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The Civic Journalism Interest Group section of the proceedings contains the following five papers: "A Tale of Two Cities: Do Small-Town Dailies Practice Public Journalism Without Knowing It?" (David Loomis); "Engaging the Literature: A Civic Approach" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Resolving Public Conflict: Civic Journalism and Civil Society" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Civic Journalism on the Right Side of the Brain: How Photographers and Graphic Designers Visually Communicate the Principles of Civic Journalism" (Renita Coleman); and "Citizen-Based Reporting: A Study of Attitudes Toward Audience Interaction in Journalism" (John L. Morris). (RS)

The Newspaper Division section of the proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Diversity Efforts at the 'Los Angeles Times': Are Journalists and the Community on the Same Page?" (Richard Gross, Stephanie Craft, Glen T. Cameron and Michael Antecol); "Setting the News Story Agenda: Candidates and Commentators in News Coverage of a Governor's Race" (Frederick Fico); "The Jasper Newsboy: Reportage and Reconciliation in the Texas Dragging Death" (Barbara Friedman); "Daily Newspaper Use of Web Addresses: Longitudinal Analysis of New Content Form" (Jean M. Trumbo and Craig W. Trumbo); "Two Topic Teams and How They Grew: Education and Public Life at 'The Virginian-Pilot'" (Leslie-Jean Thornton); "A Functional Analysis of New Hampshire Presidential Primary Debates and Accompanying Newspaper Coverage" (Bryan Reber); "To Quell the Quarrels--Examining 'The Philadelphia Inquirer's' Israeli/Palestinian Coverage" (Judith Sylvester and H. Denis Wu); "Computer-Assisted Reporting in Michigan Daily Newspapers: More Than a Decade of Adoption" (Lucinda D. Davenport, Fred Fico and Mary Detwiler); "When the Shooting Stops: A Comparison of Local, Regional and National Newspaper Coverage of 1990s School Shootings" (Michael McCluskey); "Reader Mindset and Bias: A Closer Look at the People Who Say We Skew the News" (Deborah Gump); "Online Newspapers: Collating Banner Advertising with Editorial Content" (David R. Thompson and Birgit Wassmuth); "Information and Interaction: Online Newspaper Coverage of the 2000 Iowa Caucus" (Jane B. Singer); and "Talking the Talk: Expressions of Social Responsibility in Public Newspaper Grous" (Diana Knott, Ginny Carrol and Philip Meyer). (RS)

The Minorities and Communication section of these Proceedings contains the following 10 papers: "L'affaire Jake Powell: The Minority Press Goes to Bat against Segregated Baseball" (Chris Lamb); "Strategies for Surveying Small, Urban Publications on Patterns of Writing Staff Racial Diversity" (Yvonne Laurenty); "Sensing, Valuation, and the Portrayal of African American TV Newsmakers" (Camilla Gant and John Dimmick); "The Influence of Television Use and Parental Communication on Educational Aspirations of Hispanic Children" (Alexis Tan and others); "Hire and Higher: An Analysis of the Relationship between Numbers of Asian-American Editors and Coverage of Local Chinese by 'The Oregonian' in Portland, Oregon" (Herman B. Chiu); "Tuskegee Airmen, Censorship, and the Black Press in World War II" (Michael S. Sweeney); "Policy and Press Coverage: Changing Coverage of Native Americans and Native American Issues in the Press, 1963-1983" (Jennifer Bowie); "The Invisible 'Model Minority': Images of Koreans on American TV" (Hoon Shim); "A Bumpy Carpet Ride: Disney and Cultural Controversy" (Keri Helene Bartok); and "More Sex Than Consequence: The Sexual Health Content of Latino Magazines" (Melissa A. Johnson). (CR)

