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The 17 papers in this collection all deal with 20th-century journalism, journalists, and mass media. The papers and their authors are: "Building One's Own Gallows: The Trade Publications' Reaction to a Federal Shield Law, 1972-1974" (Karla Gower); "The Useful Ogre: Sweden's Use and Views of American Television, 1956-62" (Ulf Jonas Bjork); "Black or Negro? The Media's Dilemma of Racial Identifiers, 1967-1971" (Joey Senat); "Hostile Crowds, Homosexual Activists and AIDS Victims: Mainstream Newspapers Cover Gay Liberation" (Elizabeth M. Koehler); "Unhappy Events in Ireland: Irish-American Press Coverage of Dublin's 1916 Easter Rising" (Karen Patricia Potter); "'They're Talking about Us': Yellow Journalism and the Press of West Africa" (W. Joseph Campbell); "Same/Difference: The Media, Equal Rights and Aboriginal Women in Canada, 1968" (Barbara M. Freeman); "Literature, Propaganda and the First World War: The Case of 'Blackwood's Magazine'" (David Finkelstein); "Reasoned Protest and Personal Journalism: The Liberty and Death of 'The Intermountain Observer'" (James B. McPherson); "Measuring Jazz Journalism in Missouri Dailies of the 1920s" (Steven D. Koski); "Fighting for 'The Big Voices of the Air': A History of the Clear Channel Broadcasting Service"; "Rural Publicity in the Boilerplate Era: The Mt. Clemens News Bureau" (James C. Foust); "The Delightful Relationship: Presidents and White House Correspondents in the 1920s" (Stephen Ponder); "Construction of a Gay Image in the Washington Press: 1943-1970" (Edward M. Alwood); "Balancing Academic Freedom and Academic Image: The North Carolina Speaker Ban, 1963-1968" (Patricia Richardson); "The Vietnam War, the Cold War, and Protestants: How the 'Christian Century' and 'Christianity Today' Reflected American Society in the 1960s" (David E. Settje); and "News Pegs and the National Farmers Organization: Episodic and Life-Span Patterns of Press Coverage" (Jane S. McConnell). (NKA)

The 16 papers presented in this collection all deal with journalism and journalists from colonial America through the 19th century. The papers and their authors are: "Fighting for a Continent: Newspaper Coverage of the English and French War for Control of North America, 1754-1760" (David A. Copeland); "A Romance with 'Local' Happenings (Never Mind What You Were Taught): Colonial Americans and Their Newspapers" (Julie Hedgepeth Williams); "When Women Speak: A Comparison of the Voices of Black Women Journalists before and after the Civil War" (Bernell E. Tripp); "Inventing an Indian Icon: How the Press Made Sense of Sitting Bull" (John M. Coward); "From Populist to Patrician: Edward H. Butler's Buffalo 'News' and the Crisis of Labor, 1877-1892" (Michael J. Dillon); "'I Heare It So Variously Reported': News-Letters, Newspapers, and the Ministerial Network in New England, 1670-1730" (Sheila McCall McIntyre); "Christmas Puffery: Christmas Book Advertising in Nineteenth Century Newspapers" (Priscilla Coit Murphy); "Little Big Horn Coverage in the Texas Press: Fiercely Partisan Myth-Making" (James E. Mueller); "The Paper and the Poles: The First Major Crusade of Buffalo's "Evening News'" (Jerry Goldberg); "The Work That Came before Art: Willa Cather's Journalism, 1893-1912" (Carolyn L. Kitch); "From 1850 to 1950: Actions of Early Journalists Often Unethical, Even Illegal" (Fred Fedler); "The Medium in the Mirror: How Journalists in the 1880s and 1890s Viewed 'New Journalism'" (James McCollum); "Women's Moral Reform Periodicals of the Nineteenth Century: A Cultural Feminist Analysis" (Therese L. Lueck); "The Third Most Valuable Newspaper Property in Chicago: A History of the 'Chicago Journal'" (Jon Bekken); "Converting the Popular to Politics: The American Feminist Magazine as Forum for Transformation" (Amy Beth Aronson); and "Cattle Papers and the Cowboy: Myth-Making in the 'Bad Lands Cow Boy'" (Ross F. Collins). (NKA)

