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Railway is a fundamental transportation mode for medium and long-distance travel in China. China's railway transport network (CRTN) has become increasingly complex. Clarifying the structure of the CRTN and its robustness to failures is important for ensuring safe operations. This paper uses train schedule data to construct a railway physical network (RPN) and a train service network (TSN), and proposes a method to simulate the CRTN change processes under different attack strategies, clarify its robustness, and identify its backbone. The results show: First, the RPN is a typical scale-free and small-world network, while the TSN presents a complex hierarchical structure; Second, the RPN is robust to random attacks but vulnerable to targeted attacks, and attacks based on the betweenness centrality as evaluated in the RPN is the most effective mode; Third, the backbone network consists 62 cities including Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the original publication [[1]], the funder "the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences", "No. XDA19040401" associated with author "Fangqu Niu" was not included. Correction: Niu, F.; Wang, F. Economic Spatial Structure in China: Evidence from Railway Transport Network. Reference 1 Niu F., Wang F. Economic Spatial Structure in China: Evidence from Railway Transport Network. [Extracted from the article]

This study uses an equal population cartogram to plot the intercity railway network in Mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the structure of China's overall railway transport network and its sub-networks of conventional railway and high-speed railway, with the aim to understand the country's economic spatial structure that is reflected by or underlines the railway transport network. First, the results indicate that compared with developed cities, backward cities not only have fewer train services but also lack a symmetrical transport plan; backward cities tend to connect with developed cities rather than within themselves. Second, the national-level urban hierarchy was established using the proposed algorithm, which helped reveal the economic geography of three economic plates in China. Third, the law of the primate city is not prominent in a large country such as China, which is undergoing regional restructuring with the economic center of gravity shifting to the coastal area while also moving south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, China's high-speed railway (HSR) system has expanded rapidly and become the longest and most complex network in the world. To fully exploit the HSR dividend, many cities have constructed HSRs in new locations, triggering urban land use change, especially around the HSR stations. This study has used the difference-in-difference (DID) method to explore the effect of HSRs on urban land use using long-term nighttime light (NTL) data. The main conclusions are that the operation of HSRs has increased the intensity of urban land use by about 4.4%, with the land use effect of the "renewed HSR stations" being significantly higher than that of the "newly-built stations"; further the development of tertiary industry has promoted a siphoning effect, that is the spillover of HSR stations in large cities is strengthened relative to that for small cities. Based on these results, the study further analyzed the performance of areas with new HSR installations and the factors controlling the inter-city heterogeneities. • The operation of HSR increases the intensity of land use around stations by 4.4%. • Land use effect of the renewed HSR stations is higher than that of the newly-built. • The growth of tertiary industry would promote the siphon effect in small cities. • The total urban population and the performance of HSR new areas are nonlinear. • The improvement of railway connectivity breed a siphon effect for small cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]