The Mass Communication and Society section of the Proceedings contains the following 19 papers: "Talk Radio as Forum and Companion: Listener Attitudes and Uses and Gratifications in Austin, Texas" (John Beatty); "'Willingness to Censor': Developing a Quantitative Measurement across Speech Categories and Types of Media" (Jennifer L. Lambe); "Can Social Comparison Theory Explain Fascination with TV Talk Shows?" (Cynthia M. Frisby); "Answering the Critics: Are News Councils Out to Get the Media" (Jennifer L. Lambe, Genelle I. Belmas, and William A. Babcock); "Journalistic and Humanist Approaches: Movie Reviews in 'The New Yorker' and 'Entertainment Weekly'" (James Kendrick); "An Alternative to the Impasse: The Grassroots Approach to Cope with Media Violence Issues" (Hoaming Denis Wu and Lois A. Boynton); "The Agenda-Setting Process of a Daily Newspaper: A Case Study" (Elizabeth Evenson Williams); "The Use and Abuse of Media-Sponsored Opinion Polls in Two Presidential Campaigns: A Critical Analysis of Network TV News and Six Prestige Print Media" (Dennis T. Lowry and Josephine Nio); "Participation in Community Organizations and Consumption of TV and Newspaper News" (Esther Thorson and Glenn Leshner); "Print Mass Media Coverage of the Promise Keepers: The First Five Years" (Dane Claussen); "Daily Newspaper Editors' Audience Construction Routines: A Case Study" (Randall S. Sumpter); "The Value of the Journalistic Identity on the World Wide Web" (Ekaterina Ognianova); "Social Reality Effects of the Mass Media in Japan: Media Coverage in the 'Aum Shinrikyo' Case" (Shinichi Saito and Miki Kawabata); "In the Olympic Tradition: Sportscasters' Language and Female Athleticism" (Lisa M. Weidman); "Surviving the FCC: The Legacy of UHFs" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Agenda-Setting and Spanish Cable News" (Salma I. Ghanem and Wayne Wanta); "Do Social Norms and Media Coverage Influence Illicit Drug Trade among College Students? Implications for Media Practitioners and Drug Educators" (Alyse R. Gotthoffer); "Perceptions of Traditional American Journalists toward the Internet as a News Source: A Critical Approach" (Thomas E. Ruggiero); and "Auto Elite and Agenda-Setting: How the Auto Elite Set the Auto Trade Policy Agenda?" (Kuang-Kuo Chang). (CR)

The Media Management and Economics--Magazine section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Not the Same Story: Differences in Sexual Harassment of Women Who Work in Newspaper and Television Newsrooms" (Lori Bergen); "Modeling Strategy for Mass Media: A Resource-Based Approach" (Hugh J. Martin); "The Impact of the Expansion in the Aftermarket on Network Prime Time Programs" (Sora K. Park); "Creative Ownership Transition Strategies for Community Newspapers" (Dane Claussen); "The Representation of Financial Institutions on the Boards of Directors of Publicly-Traded Newspaper Companies" (Soontae An and Hyun Seung Jin); "Parent Company Influence on Local Market Competition in Cellular Telephone" (Hugh S. Fullerton); "A New Entry in the Television Broadcasting Industry and Program Diversity: The Case of the Emergence of SBS-TV in Korea" (Myung-Hyun Kang); "Family Pictures: Constructing the Typical American in 1920s Magazines" (Carolyn Kitch); "Reviewing the Record: What Magazine Letters to the Editor Said About Journalism in 1962, 1972, 1982, and 1992" (Brian Thornton); "The Astounding Women of 'Analog': A Content Analysis of Cover Art, 1930-1995" (Lisa M. Daigle); "Women's Magazines Used Agenda-Setting, Priming in Effort to Influence '96 Election" (Ernest C. Hynds); and "Beauty and Fashion Magazine Reading and Anorectic Cognitions as Predictors of Dieting Behavior in College-Age Women" (Steven R. Thomsen, Robert L. Gustafson, J. Kelly McCoy, and Marleen Williams). (CR)

The newspaper section of the Proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "The Role of Headlines and Nut Graphs in Helping Readers Learn from News Stories" (Glen L. Bleske); "Daily Newspaper Reporters' Views of Journalistic Roles: An Integrated Perspective" (Dan Berkowitz and James TerKeurst); "'Cohen V. Cowles Media': Has the Court Decision Affected Journalistic Practices?" (William A. Babcock and Sherrie Wilson); "The Relationship of Copy Desk Leader Behaviors to Job Stress, Hardiness and Health Factors in Copy Editors" (Betsy B. Cook and others); "How Journalists at Monopoly Dailies View Newspaper Competition" (David C. Coulson); "Rules for Getting Real: How One Newspaper's Editors Talk about 'Real People'" (David A. Craig); "Comparing Questionnaire Formats in Accuracy Studies" (Julie E. Dodd and others); "Segmenting the Electorate by Media Use Types: The Value of Newspapers in Local Election Campaigns" (Arthur G. Emig and Jill Millspaugh); "The Political Dance: A Test of Agenda-Setting Effects in the 1994 Texas Gubernatorial Election" (Dixie Evatt and Tamara Bell); "Computer-Assisted News Reporting Tools: A Study of Daily Newspaper Use in 1994" (Bruce Garrison); "The Bias of Visual Appeal in the Selection of General Excellence Winners in Newspaper Contests" (George Albert Gladney); "Where Americans Really Get Their News" (Thomas Hargrove and Guido H. Stempel III); "Ideological Manipulation via Newspaper Accounts of Political Conflict: A Cross-National Comparative News Analysis of the 1991 Moscow Coup" (Li-Ning Huang and Katherine C. McAdams); "Help Wanted: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by the Daily Press" (Debra L. Merskin and Thomas J. Herling); "Unnamed Sources in White House Coverage" (Daniel Riffe and Gail Johnson); "Inability to Recognize News Source Bias and Perceptions of Media Bias" (Donna Rouner and others); "Newspapers and Public Opinion. An Examination of 'The Des Moines Register' and Its Iowa Poll" (Craig W. Trumbo); and "Intercity Competition and Local Election Coverage: A Case Study" (James B. White). (CR)

