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We present spatially resolved kinematics of 27 ALMA-identified dust-obscured star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z  ∼ 1.3–2.6, as traced by Hα emission using VLT/KMOS near-infrared integral field spectroscopy from the 'KMOS-ALMA Observations of Submillimetre Sources' (KAOSS) Large Programme. We derive Hα rotation curves and velocity dispersion profiles for the DSFGs, and find that among the 27 sources with bright, spatially extended Hα emission, 24 display evidence for disc-like kinematics. We measure a median inclination-corrected velocity at 2.2  R d of v rot = 190 ± 40 km s−1 and intrinsic velocity dispersion of σ0 = 87 ± 6 km s−1 for these disc-like sources. The kinematics yield median circular velocities of v circ = 230 ± 20 km s−1 and dynamical masses within 2 R e (∼ 7 kpc radius) of M dyn = (1.1 ± 0.2) × 1011 M⊙. Compared to less actively star-forming galaxies, KAOSS DSFGs are both faster rotating with higher intrinsic velocity dispersions, but have similar v rot/σ0 ratios, median v /σ0 = 2.5 ± 0.5. We suggest that the kinematics of the DSFGs are primarily rotation supported but with a non-negligible contribution from pressure support, which may be driven by star formation or mergers/interactions. We estimate the normalization of the stellar mass Tully–Fisher relation (sTFR) for the disc-like DSFGs and compare it with local studies, finding no evolution at fixed slope between z  ∼ 2 and z  ∼ 0. Finally, we show that the kinematic properties of the DSFG population are consistent with them evolving into massive early-type galaxies, the dominant z  ∼ 0 population at these masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare ionized gas and stellar kinematics of 16 star-forming galaxies (log (M ⋆/ M ⊙) = 9.7–11.2, SFR =6 − 86 M⊙ yr−1) at z ∼ 1 using near-infrared integral field spectroscopy (IFS) of Hα emission from the KMOS3D (the K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph 3D) survey and optical slit spectroscopy of stellar absorption and gas emission from the LEGA-C (Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census) survey. Hα is dynamically colder than stars, with higher disc rotation velocities (by ∼45 per cent) and lower disc velocity dispersions (by a factor ∼2). This is similar to trends observed in the local Universe. We find higher rotational support for Hα relative to [O  ii ], potentially explaining systematic offsets in kinematic scaling relations found in the literature. Regarding dynamical mass measurements, for six galaxies with cumulative mass profiles from Jeans Anisotropic Multi-Gaussian Expansion (JAM) models the Hα dynamical mass models agree remarkably well out to ∼10 kpc for all but one galaxy (average |$\Delta M_{\rm dyn}(R_{e,\rm F814W})\lt 0.1$| dex). Simpler dynamical mass estimates based on integrated stellar velocity dispersion are less accurate (standard deviation 0.24 dex). Differences in dynamical mass estimates are larger, for example, for galaxies with stronger misalignments of the Hα kinematic major axis and the photometric position angle, highlighting the added value of IFS observations for dynamics studies. The good agreement between the JAM and the dynamical models based on Hα kinematics at z ∼ 1 corroborates the validity of dynamical mass measurements from Hα IFS observations, which can be more easily obtained for higher redshift galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dwarf galaxies located in extremely underdense cosmic voids are excellent test beds for disentangling the effects of large-scale environments on galaxy formation and evolution. We present the first results of the Dwarfs in Void Environments Survey, which has obtained integral field spectroscopy for low-mass galaxies (M ⋆ = 107–109 M ⊙) located inside (N = 21) and outside (N = 9) cosmic voids using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager. Using measurements of stellar line-of-sight rotational velocity v rot and velocity dispersion σ ⋆, we test the tidal stirring hypothesis, which posits that dwarf spheroidal galaxies are formed through tidal interactions with more massive host galaxies. We measure low values of v rot/ σ ⋆ ≲ 2 for our sample of isolated dwarf galaxies, and we find no trend between v rot/ σ ⋆ and the distance from a massive galaxy d L ⋆ out to d L ⋆ ∼ 10 Mpc. These suggest that dwarf galaxies can become dispersion-supported, "puffy" systems even in the absence of environmental effects like tidal interactions. We also find indications of an upward trend between v rot/ σ ⋆ and galaxy stellar mass, perhaps implying that stellar disk formation depends on mass rather than environment. Although some of our conclusions may be slightly modified by systematic effects, our main result still holds: that isolated low-mass galaxies may form and remain as puffy systems rather than the dynamically cold disks predicted by classical galaxy formation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the stellar radial velocity analysis of the central 1 ′ Ă— 1 ′ of the young massive Small Magellanic Cloud star cluster NGC 346. Using VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopy in combination with Hubble Space Telescope photometry, we extract 103 spectra of cluster member stars suited to measure accurate line-of-sight kinematics. The cluster member stars show two distinct velocity groups at v 1 = âˆ' 3.3 âˆ' 0.2 + 0.3 km s âˆ' 1 and v 2 = 2.6 âˆ' 0.1 + 0.1 km s âˆ' 1 , relative to the systemic velocity of (165.5 ± 0.2) km sâˆ'1, and hint at a third group at v 3 = 9.4 âˆ' 0.1 + 0.1 km s âˆ' 1 . We show that there is neither a correlation between the velocity groups and the spatial location of the stars, nor their locus on optical colorâ€"magnitude diagrams, which makes the stellar velocity a key parameter to separate individual stellar components in such a young star cluster. Velocity group 2 shows clear rotation with Ω2 =(âˆ'0.4 ± 0.1) Myrâˆ'1, corresponding to (âˆ'4.9 ± 0.7) km sâˆ'1 at radial distance of 10 pc from the center, a possible remnant of the formation process of NGC 346 through the hierarchical collapse of the giant molecular cloud. The ionizing gas has lost any natal kinematic imprint and shows clear expansion, driven by far-ultraviolet fluxes and stellar winds of the numerous OB stars in the cluster center. The size of this expanding bubble and its expansion velocity of 7.9 km sâˆ'1 are in excellent agreement with the estimate that the latest star formation episode occurred about two million years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsar H α bow shocks provide rare opportunities to constrain the energetics and kinematics of the relativistic pulsar wind. We have acquired optical imaging and integral field unit spectroscopy of the bow shock of the millisecond pulsar PSR J1959+2048, measuring the shock symmetry axis at a position angle = 213.2 ± 0.°2 and showing that this slow nonradiative shock has a broad-to-narrow line component ratio I b / I n = 4. The data show that the pulsar’s velocity lies 2.°2 out of the plane of the sky. Coupled with a new fit for its timing proper motion, giving ÎĽ tot = 30.05 mas yrâˆ'1 and a Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) interferometric parallax measurement giving d = 2.57 âˆ' 0.77 + 1.84 kpc (90% range), we have unusually complete information on the pulsar kinematics. The bow shock constraints on the wind momentum flux imply that, at the best-fit parallax distance, the pulsar moment of inertia must be very large and/or the H α efficiency at its modest shock velocity must be very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integral field spectroscopy of high-redshift galaxies has become a powerful tool for understanding their dynamics and evolutionary states. However, in the case of gravitationally lensed systems, it has proved difficult to model both lensing and intrinsic kinematics in a way that takes full advantage of the information available in the spectral domain. In this paper, we introduce a new method for pixel-based source reconstruction that alters standard regularization schemes for two-dimensional (2D) data in a way that leverages kinematic information in a physically motivated but flexible fashion, and that is better suited to the three-dimensional (3D) nature of integral field data. To evaluate the performance of this method, we compare its results to those of a more traditional 2D nonparametric approach using mock Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of a typical high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxy. We find that 3D regularization applied to an entire data cube reconstructs a source’s intensity and velocity structure more accurately than 2D regularization applied to separate velocity channels. Cubes reconstructed with 3D regularization also have more uniform noise and resolution properties and are less sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio of individual velocity channels than the results of 2D regularization. Our new approach to modeling integral field observations of lensed systems can be implemented without making restrictive a priori assumptions about intrinsic kinematics, and opens the door to new observing strategies that prioritize spectral resolution over spatial resolution (e.g., for multiconfiguration arrays like ALMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explore the diversity of ionized gas kinematics (rotational velocity v ϕ and velocity dispersion σg) and gas-phase metallicity gradients at 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 2.5 