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Different methods of chromosome preparation for insect are now being used across the world. Well-spread chromosomes with explicit morphology, in addition to no cell wall debris are required for karyotype investigations. Cytogenetic knowledge in Trichogramma is extremely limited. In the article, chromosome characters, karyotype and monoploid ideogram of Trichogramma embryophagum Htg. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were evaluated using a new method. Also, karyotype symmetry/asymmetry of this species was calculated for the first time as one of the Trichogramma species. Our results showed that the diploid chromosome number of the wasp was 2n = 10. The karyotype formula was 6m + 4a. The symmetry/asymmetry index value was 1.8. The new method resulted in higher quality metaphase plates spread and provided an ideal karyomorphology for this parasitoid which has small chromosomes., Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, Vol. 73 No. 3 (2020)

Journal of Applied Research on Science and Technology, 20, 2, 25-35

Karyotype properties of of six endemic Onobrychis taxa (O. beata, O. cilicica, O. fallax, O. podperae, O. sulphurea and O. lasistanica) naturally grown in Turkey were determined using squash preparation method and similarity of these endemics with cultivated taxon (O. viciifolia) were revealed. Ploidy levels of Onobrychis taxa were diploid (2n=14) except O. lasistanica and O. viciifolia (2n=28). Basic chromosome number is x=7 and chromosomes ranged from median to sub median with regard to centromere position. While the longest total chromosome length was measured in O. cilicica (28.21 µm), the shortest total chromosome length was in O. beata (21.47 µm). O. cilicica and O. sulphurea have satellite on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the relationships among the Onobrychis taxa and they were separated into three groups. O. fallax, and O. podperae were in the first group while O. sulphurea and O. cilicica were in the second group. O. beata, O. lasistanica, and O. viciifolia were assigned to the third group.

Seven species of Vitis L., V. champinii Planchon, V. cinerea (Engelm in Gray) Engelm, V. girdiana Munson, V. labrusca L., V. rotundifolia Michaux, V. rupestres Scheels and V. vinifera L. were studied with the purpose of complementing the karyomorphometric information for further comparative analyses. Based on ideograms and on chromosome measures obtained it was possible to see several differences among the species, which were enough to distinguish at least V. champinii and V. girdiana from the others as well as V. labrusca for the lowest measures and V. rotundifolia for the highest mean value of arm ratio. It seems that during the species diversification process the most crucial differences among them did not involve drastic changes in chromosome morphometry. RESUMO Sete espécies de Vitis L., V. champinii Planchon, V. cinerea (Engelm in Gray) Engelm, V. girdiana Munson, V. labrusca L., V. rotundifolia Michaux, V. rupestres Scheels e V. vinifera L. foram estudadas com o propósito de complementar as informações cariomorfométricas para posteriores análises comparativas. Baseado nos ideogramas e nas medidas cromossômicas obtidas foi possível distinguir pelo menos V. champinii e V. girdiana das demais espécies pelas maiores medidas, bem como V. labrusca pelas menores medidas e V. rotundifolia pelo maior valor médio da razão de braços. Parece que durante o processo de diversificação das espécies as diferenças mais cruciais entre elas não envolveram mudanças drásticas na morfometria cromossômica.

Chromosome numbers were determined in ten accessions ofPhlomis olivieriBenth. (Lamiaceae). The seeds were collected from natural habitats in the west of Iran. Chromosome numbers of all accessions were 2n=2x=20. The chromosomes of accessions were metacentric or submetacentric, ranging in length from 2.66 to 8.604 μm. According to the average values of ten accessions, the karyotype of this species consists of 10 pairs of metacentric chromosomes. An ideogram was depicted for the species. This is the first report on the chromo-some number and karyotype analysis ofP. olivierifrom Iran.

Ideograms are diagrammatic or idealized representations of chromosomes, showing their relative size, homologous groups and cytogenetic landmarks. Chromosomal analysis of cytological preparations involves calculation of karyotypic parameters and generation of ideograms. We generated IdeoKar, a free and user-friendly karyotype analysis software that facilitates data collection from different digital images of metaphase chromosome spreads and calculates a wide variety of chromosomal and karyotypic parameters along with the related standard errors which can be saved as a Microsoft Excel file. This software is also capable of drawing ideograms of both diploid and allopolyploid species in a single image file. IdeoKar is designed to fast and efficient karyotype analysis and ideogram generation. It can be used with personal computers without any specific hardware. This software and related documentation is freely available at the website of the University of Kurdistan at: http://agri.uok.ac.ir/ideokar/index.html.