The Newspaper and Magazine section of the proceedings contains the following 11 papers: "Real-Time Journalism: Instantaneous Change for News Writing" (Karla Aronson and others); "Names in the News: A Study of Journalistic Decision-Making in Regard to the Naming of Crime Victims" (Michelle Johnson); "The Daily Newspaper and Audiotex Personals: A Case Study of Organizational Adoption of Innovation" (Debra Merskin); "What Content Shows about Topic-Team Performance" (John T. Russial); "Have You Heard the News? Newspaper Journalists Consider Audiotex and Other New Media Forms" (Jane B. Singer); "Who Reports the Hard/Soft News? A Study of Differences in Story Assignments to Male and Female Journalists at 'Newsweek'" (Dan Alinanger); "Welcome to Lilliput: The Shrinking of the General Interest in Magazine Publishing" (Erik Ellis); "The Retiring Feminist: Doris E. Fleischman and Doris Fleischman Bernays" (Susan Henry); "'Of Enduring Interest': The First Issue of 'The Readers Digest' as a 'Snapshot' of America in 1922--and its Legacy in a Mass-Market Culture" (Carolyn Kitch); "News Magazine Lead Story Coverage of the 1992 Presidential Campaign" (Mark N. Popovich and Sandra E. Moriarty); and "The Shrinking Debate over Journalistic Standards: Where Have All the Letters Gone?" (Brian Thornton). Individual papers contain references. (CR)

The Mass Communication and Society section of the Proceedings contains the following 19 papers: "Talk Radio as Forum and Companion: Listener Attitudes and Uses and Gratifications in Austin, Texas" (John Beatty); "'Willingness to Censor': Developing a Quantitative Measurement across Speech Categories and Types of Media" (Jennifer L. Lambe); "Can Social Comparison Theory Explain Fascination with TV Talk Shows?" (Cynthia M. Frisby); "Answering the Critics: Are News Councils Out to Get the Media" (Jennifer L. Lambe, Genelle I. Belmas, and William A. Babcock); "Journalistic and Humanist Approaches: Movie Reviews in 'The New Yorker' and 'Entertainment Weekly'" (James Kendrick); "An Alternative to the Impasse: The Grassroots Approach to Cope with Media Violence Issues" (Hoaming Denis Wu and Lois A. Boynton); "The Agenda-Setting Process of a Daily Newspaper: A Case Study" (Elizabeth Evenson Williams); "The Use and Abuse of Media-Sponsored Opinion Polls in Two Presidential Campaigns: A Critical Analysis of Network TV News and Six Prestige Print Media" (Dennis T. Lowry and Josephine Nio); "Participation in Community Organizations and Consumption of TV and Newspaper News" (Esther Thorson and Glenn Leshner); "Print Mass Media Coverage of the Promise Keepers: The First Five Years" (Dane Claussen); "Daily Newspaper Editors' Audience Construction Routines: A Case Study" (Randall S. Sumpter); "The Value of the Journalistic Identity on the World Wide Web" (Ekaterina Ognianova); "Social Reality Effects of the Mass Media in Japan: Media Coverage in the 'Aum Shinrikyo' Case" (Shinichi Saito and Miki Kawabata); "In the Olympic Tradition: Sportscasters' Language and Female Athleticism" (Lisa M. Weidman); "Surviving the FCC: The Legacy of UHFs" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Agenda-Setting and Spanish Cable News" (Salma I. Ghanem and Wayne Wanta); "Do Social Norms and Media Coverage Influence Illicit Drug Trade among College Students? Implications for Media Practitioners and Drug Educators" (Alyse R. Gotthoffer); "Perceptions of Traditional American Journalists toward the Internet as a News Source: A Critical Approach" (Thomas E. Ruggiero); and "Auto Elite and Agenda-Setting: How the Auto Elite Set the Auto Trade Policy Agenda?" (Kuang-Kuo Chang). (CR)