using a compiled data set of 74 galaxies resolved with ground-based integral field spectroscopy. We find that galaxies with the highest and the lowest σg have preferentially flat metallicity gradients, whereas those with intermediate values of σg show a large scatter in the metallicity gradients. Additionally, steep negative gradients appear almost only in rotation-dominated galaxies (v ϕ/σg > 1), whereas most dispersion-dominated galaxies show flat gradients. We use our recently developed analytical model of metallicity gradients to provide a physical explanation for the shape and scatter of these observed trends. In the case of high σg, the inward radial advection of gas dominates over metal production and causes efficient metal mixing, thus giving rise to flat gradients. For low σg, it is the cosmic accretion of metal-poor gas diluting the metallicity that gives rise to flat gradients. Finally, the reason for intermediate σg showing the steepest negative gradients is that both inward radial advection and cosmic accretion are weak as compared to metal production, which leads to the creation of steeper gradients. The larger scatter at intermediate σg may be due in part to preferential ejection of metals in galactic winds, which can decrease the strength of the production term. Our analysis shows how gas kinematics play a critical role in setting metallicity gradients in high-redshift galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an integral field spectroscopy study of two active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the galaxy cluster RXJ0152–137 at z = 0.84. We have combined integrated and 3D spectra with HST images to perform a complete morpho-kinematical analysis of each galaxy. For G557, we detect narrow and broad H α and [N  ii ] emission. The broad H α component is redshifted by v ∼ 939 km s−1 concerning the narrow component. The kinematics analysis and VLT/FORS2 data indicate that G557 presents evidence of radial outflows. For G300, it was possible to detect only the broad H α emission. The spectral properties of both galaxies are equivalent to those of local AGN. We also compare the results obtained for each AGN with their location within the cluster. We found a possible connection of the environment with the properties inferred for each of them, and the possible interaction of G557 with an unconfirmed neighboring galaxy, for which a bridge-like structure is observed in the HST images. This work shows evidence of how the same type of AGN can show differences in their spectroscopic properties depending on the region of the cluster in which they develop, which is important to understand how the environment affects AGN and, consequently, the evolution of galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the importance of merging galaxies to galaxy evolution, it is necessary to design classification tools that can identify the different types and stages of merging galaxies. Previously, using GADGET-3/SUNRISE simulations of merging galaxies and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we created an accurate merging galaxy classifier based on imaging predictors. Here, we develop a complementary tool, based on stellar kinematic predictors, derived from the same simulation suite. We design mock stellar velocity and velocity dispersion maps to mimic the specifications of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point (MaNGA) integral field spectroscopy (IFS) survey, and utilize an LDA to create a classification, based on a linear combination of 11 kinematic predictors. The classification varies significantly with mass ratio; the major (minor) merger classifications have a mean statistical accuracy of 80% (70%), a precision of 90% (85%), and a recall of 75% (60%). The major mergers are best identified by predictors that trace global kinematic features, while the minor mergers rely on local features that trace a secondary stellar component. While the kinematic classification is less accurate than the imaging classification, the kinematic predictors are better at identifying post-coalescence mergers. A combined imaging + kinematic classification has the potential to reveal more complete merger samples from imaging and IFS surveys such as MaNGA. We note that since the suite of simulations used to train the classifier covers a limited range of galaxy properties (i.e., the galaxies are of intermediate mass, and disk-dominated), the results may not be applicable to all MaNGA galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results from an integral field spectroscopy study of seven close visual binary pairs of young M-dwarf multiple systems. The target systems are part of the astrometric monitoring AstraLux programme, surveying hundreds of M-dwarf systems for multiplicity and obtaining astrometric epochs for orbital constraints. Our new VLT/SINFONI data provides resolved spectral type classifications in the J, H, and K bands for seven of these low-mass M-dwarf binaries, which we determine by comparing them to empirical templates and examining the strength of water absorption in the K band. The medium resolution K-band spectra also allows us to derive effective temperatures for the individual components. All targets in the survey display several signs of youth, and some have kinematics similar to young moving groups, or low surface gravities which we determined from measuring equivalent widths of gravity sensitive alkali lines in the J band. Resolved photometry from our targets is also compared with isochrones from theoretical evolutionary models, further implying young ages. Dynamical masses will be provided from continued monitoring of these systems, which can be seen as emblematic binary benchmarks that may be used to calibrate evolutionary models for low-mass stars in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SITELLE is a novel integral field unit spectroscopy instrument that has an impressive spatial (11 by 11 arcmin), spectral coverage, and spectral resolution (R ∼ 1–20,000). SIGNALS is anticipated to obtain deep observations (down to 3.6 × 10−17erg s−1 cm−2) of 40 galaxies, each needing complex and substantial time to extract spectral information. We present a method that uses Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) for estimating emission-line parameters in optical spectra obtained with SITELLE as part of the SIGNALS large program. Our algorithm is trained and tested on synthetic data representing typical emission spectra for H ii regions based on Mexican Million Models database (3MdB) BOND simulations. The network's activation map demonstrates its ability to extract the dynamical (broadening and velocity) parameters from a set of five emission lines (e.g., Hα, N [ ii ] doublet, and S [ ii ] doublet) in the SN3 (651–685 nm) filter of SITELLE. Once trained, the algorithm was tested on real SITELLE observations in the SIGNALS program of one of the southwest fields of M33. The CNN recovers the dynamical parameters with an accuracy better than 5 in regions with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 15 over the Hα line. More importantly, our CNN method reduces calculation time by over an order of magnitude on the spectral cube with native spatial resolution when compared with standard fitting procedures. These results clearly illustrate the power of machine-learning algorithms for the use in future IFU-based missions. Subsequent work will explore the applicability of the methodology to other spectral parameters such as the flux of key emission lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present our analysis of high-resolution (R  ∼ 20 000) GTC/MEGARA integral-field unit spectroscopic observations, obtained during the commissioning run, in the inner region (12.5 arcsec × 11.3 arcsec) of the active galaxy NGC 7469, at spatial scales of 0.62 arcsec. We explore the kinematics, dynamics, ionization mechanisms, and oxygen abundances of the ionized gas, by modelling the H α-[N  ii ] emission lines at high signal-to-noise (> 15) with multiple Gaussian components. MEGARA observations reveal, for the first time for NGC 7469, the presence of a very thin (20 pc) ionized gas disc supported by rotation (V/σ = 4.3), embedded in a thicker (222 pc), dynamically hotter (V/σ  =  1.3) one. These discs nearly corotate with similar peak-to-peak velocities (163  versus  137 km s−1), but with different average velocity dispersion (38 ± 1 versus 108 ± 4 km s−1). The kinematics of both discs could be possibly perturbed by star-forming regions. We interpret the morphology and the kinematics of a third (broader) component (σ > 250 km s−1) as suggestive of the presence of non-rotational turbulent motions possibly associated either to an outflow or to the lense. For the narrow component, the [N  ii ]/H α ratios point to the star-formation as the dominant mechanism of ionization, being consistent with ionization from shocks in the case of the intermediate component. All components have roughly solar metallicity. In the nuclear region of NGC 7469, at r  ≤ 1.85 arcsec, a very broad (FWHM  =  2590 km s−1) H α component is contributing (41 per cent) to the global H α-[N  ii ] profile, being originated in the (unresolved) broad line region of the Seyfert 1.5 nucleus of NGC 7469. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Powerful active galactic nuclei (AGN) are supposed to play a key regulatory role on the evolution of their host galaxies by shaping the thermodynamic properties of their gas component. However, little is known as to the nature and the visibility timescale of the kinematical imprints of AGN-driven feedback. Gaining theoretical and observational insights into this subject is indispensable for a thorough understanding of the AGN-galaxy coevolution and could yield empirical diagnostics for the identification of galaxies that have experienced a major AGN episode in the past. Aims. We present an investigation of kinematical imprints of AGN feedback on the warm ionized gas medium (WIM) of massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). To this end, we take a two-fold approach that involves a comparative analysis of H velocity fields in 123 local ETGs from the CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey) integral field spectroscopy survey with 20 simulated galaxies from high-resolution hydrodynamic cosmological SPHgal simulations. The latter were resimulated for two modeling setups, one with and another without AGN feedback. Methods. In order to quantify the effects of AGN feedback on gas kinematics, we measured three parameters that probe deviations from simple regular rotation by using the kinemetry package. These indicators trace the possible presence of distinct kinematic components in Fourier space (k3;5=k1), variations in the radial profile of the kinematic major axis (PA), and offsets between the stellar and gas velocity fields (). These quantities were monitored in the simulations from a redshift 3 to 0.2 to assess the connection between black hole accretion history, stellar mass growth, and the kinematical perturbation of the WIM. Results. Observed local massive galaxies show a broad range of irregularities, indicating disturbed warm gas motions, which is irrespective of being classified via diagnostic lines as AGN or not. Simulations of massive galaxies with AGN feedback generally exhibit higher irregularity parameters than without AGN feedback, which is more consistent with observations. Besides AGN feedback, other processes like major merger events or infalling gas clouds can lead to elevated irregularity parameters, but they are typically of shorter duration. More specifically, k3;5=k1 is most sensitive to AGN feedback, whereas is most strongly affected by gas infall. Conclusions. We conclude that even if the general disturbance of the WIM velocity is not a unique indicator for AGN feedback, irregularity parameters that are high enough to be consistent with observations can only be reproduced in simulations with AGN feedback. Specifically, an elevated value for the deviation from simple ordered motion is a strong sign for previous events of AGN activity and feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated continuum and molecular line emission of four species (CO, HCN, H13CN, and HCO+) at 0.8 mm in the inner region around η Car, using ALMA archival observations at a resolution better than 0.2 arcsec. We report the discovery of an asymmetric extended structure north-west of the star, independent from the continuum point source. The structure is only traced by continuum and HCO+, and not detected in the other lines. Kinematics of this structure reveal that the HCO+ gas likely arises from ejecta expelled in the 1890s eruption. The ejecta is propagating outwards within the cavity produced by the current wind–wind interaction of η Car A and its companion. Chemical analysis of the ejecta reveals an apparent lack of CO and nitrogen-bearing species. We explore possible explanations for this peculiar chemistry, that differentiates this structure from the ejecta of the Great Eruption, rich in HCN and H13CN. We also report an absorption component near the continuum point source, only traced by HCN and H13CN in their vibrational-ground and vibrationally excited states. This absorbing gas is attributed to a hot bullet of N-enriched material expelled at a projected velocity of 40 km s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integral field spectroscopy is well known for providing detailed insight of extended sources thanks to the possibility of handling space resolved spectroscopic information. Simple and straightforward analysis such as single line fitting yields interesting results, although it might miss a more complete picture in many cases. Violent star-forming regions, such as starburst galaxies, display very complex emission line profiles due to multiple kinematic components superposed in the line of sight. We perform a spatially resolved kinematical study of a single Green Pea (GP) galaxy, SDSS J083843.63+385350.5, using a new method for analysing integral field unit observations of emission line spectra. The method considers the presence of multiple components in the emission line profiles and makes use of a statistical indicator to determine the meaningful number of components to fit the observed profiles. We are able to identify three distinct kinematic features throughout the field and discuss their link with a rotating component, a strong outflow, and a turbulent mixing layer. We also derive an updated star formation rate for SDSS J0838 and discuss the link between the observed signatures of a large-scale outflow and of the Lyman continuum leakage detected in GP galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recently reported the discovery of a candidate jet-driving microquasar (S10) in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 300. However, in the absence of kinematic information, we could not reliably determine the jet power or the dynamical age of the jet cavity. Here, we present optical Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field unit (IFU) observations of S10, which reveal a bipolar line-emitting jet structure surrounding a continuum-emitting central source. The optical jet lobes of S10 have a total extent of ∼40 pc and a shock velocity of ∼150 km s−1. Together with the jet kinematics, we exploit the MUSE coverage of the Balmer Hβ line to estimate the density of the surrounding matter and therefore compute the jet power to be P jet ≈ 6.3 × 1038 erg s−1. An optical analysis of a microquasar jet bubble and a consequent robust derivation of the jet power have been possible only in a handful of similar sources. This study therefore adds valuable insight into microquasar jets, and demonstrates the power of optical integral field spectroscopy in identifying and analysing these objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel Bayesian method, referred to as blobby3d, to infer gas kinematics that mitigates the effects of beam smearing for observations using integral field spectroscopy. The method is robust for regularly rotating galaxies despite substructure in the gas distribution. Modelling the gas substructure within the disc is achieved by using a hierarchical Gaussian mixture model. To account for beam smearing effects, we construct a modelled cube that is then convolved per wavelength slice by the seeing, before calculating the likelihood function. We show that our method can model complex gas substructure including clumps and spiral arms. We also show that kinematic asymmetries can be observed after beam smearing for regularly rotating galaxies with asymmetries only introduced in the spatial distribution of the gas. We present findings for our method applied to a sample of 20 star-forming galaxies from the SAMI Galaxy Survey. We estimate the global H α gas velocity dispersion for our sample to be in the range |$\bar{\sigma }_v \sim$| [7, 30] km s−1. The relative difference between our approach and estimates using the single Gaussian component fits per spaxel is |$\Delta \bar{\sigma }_v / \bar{\sigma }_v = - 0.29 \pm 0.18$| for the H α flux-weighted mean velocity dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) provides detailed information about galaxy kinematics at high spatial and spectral resolution, and the disentanglement of the gaseous and stellar components is a key step in the analysis of the data. Aims. We study how the use of several stellar-subtraction methods and line fitting approaches can affect the derivation of the main kinematic parameters (velocity and velocity dispersion fields) of the ionized gas component. Methods. The target of this work is the nearby galaxy NGC 2906, observed with the MUSE instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). A sample of twelve spectra is selected from the inner (nucleus) and outer (spiral arms) regions, characterized by different ionization mechanisms. We compare three different methods to subtract the stellar continuum (FIT3D, STARLIGHT and pPXF), combined with one of the following stellar libraries: MILES, STELIB and GRANADA+MILES. Results. The choice of the stellar-subtraction method is the most important ingredient affecting the derivation of the gas kinematics, followed by the choice of the stellar library and by the line-fitting approach. In our data, typical uncertainties in the observed wavelength and width of the Hα and [NII] lines are of the order of ⟨δλ⟩rms ∼ 0.1 Å and ⟨δσ⟩rms ∼ 0.2 Å (i.e., ∼5 and 10 km s−1, respectively). The results obtained from the [NII] line seem to be slightly more robust, as it is less affected by stellar absorption than Hα. All methods considered yield statistically consistent measurements once a mean systemic contribution Δλ¯ = Δσ¯ = 0.2 ΔMUSE Δ λ ¯ = Δ σ ¯ = 0.2 Δ MUSE $ \Delta \bar\lambda = \Delta \bar\sigma = 0.2\,\Delta_{\mathrm{MUSE}} $ is added in quadrature to the line-fitting errors, where ΔMUSE = 1.1 Å ∼50 km s−1, which denotes the instrumental resolution of the MUSE spectra. Conclusions. Although the subtraction of the stellar continuum is critical in order to recover line fluxes, any method (including none) can be used to measure the gas kinematics, as