In this study Karyotype Analysis was defined in Johrenia dichotoma DC. This taxa contained diploid chromosome number of as 2n=22. The total haploid chromosome lengths 29.84 μm with average chromosome lengths from 2.25 to 3.47 μm. The karyotype formulae of this taxa consisted of eleven pairs of median chromosome. Also, the chromosome morphology of J. dichotoma was identified by calculating arm and centromeric index, the ratio length of its chromosome arms, and its ideogram was done. Chromosome morphology is new for science world. The research has made contribution to the cytotaxonomic revision of the genus Johrenia in Turkey.

Chromosome studies were performed in V. champinii, V. cinerea, V. girdiana, V. labrusca, V. rotundifolia, V. rupestris and V. vinifera with the purpose of species characterization using chromosome morphometric data and NOR banding. A median ideogram was obtained for each species. The karyotype formula obtained varied from 7m + 12sm to 9m + 11sm. The species showed moderate chromosome asymmetry values according to TF% form, Stebbins, Romero Zarco and Paszko indices. V. champinii and V. girdiana were apart from the other species by CVcl and CVci graphic representation and also formed a group apart in the dendrogram based on Euclidian distances. The chromosome pair number 3 harbors the secondary constriction and a satellite segment in all species analyzed with Giemsa staining and it may be the same observed after NOR banding technique. It seems that the process of speciation in the North American Euvitis species studied involved some discrete changes in chromosome morphometry which have been reflected in the asymmetry index.

En los últimos años se ha registrado una disminución importante en el número de individuos de la tortuga marina Caretta caretta anidantes en el Caribe colombiano, situación que pone en evidencia la posibilidad de su extinción a mediano plazo. Por esto, es necesario implementar planes para su manejo y conservación. En este estudio se determinaron los requerimientos del cultivo de linfocitos de Caretta caretta para la obtención de cariotipos que permitan la identificación citogenética, el estudio inmunológico y toxicológico de individuos sin necesidad de sacrificarlos. Se muestrearon 47 individuos de C. caretta de Santa Marta, Colombia obteniendo sangre periférica con la que se realizaron ensayos de las diferentes variables hasta obtener las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo convencional de linfocitos. El cariotipo obtenido presentó 56 cromosomas: 32 macrocromosomas y 24 microcromosomas. El ideograma mostró que C. caretta tiene cuatro grupos de cromosomas: el grupo A compuesto por doce (12) pares de cromosomas de mayor tamaño. El Grupo B compuesto por cuatro (4) pares de cromosomas medianos y pequeños y el Grupo C conformado por 12 pares de microcromosomas. No se observaron cromosomas sexuales. Estos resultados están en desacuerdo con el cariotipo descrito por Kamesaki (1989), debido posiblemente a que las muestras analizadas en ese estudio fueron colectadas en el Océano Pacifico (Japón). El presente estudio es el primero realizado con tortugas del Océano Atlántico que cuenta con la descripción completa de la morfología cromosómica. Es posible, que una de las estrategias adaptativas de esta especie sea el intercambio genético con otras especies de la familia, que produce individuos híbridos viables. En este aspecto se ha descrito la hibridación de tortugas Caretta caretta con Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys kempii, esto sugiere la posibilidad que los individuos caracterizados en este estudio sean híbridos viables de C. caretta, por lo tanto, se hace necesario realizar estudios a nivel molecular.Lymphocyte culture and partial karyotype of the marine turtle Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Over the past few years an important reduction in the number of nesting marine turtle Caretta caretta individuals has been registered in the Colombian Caribbean, raising the question of a possible extinction in the medium term. A conservation plan is needed. We studied the culture requirements for C. caretta lymphocytes and preliminary karyotype analysis for cytogenetic identification, immunological study and toxicology without the need to kill individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 47 individuals in Santa Marta, Colombia and tests were made until optimal conditions were established for lymphocyte culture. The karyotype had 56 chromosomes, 32 macrochromosomes and 24 micro-chromosomes. An ideogram showed that C. caretta has four groups of chromosomes. Sexual chromosomes were not observed. These results do not coincide with the karyotype described from the Pacific (Japan). The present study is the first to include a complete description of the chromosome morphology of turtles from the Atlantic Ocean. it is possible that one of the adaptive strategies of this species is genetic interchange with other species of the family, producing viable hybrids. individuals in this study might be viable hybrids of C. caretta and further molecular studies are needed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1459-1469. Epub 2008 September 30.

