Getnet Yimer, Winceslaus Katagira, Levicatus Mugenyi, Winters Muttamba, Jeremiah Chakaya, William Worodria, Thys van der Molen, Njira L Lugogo, Hellen Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa, Cynthia L. Green, Moses Joloba, Fred Makumbi, Bruce Kirenga, Corina de Jong, Moses R. Kamya, Tewodros Haile, Amsalu Bekele, George Nyale, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division
RationaleThe relationship between clinical and biomarker characteristics of asthma and its severity in Africa is not well known.MethodsUsing the Expert Panel Report 3, we assessed for asthma severity and its relationship with key phenotypic characteristics in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The characteristics included adult onset asthma, family history of asthma, exposures (smoking and biomass), comorbidities (HIV, hypertension, obesity, tuberculosis (TB), rhinosinusitis, gastro-oesophageal disease (GERD) and biomarkers (fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), skin prick test (SPT) and blood eosinophils). We compared these characteristics on the basis of severity and fitted a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the independent association of these characteristics with asthma severity.ResultsA total of 1671 patients were enrolled, 70.7% women, with median age of 40 years. The prevalence of intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent asthma was 2.9%, 19.9%, 42.6% and 34.6%, respectively. Only 14% were on inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Patients with severe persistent asthma had a higher rate of adult onset asthma, smoking, HIV, history of TB, FeNO and absolute eosinophil count but lower rates of GERD, rhinosinusitis and SPT positivity. In the multivariate model, Ethiopian site and a history of GERD remained associated with asthma severity.DiscussionThe majority of patients in this cohort presented with moderate to severe persistent asthma and the use of ICS was very low. Improving access to ICS and other inhaled therapies could greatly reduce asthma morbidity in Africa.