The Media Management and Economics--Magazine section of the Proceedings contains the following 12 papers: "Not the Same Story: Differences in Sexual Harassment of Women Who Work in Newspaper and Television Newsrooms" (Lori Bergen); "Modeling Strategy for Mass Media: A Resource-Based Approach" (Hugh J. Martin); "The Impact of the Expansion in the Aftermarket on Network Prime Time Programs" (Sora K. Park); "Creative Ownership Transition Strategies for Community Newspapers" (Dane Claussen); "The Representation of Financial Institutions on the Boards of Directors of Publicly-Traded Newspaper Companies" (Soontae An and Hyun Seung Jin); "Parent Company Influence on Local Market Competition in Cellular Telephone" (Hugh S. Fullerton); "A New Entry in the Television Broadcasting Industry and Program Diversity: The Case of the Emergence of SBS-TV in Korea" (Myung-Hyun Kang); "Family Pictures: Constructing the Typical American in 1920s Magazines" (Carolyn Kitch); "Reviewing the Record: What Magazine Letters to the Editor Said About Journalism in 1962, 1972, 1982, and 1992" (Brian Thornton); "The Astounding Women of 'Analog': A Content Analysis of Cover Art, 1930-1995" (Lisa M. Daigle); "Women's Magazines Used Agenda-Setting, Priming in Effort to Influence '96 Election" (Ernest C. Hynds); and "Beauty and Fashion Magazine Reading and Anorectic Cognitions as Predictors of Dieting Behavior in College-Age Women" (Steven R. Thomsen, Robert L. Gustafson, J. Kelly McCoy, and Marleen Williams). (CR)

The More Miscellaneous Studies section of the proceedings contains the following 34 papers: "The Louisville Courier-Journal's News Content after Purchase by Gannett" (Hansen and Coulson); "Reflection of Cultural Values in Advertising: A Comparative Analysis of Taiwan and U.S. Advertising" (Zandpour and Qian); "Sex, Violence and Consonance/Diversity: An Analysis of Local TV News Values" (Davie); "Science and Technology: When Do They Become Front Page News?" (Ramsey); "Persons with Disabilities and Mass Media" (Tait); "Effectiveness of Trade Magazine Advertising" (Shu-Fen Li and others); "'What Did You Do during the War, Mother?' Propagandistic Communications in Crisis Situations" (Shachar); "Winners and Losers: Making It in the Magazine Marketplace 1986-90" (David E. Sumner); "The Lanham Act and Copyright" (Harris and Tomlinson); "Significant Silences: Selected Newspaper Coverage of Problems Facing Black Americans" (Martindale); "Trial by Newspaper: The Strange Case of Dr. Karl Muck" (Kagan); "Trends in Daily Newspaper Costs and Revenues 1978-1990" (Stanley and Tharp); "Sexual Harassment of Washington Women Journalists" (McAdams and Beasley); "Through the Eyes of Gender and Hollywood: Conflicting Visions of Isak Dinesen's Africa" (Cooper and Descutner); "Network Commercials Promote Legal Drugs: Outnumber Anti-Drug PSA's 45-to-1" (Fedler and others); "The Effects of the Mood Generated by Television Program in Advertising and Product Evaluation" (Batista and Biocca); "Fifty Years of Disability Coverage in 'The New York Times'" (Clogston); "A Stubborn Faith: The Media and the Amish" (Mason and Nanney); "Market Subordination and Secret Combinations: Scripps Howard Newspapers and the Origin of Joint Operating Agreements" and "A Comparison of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers" (Adams); "The Law of Libel and Public Speech in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi and South Carolina" (Nevious); "Rental of Feature Film on Videocassette: Changes in Industry Structure and Consumer Behavior from the Perspective of the Rental Store" (Prince); "The Founding of IRE and the Practice of Investigative Journalism" (Aucoin); "Should Executions Be Televised?" (Widener and Kim); "Daily Newspaper Readership: Four Types of Local Newspaper Readers Mirror ASNE Findings" (Sylvester and others); "Tunisia's Response to the Advent of European Direct Broadcast Satellite Television" (Adhoum); "A Comparative Study of Journalism and Gender in France" (McMane); "Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's First Amendment Approach to Free Expression" (Goodman); "Romancing the Coffee: New Trends in Contemporary Product Advertising" (Kretchmer and Carveth); "Black Entertainment Television: Seeking Dr. King or Slouching toward Malcolm X?" (Barchak); "Beyond Reason: A Feminist Theory of Ethics for Journalists" (Scott); "Organizational Communication Deficits and Overloads: The Origins of Entropy in the News Room" (Incitti); "We Are the World: Narcissism and Global Solidarity" (Shing-Ling Sarina Chen); and "Using Contract Law to Protect News Sources Who Enter Confidentiality Agreement with Journalists" (Alexander). (NKA)

