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Background : The administration of high doses of opioids during surgery can lead to higher postoperative pain scores at rest and when coughing. Multimodal analgesia may lower the need for opioids during surgery and the suffering of postoperative pain. Multimodal analgesia can be achieved by providing non-opioid drugs (lidocaine, ketamine, and magnesium sulfate), three different types of drugs. Each of these drugs as different analgesic effects and they belong to three different pharmacological groups. The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the effects of each drug (lidocaine, ketamine, and magnesium sulfate) on postoperative analgesia, the needs for rescue analgesics, and analyze the total amount of fentanyl during the intraoperative period in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods : 120 patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. They were classified as ASA 1 and 2 and were scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were further divided into 3 groups. Group 1, or the lidocaine group, had received lidocaine at 1 mg/kg and a continuous intravenous infusion with lidocaine at 2 mg/kg/h. Group 2, or the ketamine group, received ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg. Group 3, or the magnesium sulfate group, received a continuous intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate at 1.5 gr/kg. The intensity of postoperative pain was assessed using a VAS score at rest and when coughing, with evaluation at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours, postoperatively. Also, the needs for rescue analgesics and the total amount of fentanyl during the intraoperative period in all groups was also followed. Results : The patients from the lidocaine group had the highest scores of pain in the postoperative period at rest and when coughing, and the ketamine group had the lowest pain scores. Rescue analgesia was given the most to lidocaine group, and less so in the magnesium group. The magnesium group received the highest dose of fentanyl during surgery and the lowest dose was received by patients from the lidocaine group. Conclusion : Multimodal analgesia can lower the need for opioids in the intra- and postoperative period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy., (© 2022 Marija Toleska et al., published by Sciendo.)

Background : Multimodal anesthesia represents a technique that can improve analgesia and lower the occurrence of opioid side effects in the postoperative period, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). It can be achieved by providing different types of medication during the intraoperative period which can decrease the need for opioids. PONV happens more often in patients who have received large amounts of opioids during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this study, our aim was to observe the occurrence of PONV between three different groups of patients who received lidocaine, ketamine and magnesium sulfate in combination with fentanyl in the intraoperative period. We also observed any additional nausea and vomiting in the three groups as well as the amount of fentanyl given to these groups during operation. Materials and methods : 120 patients aged 20-65 years old were included in this randomized and prospective study, ASA classification 1 and 2, scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were classified into three groups randomly: Group 1 (lidocaine group-LG), these patients received lidocaine at 1 mg/kg during induction to general anesthesia and 2 mg/kg/h after intubation in continuous intravenous infusion; Group 2 (ketamine group-KG) these patients received ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg during induction to general anesthesia; and Group 3 (magnesium group-MG) these patients received magnesium sulfate at 1.5 gr/hr as a continuous intravenous infusion after intubation. In all three groups, patients additionally received bolus doses of fentanyl. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were monitored in all three groups at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery as a primary objective, and if patients had complainant of vomiting, they were treated with 10 mg of metoclopramid. Between the five control time points, additional nausea and vomiting was recorded as well, as a secondary objective. The third objective was to measure of the total amount of fentanyl given in the intraoperative period. Results : Patients from the lidocaine group experienced less PONV and they received less fentanyl compared to patients of ketamine and magnesium groups. Patients from the ketamine group had more nausea than other groups. In the magnesium group, the rate of vomiting was higher, and they received higher amounts of fentanyl during surgery. Additional nausea and vomiting occurred in 3 patients in the LG, 2 in the KG, and 3 in the MG between the five control time points. The patients from the magnesium group received the highest dose of fentanyl during surgery (307.50 ± 130.4), followed by the patients from the ketamine group (292.50 ± 60.5), and then patients from the lidocaine group (258.75 ± 60.9). The doses of fentanyl that patients received during surgery in all three groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion : Multimodal anesthesia has been shown to lower PONV 24 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and can lower need for opioids during laparoscopic cholecystectomy., (© 2022 Marija Toleska et al., published by Sciendo.)