long as an additional component, Δλ¯ = Δσ¯ = 0.2 ΔMUSE Δ λ ¯ = Δ σ ¯ = 0.2 Δ MUSE $ \Delta \bar\lambda = \Delta \bar\sigma = 0.2\,\Delta_{\mathrm{MUSE}} $ , is added to the error budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present spatially resolved analysis of a lensed galaxy, SDSS1958+5950 at |$z$| = 2.225, from the Cambridge Sloan Survey of Wide Arcs in the Sky. We use our new high-resolution imaging data to construct a robust lens model for the galaxy group at |$z$| = 0.214. We employ the updated lens model to combine the Integral Field Spectrographic observations on two highly distorted images of the lensed target. We adopt a forward-modelling approach to deconvolve the effects of point spread function from the combined source-plane reconstruction. The approach is adapted to the lens model magnification and enables a resolution of ∼170 pc in the galaxy-source plane. We propose an ongoing merger as the origin of the lensed system on the basis of its source-plane morphology, kinematics and rest-frame emission-line ratios. Using our novel technique of adaptive coadded source plane reconstruction, we are able to detect different components in the velocity gradient that were not seen in previous studies of this object, plausibly belonging to different components in the merging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the causes of kinematic asymmetry in the Hα gas in the SAMI (Sydney- AAO Multi-object IFS) Galaxy Survey sample, we investigate the comparative influences of environment and intrinsic properties of galaxies on perturbation. We use spatially resolved Hα velocity fields from the SAMI Galaxy Survey to quantify kinematic asymmetry (...) in nearby galaxies and environmental and stellar mass data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey. We find that local environment, measured as distance to nearest neighbour, is inversely correlated with kinematic asymmetry for galaxies with log (M*/M⊙) > 10.0, but there is no significant correlation for galaxies with log (M*/M⊙) < 10.0. Moreover, lowmass galaxies [log (M*/M⊙) < 9.0] have greater kinematic asymmetry at all separations, suggesting a different physical source of asymmetry is important in low-mass galaxies. We propose that secular effects derived from gas fraction and gas mass may be the primary causes of asymmetry in low-mass galaxies. High gas fraction is linked to high σm/V (where σm is Hα velocity dispersion and V the rotation velocity), which is strongly correlated with ..., and galaxies with log (M*/M⊙) < 9.0 have offset ... from the rest of the sample. Further, asymmetry as a fraction of dispersion decreases for galaxies with log (M*/M⊙) < 9.0. Gas mass and asymmetry are also inversely correlated in our sample. We propose that low gas masses in dwarf galaxies may lead to asymmetric distribution of gas clouds, leading to increased relative turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the stellar kinematic maps and ancillary imaging data from the Sydney AAO Multi Integral field (SAMI) Galaxy Survey, the intrinsic shape of kinematically selected samples of galaxies is inferred. We implement an efficient and optimized algorithm to fit the intrinsic shape of galaxies using an established method to simultaneously invert the distributions of apparent ellipticities and kinematic misalignments. The algorithm output compares favourably with previous studies of the intrinsic shape of galaxies based on imaging alone and our reanalysis of the ATLAS3D data. Our results indicate that most galaxies are oblate axisymmetric. We show empirically that the intrinsic shape of galaxies varies as a function of their rotational support as measured by the 'spin' parameter proxy λRe . In particular, low-spin systems have a higher occurrence of triaxiality, while high-spin systems are more intrinsically flattened and axisymmetric. The intrinsic shape of galaxies is linked to their formation and merger histories. Galaxies with high-spin values have intrinsic shapes consistent with dissipational minor mergers, while the intrinsic shape of low-spin systems is consistent with dissipationless multimerger assembly histories. This range in assembly histories inferred from intrinsic shapes is broadly consistent with expectations from cosmological simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of VLT-MUSE (Very Large Telescope-Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) integral field spectroscopy of SECCO 1, a faint, star-forming stellar system recently discovered as the stellar counterpart of an ultracompact high-velocity cloud (HVC 274.68+74.0), very likely residing within a substructure of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. We have obtained the radial velocity of a total of 38 individual compact sources identified as HII regions in the main and secondary bodies of the system, and derived the metallicity for 18 of them. We provide the first direct demonstration that the two stellar bodies of SECCO 1 are physically associated and that their velocities match the HI velocities. The metallicity is quite uniform over the whole system, with a dispersion lower than the uncertainty on individual metallicity estimates. The mean abundance, <12 + log(O/H)> = 8.44, is much higher than the typical values for local dwarf galaxies of similar stellar mass. This strongly suggests that the SECCO 1 stars were born from a pre-enriched gas cloud, possibly stripped from a larger galaxy. Using archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, we derive a total stellar mass of ⋍1.6 × 105M⊙ for SECCO 1, confirming that it has a very high HI-to-stellar mass ratio for a dwarf galaxy, MHI/M* ~ 100. The star formation rate, derived from the Ha flux, is a factor of more than 10 higher than in typical dwarf galaxies of similar luminosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationship between stellar and gas specific angular momentum j, stellar mass M* and optical morphology for a sample of 488 galaxies extracted from the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field Galaxy Survey. We find that j, measured within one effective radius, monotonically increases with M* and that, for M* > 109.5 M⊙, the scatter in this relation strongly correlates with optical morphology (i.e. visual classification and Sérsic index). These findings confirm that massive galaxies of all types lie on a plane relating mass, angular momentum and stellar-light distribution, and suggest that the large-scale morphology of a galaxy is regulated by its mass and dynamical state. We show that the significant scatter in the M*-j relation is accounted for by the fact that, at fixed stellar mass, the contribution of ordered motions to the dynamical support of galaxies varies by at least a factor of 3. Indeed, the stellar spin parameter (quantified via λR) correlates strongly with Sérsic and concentration indices. This correlation is particularly strong once slow rotators are removed from the sample, showing that late-type galaxies and early-type fast rotators form a continuous class of objects in terms of their kinematic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an Integral Field Unit survey of 73 galaxy clusters and groups with the VIsible Multi Object Spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. We exploit the data to determine the H α gas dynamics on kpc scales to study the feedback processes occurring within the dense cluster cores. We determine the kinematic state of the ionized gas and show that the majority of systems (~2/3) have relatively ordered velocity fields on kpc scales that are similar to the kinematics of rotating discs and are decoupled from the stellar kinematics of the brightest cluster galaxy. The majority of the H α flux (>50 per cent) is typically associated with these ordered kinematics and most systems show relatively simple morphologies suggesting they have not been disturbed by a recent merger or interaction. Approximately 20 per cent of the sample (13/73) have disturbed morphologies which can typically be attributed to active galactic nuclei activity disrupting the gas. Only one system shows any evidence of an interaction with another cluster member. A spectral analysis of the gas suggests that the ionization of the gas within cluster cores is dominated by non-stellar processes, possibly originating from the intracluster medium itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of background quasars provides a powerful tool to probe the cool gas in the circumgalactic medium of foreground galaxies. Here, we present new observations with SINFONI and X-Shooter of absorbing-galaxy candidates at z = 0.7-1. We report the detection with both instruments of the Hα emission line of one sub-damped Lyman α (sub-DLA) at zabs = 0.941 87 with logN(H I) = 19.38+0.10 -0.15 towards SDSS J002133.27+004300.9.We estimate the star formation rate: SFR = 3.6 ± 2.2 M☉ yr-1 in that system. A detailed kinematic study indicates a dynamical mass Mdyn = 109.9±0.4 M☉ and a halo mass Mhalo = 1011.9±0.5 M☉. In addition, we report the [O II] detection with X-Shooter of another DLA at zabs = 0.7402 with logN(H I) = 20.4 ± 0.1 towards Q0052+0041 and an estimated SFR of 5.3 ± 0.7 M☉ yr-1. Three other objects are detected in the continuum with X-Shooter but the nature and redshift of two of these objects are unconstrained due to the absence of emission lines, while the third object might be at the redshift of the quasar. We use the objects detected in our whole N(H I)-selected SINFONI survey to compute the metallicity difference between the galaxy and the absorbing gas, δHI(X), where