Philadelphia poet and journalist Horace L. Traubel's work as biographer of Walt Whitman has overshadowed his role as crusading editor. Traubel (1858-1919) devoted 30 years to publishing the "Conservator," a monthly newspaper that reflected its editor's idiosyncratic philosophy and crusaded persistently for libertarian principles. He made the "Conservator" a champion of academic and artistic freedom and attacked those who sought to constrain liberties. Although the "Conservator" had a limited circulation, its readers--and Traubel's followers--included a number of noteworthy individuals. Among them were Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, soap magnate and reformer Joseph Fels, iconoclastic lecturer Robert G. Ingersoll, and William E. Walling, the reformer who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Traubel and the "Conservator" deserve recognition for their contributions to the tradition of dissent in America. (Author/RB)

Increased litigation and rising litigation costs threaten the future of newspapers and magazines. A case study was conducted to determine the costs and effects of "United States v. 'The Progressive,'" a prior restraint case over the publication in 1979 of an article on the hydrogen bomb. "The Progressive," which operates at a deficit, spent almost a quarter of a million dollars defending itself. Costs of time and staff energy were even greater, threatening the continuation of the magazine. Although a First Amendment case, few in the media came to the aid of "The Progressive." Neither did circulation increase as much as in a normal year. Although libel and First Amendment insurance have been introduced recently, there is serious doubt whether small publications could afford such coverage, or even whether an insurance company would accept a controversial publication as a client. Civil liberties and professional organizations cannot do much more than assist in a few major cases, as they did in that of "The Progressive," providing "pro bono" work and filing "amicus" briefs. Such a state of affairs may result in newspapers and magazines too timid to risk publishing controversial material. A system of financing media litigation is needed to protect publications. (JL)

The effects on readers of direct quotations versus paraphrases, and reader comprehension of material from direct quotations versus paraphrases were examined in this experiment. Four reasonably short and clear stories--two speech stories and two interview stories--were selected from metropolitan daily newspapers. Two versions of each story were set into type and printed: one with all statements attributed to the speaker by means of direct quotes, and one with all statements attributed to the speaker by means of paraphrases. Results of this experiment on the use of direct quotations versus paraphrases indicated that: (1) quotation marks did not significantly influence how 126 college students evaluated the stories; (2) the use of direct quotes did result in more dramatic and more emotional perceptions of the persons in the stories; and (3) no consistent significant difference was found concerning reader comprehension and retention of material given in direct quotes versus the same material given in paraphrases. (RB)

