichofizinio ugdymo reikšmė švietimo ir sveikatos apsaugos sistemos kontekste. Darbe taip pat analizuojamas psichofizinio ugdymo specialistų- kineziterapeutų ir judesio korekcijos specialistų profesinių kompetencijų praktinis realizavimas atsižvelgiant į tai, kad pastarieji specializuojasi atitinkamai reabilitacijos ir edukologijos srityse. Iškelta hipotezė, kad kineziterapeutų profesinės kompetencijos (funkciniai, bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo, kineziterapeutų praktinės veiklos plėtros gebėjimai) yra kur kas plačiau realizuojamos praktikoje nei judesio korekcijos specialistų. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas- palyginti kineziterapeutų ir judesio korekcijos specialistų profesinių kompetencijų praktinį realizavimą. Apklausoje dalyvavo 200 respondentų (kineziterapeutų ir judesio korekcijos specialistų) iš Vilniaus, Kauno, Klaipėdos, Šiaulių, Panevėžio ir mažesnių miestų. Empirinėje dalyje buvo siekiama palyginti kineziterapeutų ir judesio korekcijos specialistų funkcinių gebėjimų, bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo gebėjimų bei praktinės veiklos plėtros gebėjimų realizavimą paktikoje. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Daugumos funkcinių kompetencijų realizavimas praktikoje yra kur kas labiau išplėtotas kineziterapeutų nei judesio korekcijos specialistų. 2. Atlikus apklausą paaiškėjo, kad judesio korekcijos specialistų bendravimo ir bendadarbiavimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The paper deals with the theoretical analysis of health as a holistic conception and significance of psychophysiological personality‘s education in context of education system and health protection system. The paper deals with the theoretical analysis of professional competencies realization in practice of psychophysiological education specialists – specialists in kinesitherapy and specialists in movement correction considering that these specialists are specializing in rehabilitation and educological fields. Hypothesis: professional competencies (functional abilities, communication and collaboration abilities and development of practical activity abilities) are realized in practice much more by specialists in kinesitherapy than by specialists in movement correction. With questionnaire quiz method was made a research which aim was to compare realization of professional competencies in practical work of specialists in kinesitherapy and specialists in movement correction. 200 respondents (specialists in kinesitherapy and in movement correction) from Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Panevėžys and other cities have participated in this research. There was purpose to compare functional abilities, communication and collaboration abilities and development of practical activity abilities realization in practice of specialists in kinesitherapy and specialists in movement correction in empirical part. The most important empirical conclusions that... [to full text]