Background: Multimodal anesthesia represents a technique that can improve analgesia and lower the occurrence of opioid side effects in the postoperative period, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). It can be achieved by providing different types of medication during the intraoperative period which can decrease the need for opioids. PONV happens more often in patients who have received large amounts of opioids during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this study, our aim was to observe the occurrence of PONV between three different groups of patients who received lidocaine, ketamine and magnesium sulfate in combination with fentanyl in the intraoperative period. We also observed any additional nausea and vomiting in the three groups as well as the amount of fentanyl given to these groups during operation. Materials and methods: 120 patients aged 20-65 years old were included in this randomized and prospective study, ASA classification 1 and 2, scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients were classified into three groups randomly: Group 1 (lidocaine group-LG), these patients received lidocaine at 1 mg/kg during induction to general anesthesia and 2 mg/kg/h after intubation in continuous intravenous infusion; Group 2 (ketamine group-KG) these patients received ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg during induction to general anesthesia; and Group 3 (magnesium group-MG) these patients received magnesium sulfate at 1.5 gr/hr as a continuous intravenous infusion after intubation. In all three groups, patients additionally received bolus doses of fentanyl. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were monitored in all three groups at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery as a primary objective, and if patients had complainant of vomiting, they were treated with 10 mg of metoclopramid. Between the five control time points, additional nausea and vomiting was recorded as well, as a secondary objective. The third objective was to measure of the total amount of fentanyl given in the intraoperative period. Results: Patients from the lidocaine group experienced less PONV and they received less fentanyl compared to patients of ketamine and magnesium groups. Patients from the ketamine group had more nausea than other groups. In the magnesium group, the rate of vomiting was higher, and they received higher amounts of fentanyl during surgery. Additional nausea and vomiting occurred in 3 patients in the LG, 2 in the KG, and 3 in the MG between the five control time points. The patients from the magnesium group received the highest dose of fentanyl during surgery (307.50 ± 130.4), followed by the patients from the ketamine group (292.50 ± 60.5), and then patients from the lidocaine group (258.75 ± 60.9). The doses of fentanyl that patients received during surgery in all three groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Multimodal anesthesia has been shown to lower PONV 24 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and can lower need for opioids during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The administration of high doses of opioids during surgery can lead to higher postoperative pain scores at rest and when coughing. Multimodal analgesia may lower the need for opioids during surgery and the suffering of postoperative pain. Multimodal analgesia can be achieved by providing non-opioid drugs (lidocaine, ketamine, and magnesium sulfate), three different types of drugs. Each of these drugs as different analgesic effects and they belong to three different pharmacological groups. The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the effects of each drug (lidocaine, ketamine, and magnesium sulfate) on postoperative analgesia, the needs for rescue analgesics, and analyze the total amount of fentanyl during the intraoperative period in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: 120 patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled study. They were classified as ASA 1 and 2 and were scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were further divided into 3 groups. Group 1, or the lidocaine group, had received lidocaine at 1 mg/kg and a continuous intravenous infusion with lidocaine at 2 mg/kg/h. Group 2, or the ketamine group, received ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg. Group 3, or the magnesium sulfate group, received a continuous intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate at 1.5 gr/kg. The intensity of postoperative pain was assessed using a VAS score at rest and when coughing, with evaluation at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours, postoperatively. Also, the needs for rescue analgesics and the total amount of fentanyl during the intraoperative period in all groups was also followed. Results: The patients from the lidocaine group had the highest scores of pain in the postoperative period at rest and when coughing, and the ketamine group had the lowest pain scores. Rescue analgesia was given the most to lidocaine group, and less so in the magnesium group. The magnesium group received the highest dose of fentanyl during surgery and the lowest dose was received by patients from the lidocaine group. Conclusion: Multimodal analgesia can lower the need for opioids in the intra- and postoperative period after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]