This paper discusses three conceptual problems--point of view, unit of bias, and behavioral response--with using content analysis to study news bias. The paper shows that the point of view of the content analyst is not appropriate if one wants to see how news consumers define and react to bias, that the unit of bias should be the specific instance of bias rather than a generalized summary evaluation, and that individual behavior is a more appropriate element of news bias to study than the content itself. In an exploratory study of news bias that tried to cope with those problems, 73 undergraduates were asked to read favorable and unfavorable magazine and newspaper stories about the 1976 presidential candidates, to indicate where and why they paused in their readings of the stories, and to report both their political attitudes and their evaluations of the content of the news stories. Results indicate that what news consumers see as news bias is often news that is discrepant with their existing ideas and unrelated to journalistic accuracy, completeness, or balance (Author/RL)

This paper is a bibliographic review of journalism history books published between 1969 and 1978; it is limited to those books which would appear under "history" in the "Journalism Quarterly" and to the kind of books which might be assigned to graduate and undergraduate students in history. The books are divided into the following categories: surveys and the like; collections, oral history, memoirs; books linked to the bicentennial; other historical areas; state histories, newspaper histories; biographies; magazine journalism; cartoons, comics, photography; women and minorities; British press; technology, advertising, broadcasting; new journalism; and Vietnam and public affairs. For each of the numerous titles in each category, a very brief review is given along with publishing information. (TJ)

From 1950 to 1970, daily newspaper household penetration (DNHP) levels dropped from 1.24 to 0.99 in the United States. This paper describes some of the variables involved in this decline and outlines a market-by-market statistical analysis of the relationship between the penetration levels of daily newspapers and other forms of mass media. From the analysis, the following conclusions emerged: there is no relationship between DNHP and television watching or radio listening; negative relationships exist between DNHP and magazine and weekly newspaper household penetration, daily newspaper price, and additional weekend circulation. The only positive relationship occurs between DNHP and the percentage of a market's households in the home city of the daily newspaper. (MAI)

To determine whether readers read and recall news stories better when they are accompanied by photographs and whether photograph size affects reading and recalling, three versions of the front page of a newspaper were produced. Each version of the front page contained a news story and a related photograph which had been altered to constitute one of three experimental conditions: a large photograph condition, a small photograph condition, and a no photograph condition. In intercept interviews, 150 people were shown one of the three versions and then asked a number of questions about their reading and recall of the story. The findings suggest that not only did the use of a photograph help set the reading agenda by making the reader more aware of the news story, but the use of a large photograph seemed to be associated with a greater recall of facts in the story, picture caption, and headline. This suggests that news photographs, particularly large ones, complement rather than compete with the stories they accompany. (FL)

A study examined the coverage of the scientific aspects of the atomic bomb in four representative newspapers (New York "Times," New York "Herald Tribune," Chicago "Daily Tribune," and Boston "Daily Globe") and in 14 general mass circulation magazines in the time period immediately following the dropping of the bomb. Among the conclusions of the study are that (1) the government's elaborate secretive preparations for informing the public about the nature of the bomb proved generally ineffective; (2) newspapers--with the exception of the New York "Times"--were not relaying information related to the scientific aspects of the bomb but rather were concentrating on the drama of the bomb and its effect on the war; (3) mass circulation magazine coverage from August through December 1945 ran the gamut from the simplistic to the highly technical, yet in general offered only token explanations of the science of the bomb; and (4) the scientific community, not the media, took the lead in speaking out for understanding and control of the bomb. (AEA)

A content analysis of selected print media examined press coverage of the shuttle Challenger explosion. Press sources identifying and explaining technological causes were tabulated for two major newspapers, three popular newsmagazines, and one trade magazine, during the 30 days following the event. Results revealed (1) a failure to provide timely and accurate information because the press did not depart from customary sources; (2) a variation in collective behavior theory in that the media stopped seeking effective keynote speakers when regular sources failed; and (3) an apparent refusal of these media to publish incorrect or implausible information. (Eighteen notes and three tables of data are included.) (Author/RS)