Tyrimo objektas: vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių funkcijos rodikliai ir jų kaitos ypatumai. Tyrimo problema: vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, priežiūra labai įtakoja šeimos gyvenimą, skatina prisitaikyti prie vaiko poreikių. Dirbant su šiais vaikais ne visuomet galima pritaikyti įprastinius metodus jų motorikos funkcijai atkurti ar stiprinti. Vaikams, turintiems fizinę ir psichinę negalią, judėjimas yra neišsenkanti saviraiškos, savirealizacijos ir supančio pasaulio pažinimo priemonė. Dėl bendrosios ir smulkiosios motorikos nepakankamumo gali sutrikti judesių koordinacija. Neįgalusis vaikas negali arba ribotai gali atlikti judesius, keičiant padėtį erdvėje. Daugelio autorių nuomone, kineziterapijos užsiėmimai yra veiksminga priemonė lengvinanti fizinę negalią, padedanti integruoti šiuos vaikus į visuomenę. Šiam magistriniam darbui parinkta tokia kineziterapijos programa, kuri būtų efektyvi ir veiksminga šių vaikų rankų judesiams pagerinti. Nes tik įvairių motorikos ugdymo metodų taikymas didina vaikų gebėjimą atlikti taisyklingą judesį ir aktyvina vaiko dalyvavimą savitarnos, bendravimo bei pažinimo veikloje. Todėl kuo ilgiau nekreipiamas pakankamas dėmesys į šias problemas, tuo sunkesnių pasekmių galime tikėtis. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti kineziterapijos poveikį vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesiams. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių funkcijos rodiklius prieš ir po 1-ojo ir 2-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimų. 2. Palyginti gautus vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių funkcijos rodiklius. Tyrimo hipotezė: vaikų, sergančių Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių funkcijos rodikliai didesni už vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, rodiklius. Išvados: 1. Vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių funkcijos rodikliai (dažnis, greitis ir raumenų jėga) pagerėjo po 1-ojo ir 2-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimų. 2. Lyginant gautus vaikų rankų judesių funkcijos rodiklius pastebėta, kad vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiumi, Dauno sindromu ir autizmu, rankų judesių dažnio ir greičio rezultatai gauti po 1-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimo geresni už 2-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimo rezultatus; rankų raumenų jėgos rezultatai gauti po 2-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimo geresni už 1-ojo kineziterapijos užsiėmimo rezultatus., The object of research: indicators of hand movement functions and the specific features of their change among the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism. The problem of research: The care of the children with cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism has a great influence upon family life and makes it adapt to the needs of the child. While working with these children it is not always possible to employ conventional methods for the recreation of their motoric function and find the ways of how to strengthen it. Movement is an inexhaustible means of self realization, self expression and the way of learning about the surrounding world for the children with physical and psychic disability. Due to the lack of general and small motoric movements, a child‘s coordination can be impaired. A disabled child cannot or is limited to make movements changing his position in space. According to the opinion of many authors, kinesitherapy exercises are an effective way of making physical disability more bearable and help to integrale the children into the life of the society. Only the use of different methods of movement increases a child‘s ability to make correct movements and makes him more active in taking care of himself, in communication and in the course of gaining knowledge. For this reason, if the problems are neglected, more serious outcomes can be expected. This Master‘s degree thesis deals with such a program of kinesitherapy which could work and be effective in improving hand movements of these children. The objective of the research: to determine the influence of kinesitherapy for the hand movements of the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism. The tasks of the research: 1. In the first and the second stage of the research to determine the indicators of hand movement functions of the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism before and after kinesitherapy exercises; 2. To compare the research indicators of hand movement functions of the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism. Hypothesis of the research: the results of the first and second reserch showed that indicators of hand movement functions of the children suffering from Down's sindrome and autism are higher than those of the children with cerebral paralysis. The conclusions: 1. The indicators (the freguency, the speed of hand movements as well as muscular strength) of the funkcions of hand movements of the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism after the first and the second kinesitherapy have increased. 2. Having compared the data of the functions of the children hand movements we can make a conclussion that the first kinesitherapy results (the freguency and the speed of hand movements) of hand movements of the children suffering from cerebral paralysis, Down's sindrome and autism are better than the second kinesitherapy exercises; the results of the muscular strenght after the second kinesitherapy are better than affer the first one.

There are about 250 new spinal cord injury cases in Lithuania each year. Usually, young people of a „working age” are getting injured. Men are getting spinal cord injuries four times often than women. Researches were made in Wellness center of Vilkpėde in year 2004 and year 2005, in Vilnius (rehabilitation takes 35 days). In this supportive rehabilitation participated 24 patients who have experienced cord injuries in a past 2 years. There were 32 – 45 years old, both sex patients (79,2 % males, 20,8 % females). Participants were divided into two groups. There were 12 patients with spinal cord injuries participating in each group (paraplegics). In the first (control) group researched patients were treated only with kinesitherapy, and the second group was experimental where patients were treated using K.Nyshi method. There were made 40 procedures for the patients in each group. Purpose of this research is – the influence of K. Nyshi method for the patients with spinal cord injures. Goal of this work is – to compare the efficiency of K. Nyshi method and kinesitherapy; to evaluate patient’s functional independence; shoulder joint flexibility. During this research the following evaluation tests were used – functional independence, spinal muscle strength, waist muscular strength balance, shoulder joint flexibility, waist flexibility. Chances of bedsores were evaluated by scale of Norton. After spinal cord injuries, in period after traumas or when disease was irascible and heavy... [to full text]

Straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – įvertinti „Judesių mokymo programos“ poveikį žmonių po galvos smegenų insulto rankos funkcijoms atstatyti. Buvo taikyti šie tyrimo metodai: testavimas, eksperimentas, matematinės statistikos metodai. Eksperimentas atliktas Šiaulių ligoninės Neurologijos skyriuje, kurio metu tiriamiesiems taikyta „Judesių mokymo programa“ (JMP). Programos tikslas – padėti neurologiniams ligoniams atkurti kasdienės veiklos judesius. Pagrindiniai programos akcentai šie: 1. Kineziterapijos užsiėmimai yra mokymosi procesas. Ligonis turi mokytis ir pats kontroliuoti, stebėti, analizuoti tai, ko jis mokosi. 2. Reikalingos biomechanikos žinios judesiams analizuoti ir vykdyti užduočiai. 3. Pagrindimas. JMP pagrįsta prielaida, kad sergantis žmogus mokosi tokiu pat būdu, kaip ir sveikas žmogus, todėl pagrindiniai programos principai kyla iš šio teiginio. Įvertinus abiejų grupių pacientų pažeistos rankos funkcijas prieš taikant judesių mokymo programą ir tradicinę kineziterapiją, nustatyta, kad labiausiai sutriko sudėtingi rankos judesiai, mažiausiai buvo pažeistos pečių lanko funkcijos. Išanalizavus tyrimo duomenis po JMP ir tradicinės kineziterapijos taikymo, paaiškėjo, kad abiejų grupių rezultatai pagerėjo. Eksperimentinės grupės pacientams pritaikius JMP ir palyginus rezultatus su kontrolinės grupės pacientų duomenimis, galima daryti išvadą, kad taikyta metodika leido eksperimentinės grupės pacientams pasiekti geresnių rezultatų. The restoration of limb functions applying kinesitherapy for patients after brain stroke requires much time and effort. An experiment wherein a motor re-learning programme of Carr J. and Shepherd R. was used as an adaptive Physical activity along with the traditional kinesitherapy in order to restore limb functions is described in the paper. The aim of the paper in to evaluate the effect of a motor re-learning programme on people after brain stroke restoring limb functions. A quantitative experiment was performed in the neurological department of Šiauliai Hospital with 120 patients with brain stroke. An experimental group included 60 patients with affected upper extremity. An adaptive physical activity was applied to the present patients in order to restore the functions of affected upper extremities along with the traditional kinesitherapy. An auditorial group consisted of 60 patients and the traditional kinesitherapy was applied to it. The motor assessment scale by Carr J. H., Shepherd R. B. was used for testing the patients. Having evaluated the functions of the patients from both groups before the application of the motor relearning Programme as well as the traditional kinesitherapy it was evaluated that manipulative hand movements were disordered mostly while the functions of shoulder girdle were disordered least. Having analysed the data obtained in the experiment it was evaluated that the results of the both groups improved, however, the results of the experimental group were significantly different from the auditorial group because they reached better results in limb functions

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that causes the dislocation of joints. Foot deformity and deformity of foot fingers is brought about by inflammatory processes in the joints and due to the changed pressure of body weight on the feet. The computerized method of foot-barography allows one to estimate in what way the pressure of body weight on the feet distributes itself during the process of walking and in the standing posture. This method also allows one to judge about foot deformity as well as the condition of foot joints, ligaments and muscles of the patient. The aim of the research was to study the efficiency of applying the computerized method of foot-barography in the treatment of foot joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis. Subjects and Methods. The research was carried out at the Polyclinic of the Joint-Stock Company „Ortopedijos technika“ (Orthopedic Technology) in Kaunas. The subjects were 19 females and 3 males suffering from chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) the experimental group, i.e. patients to whom kinesitherapy was applied, and 2) the control group, i.e. patients to whom kinesitherapy was not applied. The feet of the patients have been studied applying the computerized method of foot-barography. The distribution of the pressure of body weight on definite points (5, 7, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20) of the foot as well as on the fingers and hell of the foot has been analysed. Conclusions. As a result of the research done the following conclusions have been made: 1. With no kinesitherapy being applied for 2 years there occurs an increase in the pressure on the lateral foot, the caps of foot bones and foot fingers as well as progression of foot deformity and foot fingers takes place. 2. There has been a decrease in the pressure of body weight on definite points of the foot; as to distribution, the pressure on foot fingers has decreased and on the heel has increased in the experimental group. 3. There has been an increase in the pressure of body weight on definite points of the foot; as to distribution, the pressure on foot fingers has increased and on the heel has decreased in the control group.

Scheuermann's disease is a kyphotic deformity of the spine that develops in early adolescence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the parameters of spine (total mobility of dorsolumbal spine and lumbal part of spine), to find out the changes of strenght of the abdominal and scapula muscles, the mobility of the shoulders and the pain severity in this condition. 30 adolescents with an age of 11-16 years were taking part in this study. All of them got conservative treatment in Kaunas V.Tumėnienės rehabilitation center. Such methods as Schober‘s sign, finger-ground distance, tests for evaluating the strenght of abdominal and scapula muscles, shoulders mobility test, pain scale were used. After the treatment (kinesitherapy) the results of Schober‘s sign increased slightly, finger-ground distance improved significantly, the mobility of the shoulders and the strenght of the scapula muscles increased slightly, the strenght of the abdominal muscles improved significantly and back pain decreased considerably.