The Newspapers section of the proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "News Items in the 'Shrinking Foreign Newshole': The Case of the New York Times" (Daniel Riffe and others); "Newspaper Coverage of Gays and Lesbians: Editors' Views of Its Longterm Effects" (Marilyn Greenwald and Joseph Bernt); "Effects of Staff Gender on Newspaper Content" (Terri Catlett); "Constructing Gay Death in the Newspaper: Three Stories of Men with AIDS" (Roger Simpson); "'Opening the Pandora's Box': Were American Media Guilty of Negligence in Disclosing Tiananmen Protestors' Identities?" (Lubo Li); "Coverage of Persons with Disabilities in Prestige and High Circulation Dailies" (John S. Clogston); "Editorial Treatment of U.S. Foreign Policy in the New York Times: The Case of Pakistan (1980-90)" (Mughees-uddin); "Tolerance of Senior Daily Newspaper Editors for Photographs of People with AIDS and Gays and Lesbians" (Joseph P. Bernt and Marilyn S. Greenwald); "Outside the Frame: Newspaper Coverage of the Sugar Ray Leonard Wife Abuse Story" (Michael A. Messner and William S. Solomon); "The International Flow of News in Major U.S. Newspapers: The 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre" (Kangcong Zhang and Guy E. Lometti); and "Newspaper Ties, Community Ties and the Evaluation of a Local Community" (Judith M. Buddenbaum). (HB)

The More Miscellaneous Studies section of the proceedings contains the following 34 papers: "The Louisville Courier-Journal's News Content after Purchase by Gannett" (Hansen and Coulson); "Reflection of Cultural Values in Advertising: A Comparative Analysis of Taiwan and U.S. Advertising" (Zandpour and Qian); "Sex, Violence and Consonance/Diversity: An Analysis of Local TV News Values" (Davie); "Science and Technology: When Do They Become Front Page News?" (Ramsey); "Persons with Disabilities and Mass Media" (Tait); "Effectiveness of Trade Magazine Advertising" (Shu-Fen Li and others); "'What Did You Do during the War, Mother?' Propagandistic Communications in Crisis Situations" (Shachar); "Winners and Losers: Making It in the Magazine Marketplace 1986-90" (David E. Sumner); "The Lanham Act and Copyright" (Harris and Tomlinson); "Significant Silences: Selected Newspaper Coverage of Problems Facing Black Americans" (Martindale); "Trial by Newspaper: The Strange Case of Dr. Karl Muck" (Kagan); "Trends in Daily Newspaper Costs and Revenues 1978-1990" (Stanley and Tharp); "Sexual Harassment of Washington Women Journalists" (McAdams and Beasley); "Through the Eyes of Gender and Hollywood: Conflicting Visions of Isak Dinesen's Africa" (Cooper and Descutner); "Network Commercials Promote Legal Drugs: Outnumber Anti-Drug PSA's 45-to-1" (Fedler and others); "The Effects of the Mood Generated by Television Program in Advertising and Product Evaluation" (Batista and Biocca); "Fifty Years of Disability Coverage in 'The New York Times'" (Clogston); "A Stubborn Faith: The Media and the Amish" (Mason and Nanney); "Market Subordination and Secret Combinations: Scripps Howard Newspapers and the Origin of Joint Operating Agreements" and "A Comparison of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers" (Adams); "The Law of Libel and Public Speech in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi and South Carolina" (Nevious); "Rental of Feature Film on Videocassette: Changes in Industry Structure and Consumer Behavior from the Perspective of the Rental Store" (Prince); "The Founding of IRE and the Practice of Investigative Journalism" (Aucoin); "Should Executions Be Televised?" (Widener and Kim); "Daily Newspaper Readership: Four Types of Local Newspaper Readers Mirror ASNE Findings" (Sylvester and others); "Tunisia's Response to the Advent of European Direct Broadcast Satellite Television" (Adhoum); "A Comparative Study of Journalism and Gender in France" (McMane); "Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's First Amendment Approach to Free Expression" (Goodman); "Romancing the Coffee: New Trends in Contemporary Product Advertising" (Kretchmer and Carveth); "Black Entertainment Television: Seeking Dr. King or Slouching toward Malcolm X?" (Barchak); "Beyond Reason: A Feminist Theory of Ethics for Journalists" (Scott); "Organizational Communication Deficits and Overloads: The Origins of Entropy in the News Room" (Incitti); "We Are the World: Narcissism and Global Solidarity" (Shing-Ling Sarina Chen); and "Using Contract Law to Protect News Sources Who Enter Confidentiality Agreement with Journalists" (Alexander). (NKA)