Published cytogenetic data for extant cetacean species remain incomplete. In a review of the literature, we found karyotypic information for 6 of the 13 tentatively recognized species of the suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales). Among those yet to be described is the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Herein, we describe and propose a first-generation G-banded karyotype and ideogram for this species (2n = 42), obtained from peripheral blood chromosome preparations from a stranded male calf. This information may prove useful for future genetic mapping projects and for interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo-FISH.

Detailed chromosome studies were conducted for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) utilizing primary chromosome banding techniques (G- and Q-banding). Digital microscopic imaging methods were employed and a standard G-banded karyotype was constructed for both sexes. Based on chromosome banding patterns and measurements obtained in these studies, a standard karyotype and ideogram are proposed. Characterization of additional cytogenetic features of this species by supplemental chromosome banding techniques, C-banding (constitutive heterochromatin), Ag-NOR staining (nucleolar organizer regions), and DA/DAPI staining, was also performed. These studies provide detailed cytogenetic data for T. manatus latirostris, which could enhance future genetic mapping projects and interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo–FISH.

Simple computer-generated color ideograms (CGCIs) conforming to ISCN (1995) are presented, not only to represent partial karyotypes, but also to depict reproductive outcomes displaying potential imbalances in a form that is easy to understand. This approach has been found to facilitate communication greatly between cytogeneticist, clinician, and patient, and could be easily adopted by most centers.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de doğal olarak yetişen Onobrychis cinsi Onobrychis seksiyonuna ait 7 endemik korunga (O. beata, O. cilicica, O. fallax, O. pisidica, O. podperae, O.sulphurea ve O. lasistanica) türü üzerinde ezme preparat yöntemi kullanılarak karyolojik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Kök uçlarının boyanmasında, feulgen ve hematoxylin-iron boyaları kullanılmıştır. Gözlem yapılan türlerin bir tanesinde (O. lasistanica) ploidi seviyesi tetraploid (2n=28), diğerlerinde ise diploid (2n=14) olarak belirlenmiştir. Temel kromozom sayısı ise incelenen tüm türlerde x=7 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, kromozomlar sentromer pozisyonlarına göre median’dan submedian’a kadar değişmiştir. Gözlem yapılan kromozom özelliklerinden elde edilen veriler hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi yapılarak türler arasındaki akrabalık ilişkileri belirlenmiştir. Bu analize göre türler 3 grup altında toplanmıştır. Birinci grupta O. fallax, O. sulphurea, O. beata ve O. lasistanica türleri, ikinci grupta sadece O. cilicica türü ve üçüncü gruptada O. pisidica ve O. podperae türleri yer almıştır. In this study, karyological studies were performed with squash preparation method in seven different endemic Onobrychis species (O. beata, O. cilicica, O. fallax, O. pisidica, O. podperae, O.sulphurea ve O. lasistanica) belonging to Onobrychis section naturally grown in Turkey. Feulgen and hematoxylin-iron were used in the staining of the root tip. While ploidy level of O. lasistanica was tetraploid (2n=28), ploidy level of the other species were diploid (2n=14). Basic chromosome numbers of the investigated species were determined in x=7. However, chromosomes showed differences from median to submedian according to centromer position. Based on data obtained from chromosome characteristics, hierarchical grouping analysis was performed to determine the relationship among species. According to this analysis, Onobrychis species were grouped with three groups. In the first of these three groups consisted of O. fallax, O. sulphurea, O. beata and O. lasistanica and second group included only O. cilicica and third group included two Onobrychis species (O. pisidica and O. podperae).

Karyotyping of dog chromosomes is a difficult task owing to the high diploid number of chromosomes (2n=78) and the similar morphology of autosomes, all of which are acrocentrics. In this report 22 of the 39 G-banded chromosome pairs and their corresponding ideograms have been standardized. The ideogram comprises altogether 235 bands. The need for the introduction of molecular techniques such as chromosome painting and physical mapping of genetic markers for the identification of small acrocentrics is discussed.