a positive (negative) value indicates infall (outflow). We compare this quantity with the quasar line-of-sight alignment with the galaxy's major (minor) axis, another tracer of infall (outflow).We find that these quantities do not correlate as expected from simple assumptions. Additional observations are necessary to relate these two independent probes of gas flows around galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the SAMI Pilot Survey, consisting of integral field spectroscopy of 106 galaxies across three galaxy clusters, Abell 85, Abell 168 and Abell 2399. The galaxies were selected by absolute magnitude to have Mr < -20.25 mag. The survey, using the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph (SAMI), comprises observations of galaxies of all morphological types with 75 per cent of the sample being early-type galaxies (ETGs) and 25 per cent being late-type galaxies (LTGs). Stellar velocity and velocity dispersion maps are derived for all 106 galaxies in the sample. The λR parameter, a proxy for the specific stellar angular momentum, is calculated for each galaxy in the sample.We find a trend between λR and galaxy concentration such that LTGs are less concentrated higher angular momentum systems, with the fast-rotating ETGs (FRs) more concentrated and lower in angular momentum. This suggests that some dynamical processes are involved in transforming LTGs to FRs, though a significant overlap between the λR distributions of these classes of galaxies implies that this is just one piece of a more complicated picture. We measure the kinematic misalignment angle, ψ, for the ETGs in the sample, to probe the intrinsic shapes of the galaxies. We find the majority of FRs (83 per cent) to be aligned, consistent with them being oblate spheroids (i.e. discs). The slow rotating ETGs (SRs), on the other hand, are significantly more likely to show kinematic misalignment (only 38 per cent are aligned). This confirms previous results that SRs are likely to be mildly triaxial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of the kinematics and the physical properties of the central region of the Hickson Compact Group 31 (HCG 31), focusing on the HCG 31A+C system, using integral field spectroscopy data taken with the Gemini South Telescope. The main players in the merging event (galaxies A and C) are two dwarf galaxies, which have had one close encounter, given the observed tidal tails, and may now be in their second approach, and are possibly about to merge. We present new velocity fields and Hα emission, stellar continuum, velocity dispersion, electron density, Ha equivalent-width and age maps. Considering the high spatial resolution of the integral field unit data, we were able to measure various components and estimate their physical parameters, spatially resolving the different structures in this region. Our main findings are the following: (1) We report for the first time the presence of a super stellar cluster next to the burst associated with the HCG 31C central blob, related to the high values of velocity dispersion observed in this region as well as to the highest value of stellar continuum emission. This may suggest that this system is cleaning its environment through strong stellar winds that may then trigger a strong star formation event in its neighbourhood. (2) Among other physical parameters, we estimate L(Hα) ~ 14 × 1041 erg s-1 and the star formation rate, SFR ~11 M⊙ yr-1 for the central merging region of HCG 31A+C. These values indicate a high star formation density, suggesting that the system is part of a merging object, supporting previous scenarios proposed for this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of intermediate-mass black holes in the centres of globular clusters is highly controversial, as complementary observational methods often deliver significantly different results. In order to understand these discrepancies, we develop a procedure to simulate integral field unit (IFU) observations of globular clusters: Simulating IFU Star Cluster Observations (SISCO). The inputs of our software are realistic dynamical models of globular clusters that are then converted in a spectral data cube. We apply SISCO to Monte Carlo cluster simulations with a realistic number of stars and concentrations. Using independent realizations of a given simulation we are able to quantify the stochasticity intrinsic to the problem of observing a partially resolved stellar population with integrated-light spectroscopy. We show that the luminosityweighted IFU observations can be strongly biased by the presence of a few bright stars that introduce a scatter in the velocity dispersion measurements up to ≃40 per cent around the expected value, preventing any sound assessment of the central kinematic and a sensible interpretation of the presence/absence of an intermediate-mass black hole. Moreover, we illustrate that, in our mock IFU observations, the average kinematic tracer has a mass of ≃0.75 M⊙, only slightly lower than the mass of the typical stars examined in studies of resolved line-of-sight velocities of giant stars. Finally, in order to recover unbiased kinematic measurements we test different masking techniques that allow us to remove the spaxels dominated by bright stars, bringing the scatter down to a level of only a few per cent. The application of sisco will allow us to investigate state-of-the-art simulations as realistic observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an integral-field study of the internal structure, kinematics and stellar population of the almost edge-on, intermediate-luminosity (L*) elliptical galaxy NGC 4697. We build extended two-dimensional (2D) maps of the stellar kinematics and line strengths of the galaxy up to ~0.7 effective radii (Reff) using a mosaic of eight VIMOS (VIsible Multi-Objects Spectrograph, on the Very Large Telescope) integral-field unit pointings. We find clear evidence for a rotation-supported structure along the major axis from the 2D kinematical maps, confirming the previous classification of this system as a 'fast rotator'. We study the correlations between the third and fourth Gauss-Hermite moments of the line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) h3 and h4 with the rotation parameter (V/σ), and compare our findings to hydrodynamical simulations. We find remarkable similarities to predictions from gas-rich mergers. Based on photometry, we perform a bulge/disc decomposition and study the stellar population properties of the two components. The bulge and the disc show different stellar populations, with the stars in the bulge being older (agebulge = 13.5-1.4+1.4 Gyr, agedisc = 10.5-2.0+1.6 Gyr) and more metal poor ([M/H]bulge = -0.17-0.1+0.12, [M/H]disc =-0.03-0.1+0.02). The evidence of a later-formed, more metal-rich disc embedded in an older, more metal poor bulge, together with the LOSVD structure, supports a mass assembly scenario dominated by gas-rich minor mergers and possibly with a late gas-rich major merger that left a previously rapidly rotating system unchanged. The bulge and the disc do not show signs of different stellar initial mass function (IMF) slopes, and both match well with a Milky Way-like IMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NGC 4258 is the galaxy with the most accurate (maser-based) determination for the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in its nucleus. In this work, we present a two-dimensional mapping of the stellar kinematics in the inner 3.0 arcsec × 3.0 arcsec = 100 pc × 100 pc of NGC 4258 using adaptive-optics observations obtained with the Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph of the Gemini North telescope at an ≈0.11 arcsec (4 pc) angular resolution. The observations resolve the radius of influence of the SMBH, revealing an abrupt increase in the stellar velocity dispersion within ≈10 pc from the nucleus, consistent with the presence of an SMBH there. Assuming that the galaxy nucleus is in a steady state and that the velocity dispersion ellipsoid is aligned with a cylindrical coordinate system, we constructed a Jeans anisotropic dynamical model to fit the observed kinematics distribution. Our dynamical model assumes that the galaxy has axial symmetry and is constructed using the multi-Gaussian expansion method to parametrize the observed surface brightness distribution. The Jeans dynamical model has three free parameters: the mass of the central SMBH (M • ), the mass- luminosity ratio (☉k = M/L) of the galaxy and the anisotropy of the velocity distribution. We test two types of models: one with constant velocity anisotropy, and another with variable anisotropy. The model that best reproduces the observed kinematics was obtained considering that the galaxy has radially varying anisotropy, being the best-fitting parameters with 3σ significance M• = 4.8+0.8 -0.9 × 107M☉ and Γk = 4.1+0.4-0.5. This value for the mass of the SMBH is just 25 per cent larger than that of the maser determination and 50 per cent larger that a previous stellar dynamical determination obtained via Schwarzschild models for long-slit data that provides an SMBH mass 15 per cent lower than the maser value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We map the kinematics of the inner (200 pc) narrow-line region (NLR) of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 using the instrument Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph and adaptive optics at the Gemini North telescope. Channel maps and position–velocity diagrams are presented at a spatial resolution of ≅8 pc and spectral resolution ∼5300 in