Pricing of subscriptions and single copies has historically been arbitrary. Evidence indicates that the newspaper industry has tended to overestimate the elasticity of demand for newspaper circulation. This study analyzed price changes, circulation changes, and population changes for all daily newspapers in the United States between 1970 and 1975. Results strongly supported the hypothesis that the demand curve is highly inelastic and that newspapers have been grossly undercharging for their product in relation to the market. The estimate of elasticity for all newspapers during the six-year period studied indicated that a 50% increase in price resulted in only a 1.25% decrease in circulation, with percentage change in population of the publishing city or metropolitan area held constant. Projected potential loss to the newspaper industry because of past reluctance to raise per-copy price from 10 to 15 cents is estimated at more than one billion dollars a year. There appears to be no evidence that daily newspapers have yet approached the point of diminishing returns from price increases to the audience consumers of the industry. (Author)

The purposes of this study were to identify the directors of the Associated Press (AP) since 1892, to examine geographic and journalistic representation of the board since then, and to assemble a composite profile of directors' backgrounds and civic involvement, utilizing "Who's Who" sketches and computer analysis of biographical data The study found that AP has had 136 directors (all of them newspaper editors and publishers) since 1892, ranging from 53 years to one-half year in board service. Representation on the board has been disproportionately great for metropolitan areas, for states with metropolitan areas, for areas with relatively few newspapers, and for the morning field of publication. Directors' profiles reveal that less than 50 percent had professional journalism experience and that there were low levels of membership in national, regional, or state journalistic organizations but high levels of involvement in government and non-media corporate affairs. Republicans outnumber democrats two to one, and the board is overwhelmingly Protestant for that half of the directors indicating party and religious affiliation. (Author/RB)

This document contains a biographical sketch of Ernie Pyle, the Pulitzer Prizewinning journalist from Indiana who gained fame during World War II as a nationally syndicated correspondent for the Associated Press. The story of Pyle's life is traced from his birth in Dana, Indiana, through his college years and his early years as a roving reporter for the "Washington Daily News," and concludes with his experiences as a war correspondent and his death while covering an invasion in the Pacific. (The original presentation of this sketch included a slide show compiled from pictures taken by the author and from a collection of pictures at Indiana University.) (RB)

There are many parallels between the Richard M. Nixon administration and Warren G. Harding's term: both Republicans, both touched by scandal, and both having a unique relationship with the press. But in Harding's case the relationship was a positive one. One of Harding's first official acts as president was to restore the regular White House news conferences which had been dropped by Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Harding made himself available to the members of the press corps; he knew about their job, and he went out of his way to make their work easier. There were times of difficulty--during the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921 when Harding made a diplomatic slip of the tongue and in the summer of 1922 when a million men were idled in two bitter strikes. But for the most part, the president worked with correspondents on the basis of complete frankness and respect which was reciprocated. The friendship and goodwill between Harding and the press advanced the status of White House correspondents to the point where they could not be ignored by future presidents. (Author/RB)

Kenya's dozen or more newspapers and 50 news sheets edited and published by Africans in the turbulent 1945-52 preindependence period were condemned as irresponsible, inflammatory, antiwhite, and seditious by the Kenya colonial government, and this characterization has been accepted by many scholars and journalists, including Africans. There is substantial evidence to show that the newspapers and even the mimeographed news sheets continued to argue for redress of specific African grievances as well as for changes in social, economic, and political policies with responsible arguments and in moderate language up until the Emergency Declaration proscribed the African publications in October of 1952. This reassessment of Kenya's African press is based in part on examination of government records and interviews with some African journalists of the period under study. The primary sources are clippings and tear sheets from the African press collected by Kenya's Criminal Investigation Division. The material, along with comments by colonial officials at the time, shows that the African press of Kenya was by any reasonable standard responsible and moderate much of the time. (Author/RB)