Human chromosome ideograms that depict 850 bands, numbered in agreement with ISCN (1981) nomenclature but based on actual measurements of band sizes and differentiated by five shades of staining intensity, have been digitized using commercially available graphics software. They provide for more accurate estimates of distances within chromosome arms, DNA content of chromosome bands and correlation between cytogenetic, molecular and genetic linkage maps than the standard ISCN ideograms.

The use of G-banding in conjunction with the pipette method of chromosome preparation has allowed 524 band resolution in chromosomes of Microtus kirgisorum. After detailed analysis of M. kirgisorum chromosomes at different stages of condensation, an ideogram has been prepared.

High-resolution G- and Q-band patterns of cat (Felis catus) prometaphase chromosomes with more than 450 numbered bands are presented. This number represents approximately twice the number of bands per haploid set exhibited by feline chromosomes at mid-metaphase. A diagrammatic representation of G-banded cat chromosomes has already been described (O’Brien and Nash, 1982); however, precise numbering of bands and landmarks, as in the human karyotype and in the karyotypes of other domestic and laboratory animals, has not yet been available for the domestic cat karyotype, except for the RBG-banded ideograms constructed by Shibasaki et al. (1987) and Rønne and Storm (1995). In this report, we propose a numbering system for the G-banded ideogram reported previously (O’Brien and Nash, 1982) and an extended ideogram at the high-resolution level (473 numbered bands) as a contribution to the future standardization of the feline karyotype.

In contrast to many other animals, knowledge about the canine karyotype is quite sparse. This is due in part to the rather difficult canine karyotypic pattern. Except for the X and the Y chromosome, there are only acrocentric chromosomes, which appear to be quite small and difficult to identify unambiguously. In previous reports, schematic representations of the canine karyotype have been described. However, a nomenclature comparable to that of the human karyotype or the karyotypes of sheep, cattle, or goats does not yet exist for the dog. Based on high-resolution banding of metaphase chromosomes from canine fibroblasts, we propose an ideogram of the canine karyotype with 460 numbered bands and characteristic landmarks. In addition, the centromere positions of the canine chromosomes are determined by a combined GTG-banding/ FISH approach, and the R- and G-banding patterns are compared.

For statistical analyses in cancer cytogenetics, the genomic changes encoded by the karyotype must be translated into numerical codes. We developed a program, which extracts chromosomal gains and losses as well as breakpoints from the karyotype. The changes are compiled in tables according to the chromosome bands involved and/or depicted in projection to the respective chromosome ideogram. The data are ready to be integrated into further statistical analyses. The program may be run as desktop or Internet application. Availability: http://www.cydas.org/ Contact: info@cydas.org

Chromosomes were studied from five species and two unnamed plants of the genus Agapanthus. Karyotypes and ideograms were prepared, the chromosomes were grouped into classes of different size, and formulae were prepared for all the plants. The 2n number was found to be 32 in A. praecox and A. orientalis, 30 in A. campanulata, A. inapertus, A. minimus, and one of the unnamed plants, and 29 in the other unnamed plant. A. orientalis and one of the unnamed plants had two supernumerary chromosomes. The chromosomes of A. praecox and A. orientalis are not inconsistent with the position that these species are synonyms.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that chromosome constitution of cells in vitro has been one of the most useful criteria for monitoring cell populations. Karyotypical analysis is useful for monitoring the normalcy of the cell populations under consideration. In all cytological preparations of animal cells, regardless of the method used, there are a certain proportion of ruptured cells. In heteroploid cell populations such as long-term cell lines where cells with many different chromosome numbers may exist, the elimination of artifacts becomes a difficult task. An idiogram is an idealized karyotype or a statistically representative karyotype. Therefore no single metaphase, whether it is the actual photograph or length measurements, can be considered as an idiogram. The utility of the conventional karyotype and ideogram analysis has many limitations. It is virtually impossible to determine paracentric inversions or reciprocal translocations of nearly equal portions without examining meiotic behavior. The difficulty has been partially removed by the recent inventions of many new procedures which would reveal characteristic chromosome bands.