the emission lines [Fe ii] λ1.644 μm, H2 λ2.122 μm and Brγ. The [Fe ii] emission line provides a better coverage of the NLR outflow than the previously used [O iii] λ5007 emission line, extending beyond the area of the bipolar cone observed in Brγ and [O iii]. This is mainly due to the contribution of the redshifted channels to the north-east of the nucleus, supporting its origin in a partial ionized zone with additional contribution from shocks of the outflowing gas with the galactic disc. We modelled the kinematics and geometry of the [Fe ii] emitting gas finding good agreement with the data for outflow models with conical and lemniscate (or hourglass) geometry. We calculate a mass outflow rate of $1.9^{+2}_{-1}$ M⊙ yr−1 but a power for the outflow of only 0.08 per cent LBol. The molecular (H2) gas kinematics is completely distinct from that of [Fe ii] and Brγ, showing radial expansion in an off-centred ∼100 pc radius ring in the galaxy plane. The expansion velocity decelerates from ≈200 km s−1 in the inner border of the ring to approximately zero at the outer border where our previous studies found a 10 Myr stellar population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use integral field spectroscopy of 13 disc galaxies in the cluster AC114 at z ∼ 0.31 in an attempt to disentangle the physical processes responsible for the transformation of spiral galaxies in clusters. Our sample is selected to display a dominant young stellar population, as indicated by strong Hδ absorption lines in their integrated spectra. Most of our galaxies lack the [O ii]λ3727 emission line, and hence ongoing star formation. They therefore possess ‘k+a’ spectra, indicative of a recent truncation of star formation, possibly preceded by a starburst. Discy ‘k+a’ galaxies are a promising candidate for the intermediate stage of the transformation from star-forming spiral galaxies to passive S0s. Our observations allow us to study the spatial distributions and the kinematics of the different stellar populations within the galaxies. We used three different indicators to evaluate the presence of a young population: the equivalent width of Hδ, the luminosity-weighted fraction of A stars, and the fraction of the galaxy light attributable to simple stellar populations with ages between 0.5 and 1.5 Gyr. We find a mixture of behaviours, but are able to show that in most of the galaxies the last episode of star formation occurred in an extended disc, similar to preceding generations of stars, though somewhat more centrally concentrated. We thus exclude nuclear starbursts and violent gravitational interactions as causes of the star formation truncation. Gentler mechanisms, such as ram-pressure stripping or weak galaxy–galaxy interactions, appear to be responsible for ending star formation in these intermediate-redshift cluster disc galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. (Ultra) Luminous infrared galaxies [(U)LIRGs] host the most extreme star-forming events in the present universe and are places where a significant fraction of the past star formation beyond z ∼ 1 has occurred. The kinematic characterization of this population is important to constrain the processes that govern such events. Aims. We present and discuss the 2D kinematic properties of the ionized gas (Hα) in sample local (U)LIRGs, for which relatively high linear resolution and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio can be obtained. Methods. We have obtained Very Large Telescope VIMOS optical integral field spectroscopy (IFS) for 38 local (z < 0.1) (U)LIRGs (31 LIRGs and 7 ULIRGs, 51 individual galaxies). This sample covers well the less studied LIRG luminosity range, and it includes the morphological types corresponding to the different phases along the merging process (i.e., isolated disks, interacting and merging systems). Results. The vast majority of objects have two main kinematically distinct components. One component (i.e., narrow or systemic) extends over the whole line-emitting region and is characterized by small-to-intermediate velocity dispersions (i.e., σ from 30 to 160 km s-1). The second component (broad) has a larger velocity dispersion (up to 320 km s-1); it is mainly found in the inner regions and is generally blueshifted with respect to the systemic component. The largest extensions and extreme kinematic properties are observed in interacting and merging systems, and they are likely associated with nuclear outflows. The systemic component traces the overall velocity field, showing a large variety of kinematic 2D structures, from very regular velocity patterns typical of pure rotating disks (29%) to kinematically perturbed disks (47%) and highly disrupted and complex velocity fields (24%). Thus, most of the objects (76%) are dominated by rotation. We find that rotation is more relevant in LIRGs than in ULIRGs. There is a clear correlation between the different phases of the merging process and the mean kinematic properties inferred from the velocity maps. In particular, isolated disks, interacting galaxies, and merging systems define a sequence of increasing mean velocity dispersion and decreasing velocity field amplitude, characterized by average dynamical ratios (v⋆ shear/σmean) of 4.7, 3.0 and 1.8, respectively. We also find that the σcentral/σmean vs. σmean plane is an excellent discriminating plane between disks and interacting/merging systems: disks show a mean ratio a factor of 2 larger than those characterizing the other two classes. The LIRGs classified as isolated disks have similar velocity amplitudes but larger mean velocity dispersions (44 vs. 24 km s-1) than local spirals, implying a larger turbulence and thicker disks. Interacting systems and mergers have values closer to those of low velocity dispersion elliptical/lenticular galaxies (E/SOs). The subclass of (U)LIRGs classified as mergers have kinematical properties similar to those shown by the Lyman break analogs (LBAs), although the dynamical mass of LBAs is five times lower on average. Therefore, despite the difference in mass and dust content, the kinematics of these two local populations appears to have significantly noncircular motions. These motions may be induced by the tidal forces, producing dynamically hot systems. The dynamical masses range from ∼0.04 m⋆ to 1.4 m⋆ (i.e., m⋆ = 1.4 × 1011 M☉), with ULIRGs being more massive (i.e., ∼0.5 ± 0.2 m⋆) than LIRGs by, on average, a factor of about 2. The mass ratio of individual pre-coalescence galaxies is <2.5 for most of the systems, confirming that most (U)LIRG mergers involve sub-m⋆ galaxies of similar mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have mapped the gaseous kinematics and the emission-line flux distributions and ratios from the inner ≈680 pc radius of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 79, using two-dimensional (2D) near-infrared J- and Kl-band spectra obtained with the Gemini instrument Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph at a spatial resolution of ≈100 pc and velocity resolution of ≈40 km s−1. The molecular hydrogen H2 flux distribution presents two spiral arms extending by ≈700 pc, one to the north and another to the south of the nucleus, with an excitation indicating heating by X-rays from the central source. The low-velocity dispersion (σ ≈ 50 km s−1) and rotation pattern supports a location of the H2 gas in the disc of the galaxy. Blueshifts observed along the spiral arm in the far side of the galaxy and redshifts in the spiral arm in the near side, suggest that the spiral arms are feeding channels of H2 to the inner 200 pc. From channel maps along the H2 λ2.1218 μm emission-line profile we estimate a mass inflow rate of $\dot{M}_{{\rm H}_2}\approx 4\times 10^{-3}\, {\rm M_{\odot }\,yr^{-1}}$, which is one order of magnitude smaller than the mass accretion rate necessary to power the active galactic nucleus (AGN) of Mrk 79. The emission from the ionized gas (traced by Paβ and [Fe ii] λ1.2570 μm emission lines) is correlated with the radio jet and with the narrow-band [O iii] flux distribution. Its kinematics shows both rotation and outflows to the north and south of the nucleus. The ionized gas mass outflow rate through a cross-section with radius ≈320 pc located at a distance of ≈455 pc from the nucleus is $\dot{M}_{\rm out}\approx 3.5\, {\rm M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}}$, which is much larger than the AGN mass accretion rate, indicating that most of the outflowing gas originates in the interstellar medium surrounding the galaxy nucleus, which is pushed away by a nuclear jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of high spatial and spectral resolution integral-field spectroscopy of the central ∼3 × 3 arcsec2 of the active galaxy NGC 1275 (Perseus A), based on observations with the Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) and the ALTitude conjugate Adaptive optics for the InfraRed (ALTAIR) adaptive-optics system on the Gemini North telescope. The circum-nuclear disc in the inner R ∼ 50 pc of NGC 1275 is seen in both the H2 and [Fe ii] lines. The disc is interpreted as the outer part of a collisionally excited turbulent accretion disc. The kinematic major axis of the disc at a position angle of 68° is oriented perpendicular to the radio jet. A streamer-like feature to the south-west of the disc, detected in H2 but not in [Fe ii], is discussed as one of possibly several molecular streamers, presumably falling into the nuclear region. Indications of an ionization structure within the disc are deduced from the He i and Brγ emission lines, which may partially