Philadelphia poet and journalist Horace L. Traubel's work as biographer of Walt Whitman has overshadowed his role as crusading editor. Traubel (1858-1919) devoted 30 years to publishing the "Conservator," a monthly newspaper that reflected its editor's idiosyncratic philosophy and crusaded persistently for libertarian principles. He made the "Conservator" a champion of academic and artistic freedom and attacked those who sought to constrain liberties. Although the "Conservator" had a limited circulation, its readers--and Traubel's followers--included a number of noteworthy individuals. Among them were Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, soap magnate and reformer Joseph Fels, iconoclastic lecturer Robert G. Ingersoll, and William E. Walling, the reformer who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Traubel and the "Conservator" deserve recognition for their contributions to the tradition of dissent in America. (Author/RB)

A sample of 558 communication specialists and nonspecialists was drawn for this study of the future role of mass media in Florida. The Delphi technique was used in four rounds of mail questionnaires, though response rates dropped from 29% of the total sample in round one to 8% in round four. Social, legal, and economic events affecting the future of the mass media are discussed in this report; technical aspects of the study will be reported in a later document. Twenty-eight future events are discussed on the basis of assigned probabilities of .5 or better in round three. Fourteen events were classified as social, dealing primarily with the public's trust in access to television and newspapers. Seven were classified as legal, concerned mainly with freedom of the press. Seven were economic, dictated by rising production costs and by competition within and between the various mass media. (AA)

William Stephenson's ludenic newsreading theory, which asserts that the newsreading situation is not one in which information is passed from a communication source to a receiver, but one in which the individual plays with communication, is examined in this study. Four postulates from the theory are tested in relation to student newspaper demands: Play elements are involved in demands made on an ideal student newspaper; a factor, or factors, reflecting the demands of mature newsreaders will emerge through factor analysis of ideal newspaper demands; a factor, or factors, reflecting the demands of pleasure readers will emerge through factor analysis of ideal newspaper demands; and a factor, or factors, reflecting the demands of nonpleasure readers will emerge through factor analysis of ideal newspaper demands. It was found that if the absence of play among potential newsreaders is positively correlated with nonreadership, then play's primacy as an exploratory construct is supported. Recognition of the utility of play could provide media practitioners with a perspective from which to evaluate demands for entertainment, mature play, moral responsibility, and social utility. The theory deserves further exploration. (RB)

Research conducted during the past 20 years reveals that, except for the "New York Times,""Christian Science Monitor," and "Wall Street Journal," United States daily newspapers are not known for outstanding international news coverage; that European, English, Canadian, Latin American, and Asian newspapers use disproportionately larger amounts of international news than their American counterparts; and that the United States is covered much more thoroughly in the press abroad than foreign nations are reported in the United States press. In trying to account for these facts, it may be seen that in the United States international news coverage and usage are: often determined by considerations of international diplomacy, national government and military policies, and historical-cultural heritage; often crisis oriented; often affected by censorship policies and image building activities of other countries; affected by a dwindling corps of adequately trained correspondents abroad and by globally blind editors cemented to their swivel chairs stateside; and guided by an American public not generally noted for being cosmopolitan or well informed on world affairs. (JM)

This study examined one specific problem connected with the ownership and content of the Indian press: Is there any significant difference between independent newspapers and conglomerate-controlled newspapers in the quantities of developmental, governmental, and political news they present? The period of study was 1973, during which four daily newspapers representing three languages were examined. A sampling design was adapted for constructing an artificial year by taking the Monday of the first week of January, Tuesday of the second week of February, Wednesday of the third week of March, and so on through Saturday of the fourth week of December. The findings show that the four sample newspapers, irrespective of ownership, devote more area to governmental and political news than to developmental news, i.e., news that deals with economic, social, and technological progress in developing nations. But the independent newspapers contain more developmental than governmental or political news, while the conglomerates have more governmental than developmental or political news. (The results are presented in both table and narrative form.) (RB)

In order to determine if media dependency has effects on audience members, a study was conducted among 460 randomly chosen household heads in Syracuse, New York. The respondents were asked to answer questions designed to measure media dependency in terms of use and of reliance on the various media. The questionnaire included a measure of audience evaluation of national and local government. There is some evidence that persons dependent on newspapers were more favorably inclined toward local government than persons not newspaper dependent. Analysis of the responses to additional questions shows that media dependency is related to perception of media credibility. Systematic analysis of the public affairs materials of the various media is needed to determine exactly what it is that produces the media dependency effects. (Six tables are included.) (JF)