originate from the inner portions of the accretion disc. The kinematics of these two lines agrees with the signature of the circum-nuclear disc, but both lines display a larger central velocity dispersion than the H2 line. The ro-vibrational H2 transitions from the core of NGC 1275 are indicative of thermal excitation caused by shocks and agree with excitation temperatures of ∼1360 and ∼4290 K for the lower and higher energy H2 transitions, respectively. The data suggest X-ray heating as the dominant excitation mechanism of [Fe ii] emission in the core, while fast shocks are a possible alternative. The [Fe ii] lines indicate an electron density of ∼4000 cm−3. The H2 disc is modelled using simulated NIFS data cubes of H2 emission from inclined discs in Keplerian rotation around a central mass. Assuming a disc inclination of 45° ± 10°, the best-fitting models imply a central mass of (8 + 7 − 2) × 108 M⊙. Taken as a black hole mass estimate, this value is larger than previous estimates for the black hole mass in NGC 1275, but is in agreement with the M–σ relation within the rms scatter. However, the molecular gas mass in the core region is tentatively estimated to be non-negligible, which suggests that the central mass may rather represent an upper limit for the black hole mass. In comparison to other H2-luminous radio galaxies, we discuss the relative role of jet feedback and accretion in driving shocks and turbulence in the molecular gas component. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ABSTRACT As a demonstration of the capabilities of the new Oxford SWIFT integral field spectrograph, we present first observations for a set of 14 early-type galaxies in the core of the Coma cluster. Our data consist of I- and z-band spatially resolved spectroscopy obtained with the Oxford SWIFT spectrograph, combined with r-band photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey archive for 14 early-type galaxies. We derive spatially resolved kinematics for all objects from observations of the calcium triplet absorption features at ∼8500 Å. Using this kinematic information we classify galaxies as either fast rotators or slow rotators. We compare the fraction of fast and slow rotators in our sample, representing the densest environment in the nearby Universe, to results from the ATLAS3D survey, finding that the slow rotator fraction is ∼50 per cent larger in the core of the Coma cluster than in the volume-limited ATLAS3D sample, a 1.2σ increase given our selection criteria. Comparing our sample to the Virgo cluster core only (which is 24 times less dense than the Coma core) we find no evidence of an increase in the slow rotator fraction. Combining measurements of the effective velocity dispersion σe with the photometric data we determine the Fundamental Plane for our sample of galaxies. We find that the use of the average velocity dispersion within 1 effective radius, σe, reduces the residuals by 13 per cent with respect to comparable studies using central velocity dispersions, consistent with other recent integral field Fundamental Plane determinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been known that the starburst in M 82 drives a large-scale bipolar superwind, carrying large volumes of material (in the form of hot, warm and cool gas and dust) out of the disk plane. However, what is not known is exactly how the hundreds of catalogued super star clusters power the outflow, and how it becomes so structured and collimated. Here I will present part of the most comprehensive set of spectroscopic integral field observations ever made of the starburst clumps and outflow in M 82. I will describe how we have mapped in detail the spatial variation of Ha kinematics, gas density and excitation from the wind roots out into the halo, and how these compare to features seen in recent high resolution imaging campaigns. These observations will be used to address questions such as: how does the 2D variation of gas kinematics evolve from the core out into the halo? Our spectra indicate evidence for the sites of mass-loading - where is it occurring within the wind? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT HH 223 is the optical counterpart of a larger scale H2 outflow, driven by the protostellar source VLA 2A, in L723. Its poorly collimated and rather chaotic morphology suggested Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) as an appropriate option to map the emission in order to derive the physical conditions and kinematics. Here we present new results based on IFS observations made with the INTEGRAL system at the William Herschel Telescope. The brightest knots of HH 223 (∼16 arcsec, ≃0.02 pc at a distance of 300 pc) were mapped with a single pointing in the spectral range 6200-7700 Å. We obtained emission-line intensity maps for Hα, [N ii] 6584 Å and [S ii] 6716, 6731 Å and explored the distribution of the excitation and electron density from [N ii]/Hα, [S ii]/Hα and [S ii] 6716/6731 line-ratio maps. Maps of the radial velocity field were obtained. We analysed the three-dimensional kinematics by combining the knot radial velocities derived from IFS data with the knot proper motions derived from multi-epoch narrow-band images. The intensity maps built from IFS data reproduced the morphology found in the narrow-band images well. We checked the results obtained from previous long-slit observations with those derived from IFS spectra extracted with a similar spatial sampling. At the positions intersected by the slit, the physical conditions and kinematics derived from IFS are compatible with those derived from long-slit data. In contrast, significant discrepancies were found when the results from long-slit data were compared with the ones derived from IFS spectra extracted at positions shifted a few arcsec from those intersected by the slit. This clearly revealed IFS observations as the best choice to obtain a reliable picture of the HH emission properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. Understanding how galaxies evolve and assemble their mass across cosmic time is still a fundamental, unsolved issue. To get insight into the various processes of galaxy mass assembly, the Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS (MASSIV) aims at probing the kinematical and chemical properties of a significant and representative sample of high-redshift (0.9 ⩽ z ⩽ 1.8) starforming galaxies. Methods. This paper presents the selection function, the observing strategy, and the global properties of the MASSIV sample. This sample contains 84 star-forming galaxies, selected from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) and observed with the SINFONI integral-field spectrograph at the VLT. We present the redshift distribution, and derive the stellar masses and SED-based star formation rates (SFR). Integrated metallicities and the presence of type-2 AGNs are investigated using composite 1D spectra built from VIMOS and SINFONI observations. Results. The MASSIV selection function, based on star formation criteria ([O II]λ3727 emission-line strength up to z ~ 1.5 and colors/UV absorption lines at higher redshifts), provides a good representation of "normal" star-forming galaxies with SED-based SFRs between 5 and 400 M☉ yr-1 in the stellar mass regime 109-1011 M☉. Analysis of typical emission-line ratios performed on composite spectra reveals that the contamination by type-2 AGNs is very low and that the integrated metallicity of the galaxies follows the well-known mass-metallicity relation. Conclusions. The MASSIV sample has been built upon a simple selection function, fully representative of the star-forming galaxy population at 0.9 < z < 1.8 for S FR ⩾ 5 M☉ yr-1. Together with the size of the sample, the spatially-resolved SINFONI data therefore enables us to discuss global, volume averaged, galaxy kinematic, and chemical properties across the full mass and SFR range of the survey to derive robust conclusions for galaxy mass assembly on cosmological timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We report evidence of ordered orbital motion in luminous star-forming galaxies at z∼ 1.3. We present integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations, performed with the OH Suppressing InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph (OSIRIS) system, assisted by laser guide star adaptive optics on the Keck telescope, of 13 star-forming galaxies selected from the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. Selected via ultraviolet and [O ii] emission, the large volume of the WiggleZ survey allows the selection of sources which have comparable intrinsic luminosity and stellar mass to IFS samples at z > 2. Multiple 1-2 kpc size subcomponents of emission, or 'clumps', are detected within the Hα spatial emission which extends over 6-10 kpc in four galaxies, resolved compact emission ( r < 3 kpc) is detected in five galaxies and extended regions of Hα emission are observed in the remaining four galaxies. We discuss these data in the context of different snapshots in a merger sequence and/or the evolutionary stages of coalescence of star-forming regions in an unstable disc. We find evidence of ordered orbital motion in galaxies as expected from disc models and the highest values of velocity dispersion (σ > 100 km s−1) in the most compact sources. This unique data set reveals that the most luminous star-forming galaxies at z > 1 are gaseous unstable discs indicating that a different mode of star formation could be feeding gas to galaxies at z > 1, and lending support to theories of cold dense gas flows from the intergalactic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We have mapped the stellar and gaseous kinematics, as well as the emission-line flux distributions and ratios, from the inner ≈450 pc radius of the Seyfert 2 galaxy Mrk 1157, using two-dimensional near-infrared J- and Kl-band spectra obtained with the Gemini Near-Infrared Integral-Field Spectrograph instrument at a spatial resolution of ≈35 pc and velocity resolution of ≈40 km s−1. The stellar velocity field shows a rotation pattern, with a discrete S-shaped zero velocity curve - a signature of a nuclear bar. The presence of a bar is also supported by the residual map between the observed rotation field and a model of circular orbits in a Plummer potential. The stellar velocity dispersion (σ*) map presents a partial ring of low-σ* values (50-60 km s−1) at 250 pc from the nucleus surrounded by higher σ* values from the galaxy bulge. We propose that this ring has origin in kinematically colder regions with recent star formation. The stellar velocity dispersion of the bulge (100 km s−1) implies in a black hole mass of MBH= 8.3+3.2− 2.2× 106 M⊙. Emission-line flux distributions are most extended along the position angle PA = 27°/153°, reaching at least 450 pc from the nucleus and following the orientation observed in previous optical emission-line [O iii] imaging and radio jets. The molecular hydrogen gas has an excitation temperature Texc≈ 2300 K and its emission is dominated by thermal processes, mainly due to X-ray heating by the active nucleus, with a possible small contribution from shocks produced by the radio jet. The [Fe ii] excitation has a larger contribution from shocks produced by the radio jet, as evidenced by the line-ratio maps and velocity dispersion maps, which show spatial correlation with the radio structures. The coronal lines are resolved, extending up to ≈150 pc and are also slightly more extended along PA = 27°/153°. The gaseous kinematics show two components: one due to the gas located in the galaxy plane, in similar rotation to that of the stars, and another in outflow, which is oriented close to the plane of the sky, thus extending to high latitudes, as the galaxy plane is inclined by ≈45° relative to the plane of the sky. The gas rotating in the plane dominates the H2 and Paβ emission, while the gas in outflow is observed predominantly in [Fe ii] emission. The [Fe ii] emission is originated in gas being pushed by the radio jet, which destroys dust grains, releasing Fe. From the outflow velocities and implied geometry, we estimate a mass-outflow rate of for the ionized gas and a kinetic power for the outflow of . The distinct flux distributions and kinematics of the H2- and [Fe ii]-emitting gas, with the former more restricted to the plane of the galaxy and the latter tracing the outflows related to radio jets, are a common characteristic of six Seyfert galaxies (ESO 428-G14, NGC 4051, 7582 and 4151, Mrk 1066, and now Mrk 1157) we have studied so far using similar two-dimensional observations and other two (Circinus and NGC 2110) using long-slit observations. We conclude that the H2 emission surrounding the nucleus in the galaxy plane is a tracer of the gas feeding to the active nucleus, while the [Fe ii] emission is a tracer of its feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The environment of the high- z radio galaxy PKS 1138−262 at z∼ 2.2 is a prime example of a forming galaxy cluster. We use deep Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (SINFONI) integral field spectroscopy to perform a detailed study of the kinematics of the galaxies within 60 kpc of the radio core and we link this to the kinematics of the protocluster on the megaparsec scale. Identification of optical emission lines shows that 11 galaxies are at the redshift of the protocluster. The density of line emitters is more than an order of magnitude higher in the core of the protocluster with respect to the larger scale environment. This implies a galaxy overdensity in the core of δg∼ 200 and a matter overdensity of δm∼ 70; the latter is similar to that of the outskirts of local galaxy clusters. The velocity distribution of the confirmed satellite galaxies shows a broad, double-peaked velocity structure with σ= 1360 ± 206 km s−1. A similar broad, double-peaked distribution was found in a previous study targeting the large-scale protocluster structure, indicating that a common process is acting on both small and large scales. Including all spectroscopically confirmed protocluster galaxies, a velocity dispersion of 1013 ± 87 km s−1 is found. We show that the protocluster has likely decoupled from the Hubble flow and is a dynamically evolved structure. A comparison to the Millennium Simulation indicates that the protocluster velocity distribution is consistent with that of the most massive haloes at z∼ 2, but we rule out that the protocluster is a fully virialized structure based on dynamical arguments and its X-ray luminosity. Comparison to merging haloes in the Millennium Simulation shows that the structure as observed in and around the Spiderweb galaxy is best interpreted as being the result of a merger between two massive haloes. We propose that the merger of two subclusters can result in an increase in star formation and active galactic nucleus activity in the protocluster core, therefore possibly being an important stage in the evolution of massive cD galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The detailed workings of the central engines of powerful quasars remain a mystery. This is primarily due to the fact that, at their cosmological distances, the inner regions of these quasars are spatially unresolvable. Reverberation mapping is now beginning to unlock the physics of the broad emission line region (BELR) in nearby, low-luminosity quasars; however it is still unknown whether this gas is dominated by virial motion, by outflows or infall. The challenge is greater for more distant, powerful sources due to the very long response time of the BELR to changes in the continuum. We present a new technique for probing the kinematic properties of the BELR and accretion disc of high- z quasars using differential microlensing, and show how substantial information can be gained through a single observation of a strongly lensed quasar using integral field spectroscopy. We apply this technique to integral field spectroscopy of the multiply imaged quasar Q2237+0305, and find that the observed microlensing signature in the C iii] broad emission line favours gravitationally dominated dynamics over an accelerating outflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectroscopy of four brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) at z ∼ 0.1. Three of the BCGs have close companions within a projected radius of 20 kpc and one has no companion within that radius. We calculate the dynamical masses of the BCGs and their companions to be . We estimate the probability that the companions of the BCGs are bound using the observed masses and velocity offsets. We show that the lowest mass companion (1:4) is not bound while the two nearly equal mass (1:1.45 and 1:1.25) companions are likely to merge with their host BCGs in 0.35 Gyr in major, dry mergers. We conclude that some BCGs continue to grow from major merging even at z ∼ 0. We analyse the stellar kinematics of these systems using the λ parameter developed by the SAURON team. This offers a new and unique means to measure the stellar angular momentum of BCGs and make a direct comparison to other early-type galaxies. The BCGs and their companions have similar ellipticities to those of other early-type galaxies but are more massive. We find that not all these massive galaxies have low as one might expect. One of the four BCGs and the two massive companions are found to be fast-rotating galaxies with high angular momentum, thereby providing a new test for models of galaxy evolution and the formation of intracluster light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HH 110 is a rather peculiar HerbigHaro object in Orion that originates due to the deflection of another jet (HH 270) by a dense molecular clump, instead of being directly ejected from a young stellar object. Here we present new results on the kinematics and physical conditions of HH 110 based on Integral Field Spectroscopy. The 3D spectral data cover the whole outflow extent (∼4.5 arcmin, ≃0.6 pc at a distance of 460 pc) in the spectral range 6500–7000 Å. We built emission-line intensity maps of Hα, [N ii] and [S ii] and of their radial velocity channels. Furthermore, we analysed the spatial distribution of the excitation and electron density from [N ii]/Hα, [S ii]/Hα and [S ii] 6716/6731 integrated line-ratio maps, as well as their behaviour as a function of velocity, from line-ratio channel maps. Our results fully reproduce the morphology and kinematics obtained from previous imaging and long-slit data. In addition, the integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data revealed, for the first time, the complex spatial distribution of the physical conditions (excitation and density) in the whole jet, and their behaviour as a function of the kinematics. The results here derived give further support to the more recent model simulations that involve deflection of a pulsed jet propagating in an inhomogeneous ambient medium. The IFS data give richer information than that provided by current model simulations or laboratory jet experiments. Hence, they could provide valuable clues to constrain the space parameters in future theoretical works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]